The purpose of this study is to understand how teachers in the preparatory class and regular class, in the meeting with newly arrived pupils, plan and carry out their teaching. This in order to facilitate social interaction and learning in the classroom, from an intercultural perspective. The examination was conducted through interviews with four teachers from the schools that I selected. The teachers gave their perspective on their approach to newly arrived pupils, through interviews. The result shows that the teachers have ambitions to start from the newly arrived pupils' own ideas and from their prior knowledge. They use these aspects as a starting point in the child's continued learning. You can see the tendencies of the intercultural approach in education that involves respectful responses that relate to the pupils' background, life and knowledge. The intercultural approach that largely pervades the teaching of the researched school allows the newly arrived pupils to have access to a school that accepts and respects them. The conclusion is that when these teachers educate, they use various teaching methods and they also offer each pupil the opportunity to gain knowledge and feel socially included. Teaching strategies that benefit the newly arrived pupils and that includes the pupil both educationally and socially in the classroom, has been described by every teacher. And the result shows that each pupil has individual abilities and needs for learning. The newly arrived pupils are included in the regular classroom with the other pupils, but yet they are excluded from the regular lessons because of teacher's teaching strategies that can be seen as flawed from an intercultural perspective. This result shows that the newly arrived pupils are prevented from participating in the didactic and the social inclusion in the regular classroom with the other pupils, which also can result in them falling outside and pointed out as different.

The purpose of my exam thesis in advanced level is that I formed a perception about what difficulties newly arrived students encounter in mathematics. What I also formed is a perception about how I can complete those difficulties. This is done for newly arrived students in order to finally increase their opportunities to develop in their learning and also for teachers, how to behave and react to help their newly arrived students. To answer the purpose, I started with a research overview. The research overview below served as an aid and guideline during the course of the work. “What different types of difficulties do newly arrived students experience in relation to mathematics”. What I also have done is conducted an information search using keywords that are combined in different ways in different databases about scaffolding benefits for newly arrived students, which I discussed later on with the results I got.   To answer my purpose, I implemented qualitative interviews with newly arrived students around the age 15 and 16 in a school that is located in Malmo, Sweden. The work has a phenomenological approach, which has contributed to experiences being the focus of the collection and processing of materials.The results show that newly arrived students' experiences of mathematics are different. Students that didn't get any extra help have a hard time learning math in school while students who get extra help from either family or classmates have it easier. Newly arrived students developed their mathematic and Swedish skills when they were taught and assisted in their first language during class and tasks, however that method was not used a lot by their teachers. Students who had family helping them or students who speak the same language feel less lonely in school than students who didn't have anything. Same difficulties are found in the Swedish language, in which the newly arrived students described how math is a universal language, but some math problems require Swedish language, therefore they are connected.

Abstract The aim of the study is to investigate how class teachers and Swedish L2 teachers perceive their work with recently arrived immigrant pupils in grades F to 3. Six teachers were interviewed about how they teach so that these pupils will achieve the target skills in Swedish as a second language in grade 3, and about their view of the integration of newly arrived pupils in the ordinary class and the preparatory class. In the study the teachers say that they lack shared guidelines for receiving newly arrived pupils and that the charting of the pupils is inadequate. The teachers prefer direct placement in the ordinary class because the pupils learn from others and improve in their zone of proximal development. The informants feel that they have sufficient training to teach newly arrived pupils and that working with them contributes to their professional development. The results of the study indicate that development-based teaching can benefit newly arrived pupils. The teachers say that they teach many words and concepts and use concrete material.

The aim is to study the newly arrived pupils'participation in the preparatory class (FBK) and regular class and how teachers support the newly arrived pupilsin the classroom for three daysat each school. The study is based on a qualitative method with three observations at each school. Observations in two different schools, one in a preparation class and the other one in a regular class. Our study showed that the newly arrived pupils in the preparation class had more chance to participate, learn and develop with the help of the teachers. On the other hand,the newly arrived pupils had less participation in the regular class and did not get as much help from the teachers as the other newly arrived pupils got in the preparation class.

The aim is to study how two newly-arrived pupils in the subject of Swedish cooperate with each other through code-switching. The study is based on a qualitative method with three observations during classes in the subject of Swedish. The study showed me that newly arrived pupils use a lot of codeswitching when they are paired up with each other. In particular, this study found that they used code-switching when their vocabulary in Swedish did not suffice, as well as when they had problems with interpreting certain words. In most cases, the subjects show a preference for intrasentiell code-switching (switching within the sentence for a few words) over the intersentiell variety, although both occur.

Denna studie berör lärares uppfattningar om nyanlända elevers matematiska svårigheter i årskurs 1–3. Flera nyanlända elever börjar i den svenska skolan, vissa av dem har skolbakgrund och vissa saknar det. Oavsett vilket är det skolans och lärarens plikt att handleda och stötta eleverna i deras studier. Tidigare forskning visar att de nyanlända eleverna ofta presterar sämre än andra elever i matematikundervisningen, speciellt när de stöter på textbaserade uppgifter. Det har framkommit tydligt att de nyanlända elevernas matematiska svårigheter uppstår på grund av att de saknar det svenska språket. I denna studie kommer det att presenteras vilka svårigheter några lärare upplever att nyanlända elever har i matematikundervisning och på vilket sätt lärarna stödjer dessa elever i matematikundervisningen. Denna studie är en kvalitativ studie där semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts för att besvara forskningsfrågorna. Tre matematiklärare och tre SvA-lärare har deltagit och bidragit med sina tankar och resonerat kring studiens valda problemområde. Studien tar avstamp från det interkulturella perspektivet. Det framkommer i resultatet från de sex respondenterna att språket spelar en stor roll för de nyanlända elevernas lärande i ämnet matematik. I resultatet framkommer att lärarna hade liknande resonemang och tankar kring hur de ska uttala sig vid genomgångar och tydliggöra olika matematiska begrepp, termer och symboler. Studiens slutsats är att användning av studiehandledning, modersmål samt formellt och informellt språk är olika sätt att underlätta för nyanlända elever i matematikundervisningen. Vidare framkom att de modersmål som de nyanlända eleverna har kan utnyttjas för att öka elevernas förståelse för begrepp, termer och symboler i matematikundervisningen. Detta betyder att språket kan spela en stor roll i de nyanlända elevernas kunskapsutveckling. / This study deals with teachers’ views of mathematical difficulties for newly arrived students in Grades 1-3. Several newly arrived students have started in the Swedish schools, some of them have a school background and some do not. Either way, it is the duty of the school and the teacher to manage and support the students in their education. Previous research show that newly arrived pupils often perform worse than other pupils in mathematics education, especially when the instruction relies on text-based assignments. It has become clear that the newly arrived pupils’ mathematical difficulties arise partly because they lack the Swedish language. This study will present what difficulties some teachers of newly arrived students have in mathematics instruction and in what way they support newly arrived students in their mathematics teaching. This study is a qualitative study where semi-structured interviews have been done to answer the research questions. Three mathematics teachers and three Swedish as second language teachers have participated and contributed with their thoughts and reasoned about the study's chosen problem. The study has taken off from the intercultural perspective. The results from the six respondents clearly show that language plays a significant role in the newly arrived students' learning abilities in mathematics. The result shows that the teachers had similar thoughts and opinions about how they should express themselves during lectures and how to clarify different mathematical concepts, terms and symbols. The study's conclusion is that study guidance, mother tongue as well as formal and informal language is strategies to advance mathematics teaching for the newly arrived students. In addition, it was found that the native languages that the newly arrived students have can be appointed to increase the students' understanding of concepts, terms and symbols in mathematics education. This means that language plays an important role in the newly arrived students' development of knowledge.

Syftet med föregående undersökning är att öka kunskapen om hur samhällskunskapslärare inkluderar nyanlända elever i undervisningen samt vilka utmaningar som finns i arbetet med detta. Genom en kvalitativ forskningsintervju med fem grundskollärare i årskurs 4–6 har data samlats in och kategoriserats utifrån tre teman som är följande: Betydande faktorer för inkluderingsprocessen, didaktiskt förhållningssätt och läroplan samt vikten av nyanlända elevers tidigare bakgrund och erfarenheter.   Resultatet av undersökningen visar att det finns flera utmaningar men även möjligheter i  arbetet med nyanlända elever i samhällkunskapsundervisningen. Inkludering är ett omtalat  begrepp vilket innebär att många uppfattar inkludering på skilda sätt. Detta påverkar givetvis undervisningens utformande. Men för att lyckas med inkluderingsproccsen framför samhällskunskapslärare olika strategier och verktyg som de anser vara viktiga. Tydlighet, användning av tidigare erfarenheter, repetition, diskussioner, grupparbeten, jämförelser, visualiseringsverktyg och samarbeten med CFL och modersmålslärare är de huvudsakliga verktygen. De svårigheter som lyfts fram i studien är bristande språkkunskaper, tidigare skolbakgrund och erfarenheter, socioekonomisk bakgrund, kulturkrockar samt samhällskunskapens abstrakta och komplexa innehåll. Även om samhällskunskapsämnet är ett brett ämne betonar samtliga samhällskunskapslärare att ämnet är viktigt eftersom de hjälper och vägleder de nyanlända eleverna att vara delaktiga i den nya kontext de nu befinner sig i. Avslutningsvis har resultatet analyserats utifrån tidigare forskning och det interkulturella perspektivet. / The purpose of the previous study is to increase the knowledge of how social science teachers include newly arrived pupils in the teaching and the challenges that are present in this work. Through a qualitative research interview with primary school teachers in grades 4–6, data has been collected. Collected data has been categorized based on three themes that are the following: Significant factors for the inclusion process, didactic approach and curriculum as well as the importance of newly arrived pupils previous background and experiences.   The results of the survey show that there are many challenges, but also opportunities in working with newly arrived pupils in social science subject. Inclusion is a well-known concept, which means that many perceive inclusion in different ways. This obviously affects the design of the teaching. But in order to succeed with the inclusion process the social science teachers emphasizes different strategies and tools they consider as important. Clarity, repetition, discussions, group work, comparisons, visualization tools and collaborations with CFL and mother tongue teachers are the main tools. The difficulties highlighted in the study are lack of language skills, previous school background and experiences, socio-economic background, cultural clashes, and the abstract and complex content of social studies. Although the subject of social science is a broad subject I the social science teachers emphasizes that the subject is important because they help and guide the newly arrived pupils to be included in the new context they apart of. In summary, the result has been analyzed from previous research and the intercultural perspective.

I skolan ställs mycket höga förväntningar på nyanlända elever, då de förväntas lära det svenska språket parallellt med ämneskunskaper. Många lärare saknar dock kompetens i hur de ska främja nyanlända elever språk- och kunskapsutveckling. Därför syftar studien till att bidra med kunskap om hur undervisningen i So-ämnena kan organiseras för nyanlända elever i årskurs 4–6. Det görs genom att undersöka vilka undervisningsfaktorer lärare uppfattar gynna nyanlända elevers kunskapsutveckling inom So-ämnena samt på vilka sätt lärande möjliggörs för nyanlända elever inom So-ämnena. Skoldidaktisk teori och sociokulturell teori utgör studiens teoretiska ramverk. Data har samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fem lärare. All insamlade data har därefter analyserats tematiskt och sammanställts i matriser utefter likheter och skillnader. Bearbetningen och analysen resulterade i att fem huvudsakliga teman fanns; involverade professioner och verksamheter, språklig medvetenhets inverkan, det sociala samspelets betydelse, användning av translanguaging samt interkulturellt perspektiv. Respektive tema delades in i subteman för att konkretisera innebörden av resultatet. Lärarnas uppfattningar skiljde sig en del åt men de främsta likheterna som framträdde var att de uppfattade studiehandledning på modersmålet som en viktig resurs för att främja nyanlända elevers kunskapsutveckling och för att synliggöra elevernas kunskaper. Bildstöd nämndes som ett bra stöd för att bearbeta ämnesinnehåll. Det beskrevs som viktigt att vara observant på både ämnesspecifika begrepp och vardagsspråk som de nyanlända eleverna inte kan samt att vara observant vid olika gruppkonstellationer då nyanlända elever i heterogena grupper sällan är speciellt delaktiga. Filmer på modersmålet och användning av inläsningstjänst beskrevs som framgångsrika hjälpmedel för nyanlända elevers kunskapsutveckling i So-ämnena. Avslutningsvis beskrivs att lärare måste ha kunskap om vad som är gynnande för nyanlända elevers kunskapsutveckling samt vilka redskap och hjälpmedel som finns för att nyanlända elever ska utveckla sina So-kunskaper så mycket som möjligt. / There are high expectations on newly arrived pupils in school. They are supposed to develop both language and subject knowledge at the same time. This despite teachers lacking competence in how to promote newly arrived pupils’ development in language and subject knowledge at the same time. Because of this, the aim of this study is to contribute with knowledge about how to organize the teaching in the social orientated subjects for newly arrived pupils in 4th-6th grade. This is done by answering the following questions: Which factors in the teaching do teachers perceive promoting for newly arrived pupils developing their knowledge in the social orientated subjects? And in what ways is learning in the social orientated subjects made possible for newly arrived students? A school didactic theory and sociocultural theory form the theoretical framework of the study. Data has been collected by qualitative interviews with five teachers. All the collected data has been thematically analyzed and put together in matrices based on similarities and differences. The processing and analysis resulted in five head themes: professions and functions involved, the impact of linguistic awareness, the importance of social interaction, use of translanguaging and intercultural perspective. Each theme was divided into subthemes to concretize the meaning of the result. The teachers’ perception differed, but the most common similarity was that they perceived study guidance in the mother tongue as a useful resource to promote newly arrived pupils’ knowledge and to make the pupils’ knowledge more visible. Support from images was mentioned as great for processing content in the subject. It was described as important to be aware of both words, specific for the subject, and more ordinary words, used in the daily talk, that the newly arrived pupils are not aware of. Another factor mentioned to be aware of was group structures. This because newly arrived pupils attend to not be involved in heterogeneous groups. Films in the mother tongue and the use of Inläsningstjänst was described as successful tools for newly arrived pupils to increase their knowledge in the social orientated subjects. Lastly the importance of subject teachers’ knowledge about how to increase newly arrived pupils’ knowledge and about available resources are mentioned.

A number of studies have found that pupils, both newly arrived and other pupils who speak Swedish as a second language, have difficulties with mathematical tasks that consist of a few or more lines of text. It often seems to be a matter of mainly linguistic problems that are related to word and reading comprehension, that is, understanding and interpretation of formal concepts and words in the second language. Multilingual pupils who have recently migrated to Sweden from their home countries, but also pupils with foreign backgrounds who have lived in Sweden for several years - or in some cases, their entire lives - show lack of recognition in terms of cultural and traditional contexts. This study examines the difficulties and possibilities that were created when eight different multilingual pupils were being presented with text-rich mathematical tasks (word problems), but also focuses on examining the resources used during said process where the pupils read, interpreted and tried to solve given tasks. As the study is based on qualitative research, semi-structured interviews were conducted. The basis of the interviews consists of six word problems with related questions where the students had to think, reason and reflect upon the language being used in the tasks as well as the content, context and mathematical problems presented. The study has a theoretical approach based in both the social semiotics and the Language as Resource-model, of which both have been used to analyze the empirical material obtained from the interviews. In social semiotics, meaning-making is explained as a social practice that is created through interaction with the surrounding social and cultural contexts. While gathering and analyzing material, the so called “semiotic resources” were thus being observed, that is, the resources being used to communicate, interpret and create meaning of, for example, in this case, mathematical word problems. The results indicate that multilingual pupils use a variety of resources such as code-switching, translanguaging, drawing pictures, marking numbers and more while working with word problems. In addition to this, they also utilize the interviewer/teacher as a resource to, for example, read out information to them, explain concepts and words they do not understand et cetera. Multilingual pupils thus create bridges in several dynamic ways to overcome their difficulties and rather turn them into possibilities.

Syftet med denna studie är att redogöra för arbetssätt och strategier lärare i åk 4-6 använder för att gynna nyanlända elevers språkutveckling i den ordinarie engelskundervisningen. Studien utgår från ett lärarperspektiv och belyser utmaningar som lärare anser att nyanlända elever möter när de deltar i den ordinarie engelskundervisningen. Vidare framhävs de arbetssätt och anpassningar som tillämpas i undervisningen i syfte att möta dessa utmaningar. Studien har utgått från en sociokulturell teori på grund av studiens fokus som utgår från ett gemensamt lärande. Undersökningen utfördes med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod och det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter som har lång erfarenhet av att undervisa nyanlända elever i åk 4-6 i engelska. Resultatet som framgått i den empiriska undersökningen har visat att nyanlända elever möter utmaningar som grundar sig i deras motivationsnivå samt ämneskunskaper i stödspråket svenska men även i engelska. Vidare har det framgått att lärarna använder mycket transspråkande i sin undervisning i syfte att gynna elevernas språkinlärning samt skapa en samhörighet. För att göra individanpassningar utgår lärarna från den kartläggning som har gjorts av elevernas tidigare kunskaper. Anpassningarna framhävs främst vid lektionsplaneringen och implementeras senare i undervisningen. / The purpose of this study is to highlight working methods that English teachers in years 4-6 use to benefit newly arrived pupils’ English language development in the regular EFL classroom. This study is based on a teacher perspective and highlights challenges that teachers believe that newly arrived pupils face when participating in the regular English teaching. Furthermore, working methods and adaptations that are applied in the teaching in order to meet the challenges that newly arrived pupils face with regard to the English subject are emphasized. The survey has been based a qualitative method and the empirical material has been collected through semi-structured interviews. All the respondents who took part in the study have long experience of teaching newly arrived pupils English.  The results established by the empirical study have shown that newly arrived students face challenges based on their level of motivation and on their subject knowledge in the support language, Swedish, but also in English. Furthermore, it has been shown that the teachers use a lot of translanguaging in their teaching in order to benefit the students' language learning and create a sense of belonging. In order to make individual adaptations, the teachers use the mapping that has been done of the students' previous knowledge. The adaptations are emphasized mainly in the lesson planning and are implemented later in the teaching.