Syftet med denna studie var att belysa olika aspekter av nyutexaminerade allmänsjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att möta närstående i sorg. Studien hade en kvalitativ ansats och data insamlades genom sex stycken bandade intervjuer på tre medicinavdelningar vid ett medelstort sjukhus i mellersta Sverige. Datamaterialet analyserades enligt en manifest metod och ur analysen skapades två huvudteman – relationer och kunskap. Det största temat är relationer som byggs upp av tre underteman och beskriver sjuksköterskans förhållande till närstående, sig själv och övrig vårdpersonal. Temat kunskap innehåller två underteman och beskriver sjuksköterskans kunskapsutveckling och behov av kunskap. Slutsatserna från studien är att nyexaminerade sjuksköterskor anser att möta närstående i sorg är en av deras svåraste uppgifter på grund svårigheterna i att tillgodose närståendes individuella behov. Det visade sig även att sjuksköterskorna ansåg att sjuksköterskeutbildningen inte förberett dem tillräckligt för detta. Att lära sig att möta närstående är något som sker i praktiken. Sjuksköterskorna ansåg att det viktigaste i mötet med närstående är att vara närvarande och visa att de är tillängliga snarare än att säga eller göra rätt saker. Vidare forskning inom området skulle kunna fokusera på skillnader mellan erfarna och nyexaminerades erfarenheter. En vidare forskning skulle också kunna inbegripa patientens perspektiv. / The aim of this study was to shed light on different aspects of newly graduated nurses’ experiences from interacting with relatives to patients who were dead or dying. The study has a qualitative approach and data was collected from six tape recorded interviews conducted at three medicine wards in a medium sized hospital in the middle of Sweden. The data was analyzed by a manifest content method and two main themes – relationships and knowledge, were derived from it. The largest main theme is relationships, which also contains three sub themes describing the nurse’s relationship to relatives, self and other members of staff. The main theme knowledge contains two sub themes which describes the nurse’s need for and development in knowledge. The study concludes that interacting with grieving relatives is one of the most complicated tasks for the newly graduated nurse. The difficulties were grounded in satisfying the complex needs of the relatives. The nurses stated that the nursing education program didn’t sufficiently prepare them for this, it was something they learnt from real life experience. The findings of this study could be beneficial for the nurse education program as well as hospitals to increase their awareness of the difficulties newly graduated nurses experiences when interacting with grieving relatives. Further research could involve describing differences between experienced and newly graduated nurses and including the patient’s perspective.

We are living in a multicultural society where people from other countries and other cultures are coming to Sweden, including children. Regardless of reasons why these students have come to Sweden, it is common that they are newly arrived and have to learn a second language, in this case Swedish. This will be a challenge, opportunities and difficulties for the student, students’ families and for the school and their staff. The purpose of this essay has been to illumine the teaching methods, models and what materials are used by teachers today to contribute to the best possible second language learning for newly arrived students. In this essay the focus has been on one theory and several model-based approaches. I have used qualitative methods where I did both observations and interviews. The observations took place in six different teaching opportunities in two different schools and classes. The interviews were done by two teachers in two different schools. The result showed that teachers were more inventive compared to the theory. The teachers chose to produce their own material often instead of using ready material, which meant that they could adapt the material to match the students’ level in the class. The result also showed that the Southern school was working with an intercultural approach and was active with the students’ teachers for the mother language compared with the Northern school. In both schools the teachers was working with the perspective of newly arrived pupils with Swedish as second language and that its newly arrived students often have different cultures and experiences which are essential. During my essay I found a disadvantage within these two schools, that preparatory classes were not integrated with the rest of the school. I believe the schools should have a second thought about integrating preparatory classes in classrooms with the rest of the school.

Abstrakt     Inledning: Att vara ny på arbetet är utmanande och innebär ökad stress. Tidigare studier visar att många upplever sin kunskap som begränsad och att de önskade mer praktisk erfarenhet och hade behov av en god introduktion. Gott lagarbete med goda relationer och tillåtande miljö var viktigt för att arbetet på operationsavdelningen skulle fungera tillfredsställande. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa nyutexaminerade operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser av sin första yrkesverksamma tid. Metod: Studien hade en kvalitativ ansats där datainsamling har genomförts genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Den utskrivna texten analyserades med en latent innehållsanalys. Resultat: I analysen framkom tre teman; Upplevda faktorer som påverkar utvecklandet av kompetens, Förmågan att inse sitt egenvärde och omgivningens inverkan på upplevelsen av trygghet, samt Behov av kontroll och stöd vid brist på kontroll. Resultatet visar hur nyutexaminerade operationssjuksköterskor upplevde en känsla av att vara dåligt förberedda inför de nya arbetsuppgifterna. Deltagarna beskriver hur de önskade en planerad inskolning med möjlighet till individuell anpassning. Erfarna och hjälpsamma kollegor upplevdes ge ökad trygghet och stöd från en kollega som det fanns förtroende för ansågs vara viktigt. Det framställdes hur betydelsefull självinsikten var över den egna kunskapen samt att ansvaret för kunskapsinhämtning låg på dem själva. Deltagarna menade också att det var viktigt att acceptera rollen som novis och därmed bristen på erfarenhet. Slutsats: Att belysa nyutexaminerade operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser av sin situation gör det möjligt att sträva efter en öppen och tillåtande arbetsmiljö. Detta ökar förutsättningarna för god inskolning av nyutexaminerade operationssjuksköterskor, vilket kan bidra till en mer patientsäker vård.   Nyckelord: Handledning, Innehållsanalys, Inskolning, Nyutexaminerade operationssjuksköterskor, Upplevelser. / Abstract     Introduction: To be new at work is challenging and involves increased stress. Earlier studies show that many experienced that their knowledge was limited and wished for more practical experiences and where in need of a good introduction. Good teamwork with good relationships and a permissive environment was important for work at the surgical department to perform satisfactorily. Aim: The purpose of the study was to highlight newly graduated surgical nurses experiences of their first professional career. Method: The study had a qualitative approach where data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews. The transcript was analyzed with a latent content analysis. Results: The analysis revealed three themes: Perceived factors influencing the development of skills, the ability to recognize their intrinsic value and ambient effects on the perception of the Översätt från: svenskaSkriv text, ange adressen till en webbplatöversätt ett dokument.AvbrytExempel på hur "" kan användas:automatiskt översatt av Googlesense of security, and need for control and support in the lack of control. The result shows how graduates surgical nurses experienced a feeling of being not enough prepared for their new jobs. Participants describe how they wanted a planned induction with the possibility of individual adaptation. Experienced and helpful colleagues felt to provide greater security and support from a colleague that there was confidence was considered important. It was made how important self-realization was over their knowledge and that the responsibility for the acquisition of knowledge lay on them. Participants also felt that it was important to accept the role of a novice and thus the lack of experience. Conclusion: To highlight newly graduated surgical nurses' perceptions of their situation makes it possible to pursue an open and tolerant environment. This increases the chances of a good induction of newly graduated surgical nurses, which can contribute to a more patient-safe care.   Keywords: Content Analysis, Experiences, Induction, Newly graduates surgical nurses, Tutorial.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskors upplevelser av det första yrkesverksamma året och om utbildningen ger en förberedelse inför yrket. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en kvalitativ intervjustudie innefattande sju intervjuer. Dessa har analyserats med manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet har framkommit att utbildningen givit sjuksköterskan en god grund att stå på, men kräver mer medicinsk inriktning för att uppnå kraven som ställs på den legitimerade sjuksköterskan. Det anses även att ett för stort fokus ligger på vetenskaplig metodik och allmän omvårdnad, samt att den nuvarande pedagogikkursen bör omstruktureras. Sjuksköterskorna upplever svårigheter på arbetsplatsen i form av bristande kunskap inom medicinska områden samt administrativa uppgifter. De önskar mer verksamhetsförlagd utbildning då de anser att detta är den mest fördelaktiga metoden för att förberedas inför sjuksköterskeyrket. Sjuksköterskorna upplever sin första tid i yrket som stressig men mycket givande. De delar som upplevs vara svårast är administration, lokala rutiner samt att skapa en helhetsbild av patientens medicinska och omvårdnadsmässiga behov. Slutsats: De nyutbildade sjuksköterskorna upplevde en positiv spänd förväntan, men även stress och oro inför det nya yrket och ansvaret. Utbildningen ansågs ge en grundläggande kunskap för yrket. Dock ansågs en omstrukturering av sjuksköterskeprogrammet vara fördelaktigt för att i större utsträckning uppnå de kravs som ställs på den nyutbildade sjuksköterskan. / Aim: The aim of this study was to explore newly graduated nurses experiences of their first year in practice and whether the education prepares them for their profession. Method: The study is performed with qualitative interviews containing seven interviews. The interviews have been analyzed by manifest content analysis. Result: The main result shows that the education has given the nurses a solid foundation, still it acquires a more thorough education in medical areas to achieve the standards that are required in the ward. It is also told that the scientific method and general care is given too much focus. There is also stated that the course in pedagogy should be reconstructed. The nurses is experiencing difficulties with lack of knowledge in medical areas as well as administrative tasks. They think that the best way to prepare for the nursing profession is to obtain as much clinical practice as possible why they are requesting more time on the ward during the education. The nurses are experiencing a very stressful first time in the profession, but they also think that the employment is very rewarding. Administrative tasks, local routines and to obtain a general picture of the patient´s medical and caring needs is perceived to be the most difficult parts of the profession. Conclusion: The newly graduated nurses experienced a positive anticipation, but also stress and worry about the new profession and responsibility. The education was considered to provide a basic knowledge of the profession. However, it was considered to be beneficial with a reconstruction of the nursing program to further achieve the requirements set for the newly graduated nurses.

Bakgrund: Arbetet på en intensivvårdsavdelning ställer stora krav på de nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskornas kompetens. Den första tiden i yrket innebär att i socialiseringsprocessen förvärva de kunskaper och färdigheter som krävs i yrket. Nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskors kompetens anses inte motsvara vårdens kompetenskrav. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva nyutbildade intensivvårdsjuksköterskors uppfattningar om sin yrkeskompetens. Metod: Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod och intervjuer valdes som datainsamlingsmetod. Tio deltagare medverkade i studien. Intervjuerna analyserades efter en modifierad variant av Graneheim och Lundmans kvalitativa innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två huvudkategorier. I den första huvudkategorin framkom att de nyutbildade intensivvårdsjuksköterskorna kontinuerligt utvecklade sin yrkeskompetens. Utvecklingen främjades av positiva attityder till yrket, användning av tidigare erfarenheter och kollegialt stöd. I den andra huvudkategorin framkom att de nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna uppfattade att de hade bristande kliniska erfarenheter, det var svårt att införliva sig med den nya yrkesrollen och det var svårt att prioritera. Slutsats: Nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskor är inte helt förberedda för det kommande yrket. De har goda teoretiska kunskaper men saknar färdigheter i de praktiska momenten. Resultatet bekräftas av tidigare studier och Benners beskrivning av vad som karakteriserar sjuksköterskan som novis. / Background: The work in a critical care unit is posing great demands on the newly graduated critical care nurses competence. During the first episode in the profession a process of socialization occurs, where the newly graduated acquire the knowledge and skills needed in the profession. The newly graduated critical care nurses competence is not considered to meet the caregiver’s demands. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the newly graduated critical care nurses perceptions of their competence. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative approach. Interviews were used as datacollection method. Ten participants were included in the study. Interviews were analyzed after a modified variant of Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative content analysis. Results: The results revealed two main categories. The first major category revealed that the newly graduated critical care nurses continuously developed their skills. The development was promoted by positive attitudes to the work, use of past experiences and collaboration. The major second category revealed that the newly graduated critical care nurses perceived a lack of clinical experiences, difficulties to incorporate themselves with the new professional role and difficulties with priority. Conclusion: The newly graduated critical care nurses are not entirely prepared for the future profession. They have good theoretical knowledge but lack in practical skills. The result is confirmed by previous studies and Benner’s description of what characterizes the nurse as a novice.

This thesis investigates how a knowledge-intensive, small, young firm, in a highly competitive environment, deal with difficulties in their recruitment process.. Given their assumed disadvantages, how does the firm attract and retain key personnel? A case study was conducted of a small young firm in Silicon Valley. The findings suggest that small firms do not directly compete with larger firms for personnel, and that the company should emphasize small firms´ work characteristics in their recruiting practices to become attractive for job-seekers.

Bakgrund: Varje år utexamineras cirka 4000 sjuksköterskor i Sverige. Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskors ansvarsområde är omvårdnad och att som nyutexaminerad börja arbeta som sjuksköterska kan upplevas olika. Syftet: var att beskriva hur det upplevs att arbeta som nyutexaminerad sjuksköterska. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes och tolv vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades och beskrevs. Resultat: De nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskorna upplevde det som utmanande, stressande, oroande och utvecklande men kände sig otillräckliga i sitt arbete som sjuksköterska. Detta upplevdes när de arbetade självständigt och samarbetade med arbetskamrater och patienter. Praktiska moment som nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor inte var vana vid att utföra väckte negativa känslor såsom oro och stress. Att få stöd av omgivningen i form av en bekräftande kommunikation och att ingå i vårdlaget var betydelsefullt. Diskussion: Det är därför av vikt att blivande sjuksköterskor får praktiskt träna skilda moment i omvårdnaden under utbildningens gång samt får stöd av omgivningen. / Background: Four thousand nurses graduate every year in Sweden. Although newly qualified nurses' responsibility lies in the caring of patients their experiences at starting work may differ. The objective: was to describe how it feels to work as a newly qualified nurse. Method: A literature review was conducted and twelve scientific articles were analyzed. Results: The newly qualified nurses experienced challenge, stress, worry, development and felt inadequate in her job as a nurse. This was experienced when they worked independently and collaborated with colleagues and patients. Practical steps that graduates nurses were not accustomed to performing aroused negative emotions such as anxiety and stress. Getting support of colleagues and others in the form of an affirmative communication and being part of the care team was also significant. Discussion: It is therefore important that prospective nurses are supported by their colleagues and are used in the training process of different operations in the nursing care.

Syfte: Att beskriva nyutexaminerade allmänsjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter i livets slut.  Metod: Författaren har genomfört en kvalitativ intervjustudie med beskrivande design. Undersökningsgruppen valdes ut genom bekvämlighetsurval och bestod av sju allmänsjuksköterskor som jobbat max två år som sjuksköterska. Det insamlade materialet analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat I analysen framkom sju kategorier. De intervjuade sjuksköterskorna beskrev en tillfredsställelse i arbetet med patienter i livets slut, vilket kunde dels bero på att de utvecklades i det jobb de gör, men det kunde också bero på att de fick uppskattning från patient och anhöriga. Trots arbetstillfredsställelsen som sjuksköterskorna beskrev kunde de även få en känsla av otillräcklighet i vårdandet av patienter i livets slut, vilket kunde vara en konsekvens av brist på tid och personal. De beskrev även att de ibland blir ledsna och grubblar efter att en patient avlidit. Sjuksköterskorna beskrev även en glädje trots sorg i sitt jobb, detta kunde vara om de såg att en patient mådde bra trots sin sjukdom. Erfarenhet ger trygghet ansåg också sjuksköterskorna. Både jobbigt och befriande när döden inträdde var något som sjuksköteskorna beskrev. Nära och fin men påfrestande relation var hur sjuksköterskorna beskrev relationen till patient och anhöriga.  Slutsats: Anhöriga hade en stor del i vårdandet av patienter i livets slut, och detta påverkade hur sjuksköterskor tänkte och kände kring detta. I mötet med patienter och deras familjer kunde trygghet som kommer med erfarenhet, underlätta. / Aim: To describe the new graduated registered general nurses' experiences of caring for patients in the end of life. Method: The author conducted a qualitative interview with descriptive design. The study group was selected by convenience sample and consisted of seven general nurses who had worked maximum two years as a nurse. The collected material was analyzed from a qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis revealed seven categories. The nurses that were interviewed described a job satisfaction that could partly be because they were developed in the work they do, but it could also be because they got appreciation from patients and relatives. Despite the job satisfaction that the nurses described, they could also get a sense of inadequacy, which could be a consequence of lack of time and personnel. They also explained that they sometimes become sad and would think a lot after a patient died. The nurses also described a joy in their job, this could be if they saw that the patients were feeling well despite their illness. With experience the nurses felt more confidence in their job. The nurses also explained that they thought it was both difficult and liberating when death occurred. Near and nice but stressful relationship is how the nurses described the relationship with the patient and relatives.  Conclusion: Relatives have a big part in caring for patients in end of life, and this affects the way nurses think and feel about the situation. In meeting with patients and their families, feeling safe in the situation because of earlier experience, can make it easier.

In a preparatory class are newly arrived students who have no or very little knowledge of the Swedish language. Some of the newly arrived pupils may have arrived in Sweden very recently and some of them have no or very limited understanding and experience of how the school system works in their country of origin. The purpose of this study is to find out how education in a selected preparatory class works seen from two SVA-teachers and students perspective.  Questions related to my purpose reads as follows: In which way can two of the SVA-teachers respond in a selected preparatory class to their group of newly arrived students? What methods can be used by the two SVA-teachers in a selected preparatory class to their group of newly arrived students' language learning? How does the newly arrived student in a selected preparatory class experience their education and friendship? The study was conducted through a qualitative approach in a selected preparatory class in a multicultural school in a suburb in southern Stockholm. Through observations on six separate occasions as well as interviews with two of the SVA- teachers in the selected preparatory class, and with three of the newly arrived pupils during a period of three weeks. The results of this study show that in the selected preparatory class, one is actively working to learn the Swedish language and to create a structural learning environment based on trust and friendship. The results also show how easily the structure may fall apart when some teachers lack training in Swedish as a second language, also because of insufficient resources and inadequate guidelines in the selected preparatory class, for the reception of the newly arrived students in school activities for the chosen study area.

The purpose of my study was to find out about the newly arrived students’ views and perceptions of the Swedish high school, how this vision and perception looked like before they moved here, and if it has changed. I also wanted to find out how they perceived the meeting with the Swedish school, and if they believed that this meeting should or could be improved. In this study, I used a qualitative research method, the phenomenological method, in which I have used qualitative research interviews to collect the empirical data and detect patterns in my research. The theory I used is cultural encounters, and with it, I try to understand how people with different cultural backgrounds create interactions to work together in communities. I also wanted to understand how the students thought and acted, based on their cultural backgrounds. What I concluded was that in all, the newly arrived students’ views and perceptions of the Swedish school before they moved here was relatively positive. The views and perceptions of most of the students consist quite well with the ones they have today. But for those that it doesn’t, the explanations could be many. One of the reasons was how they hade been treated by the school, another was the lack of existence of Swedish speaking students, that forced the newly arrived ones to associate with the ones that spoke the same mother tongue. Also, the educational level seemed to be too low for some students. The treatment they all received looked similar, but some of the students mentioned that the Swedish school needed to develop the introduction classes so that the students with similar expertise could develop in the same rate. It is to be mentioned that the title of my research is a quote from one of the students I interviewed.