Trustworthy and accessible news content is fundamental to democracy and demanded by groups within social spaces of varying structures. News outlets have always, and continue to be in a state of development, adapting to social changes and accommodating the advances new technologies afford the structure of the industry of news.The aim of this thesis is to research the news consumption habits of Spanish undergraduate students at a time when the print newspaper industry, for many years the key disseminator of news relied upon by the general public, is in a state of financial crisis and its future, in its current form, is in jeopardy.Using a quantitative survey of 144 students and supported by a linked theoretical framework of News Consumption, Social Space and Uses & Gratifications, the study illustrates a generation of news consumers with a healthy appetite for news, whose cultural, economic and social capital are manifested via the diverse portfolio of news media they elect to consume from. Adopting a gratifications approach reveals that the efficiency and comfort mobile devices provide users for news consumption is one of the determining factors when deciding upon which forms of news disseminators respondents wish to engage with; user agency takes precedence over the notions of trust felt for the integrity of journalistic publications.The study provides a unique insight into the news consumption habits of Spanish undergraduate students enrolled in private university education, which although not representative of the wider population, is a study of an increasingly significant social group in Spain, their news consumption choices and the relation to the social space they inhabit.

This study aims to, against the background of the change in viewership figures, identify the factors that explain SVT Neuter’s increasing popularity within the age group young adults during the corona pandemic in the spring of 2020. The study wishes to receive answers to the questions: How do the interviewed young adults reason about their own media use and use of SVT Nyheter during the corona pandemic? And how do the interviewed young adults reason about increases/decreases in their own consumption of news based on the changed needs that have arisen as a result of the corona pandemic? The framework of uses and gratifications are taken into concern when analysing the results of this study.  Four participants, within the study selection group, were placed in a focus group to be interviewed and discuss with each other. Where the participants consisted of people with different genders and background, however with a common daily news consumption. One participant, with responsibility for SVT´s newsroom, was also interviewed after the focus group, to get an insight from the inside of SVT and as a compliment to the answers from the focus group. The analyse method is qualitative in order to find codes, define themes with the purpose to find patterns.  The conclusion of the findings is that need-satisfying factors were those, based on the results and gratifications, that affected the use of SVT Nyheter most within the focus group. The main theme, and finding, is the media use of the interviewed young adultsˈ during the pandemic. Where the influence of the media structure and individual factors such as housing situation has been important for news consumptions and the choice of media. Within the focus group, all participants agreed that the use of news mostly took place on digital and social media platforms, including news from SVT. This study is relevant as it examines a phenomenon during an ongoing crisis, where research is lacking, and may also enable today´s media society to gain an understanding of why young adultsˈ increased their use of SVT Nyheter during the pandemic. This is to understand young adults need for news for further research.

This study examines how news organizations activity on TikTok can support children’s news consumption, using Lara Schreurs and Laura Vandenbosch’s theory of social media literacy and Birgitta Höijer’s socio-cognitive reception theory. Through focus group interviews with nine participants, aged 10 to 11, the study explores news consumption by first looking at the social media literacy of children and then examining how children interpret the accounts of Lilla Aktuellt and Juniornyheterna.  Previous research shows that news organizations need to adapt to digital environments, such as social media platforms, in order to keep their audiences while the range of channels continuously grows. The way children use their critical skills when being faced with news online can affect their opportunities to become informed citizens. In order to avoid risks in these environments, children tend to depend on how relevant people, such as parents, teachers or peers, mediate their use.  The main result of this study is that the social media literacy of children aged 10 to 11 is insufficient since their use of TikTok is based on affective reactions and socially constructed preferences. They experience issues with using their critical knowledge in the digital environment in an independent way. They cannot identify what accounts on TikTok that are credible sources of news without previous mediation or experience. News organizations must therefore mediate their credibility through several spheres of children’s lives in order to support them in becoming empowered news consumers on TikTok.

The study investigated how young people, aged between 20 and 26 years, use the media which is available to them, and how much time they spend on it on a weekday and on a weekend day. In addition to this, it identified which factors the people look for when they are about to choose which media is worth their time, and I found out which media or news user types the young people belong to. I believe that this target group includes the users of tomorrow which I find interesting. Hence, I decided to focus on their media habits in particular.The data was collected through the means of the media diary method since I strive to highlight the personal experiences of the participants. Five more in-depth interview questions followed the diary. Through the lens of the theory on worthwhileness, the data was analysed. From various dimensions of worthwhileness (Schrøder, 2010; Schrøder&Larsen, 2010), I tried to see which ones my participants could relate to, and which of the seven user types (Schrøder, 2010) they are part of.Results showed that not all the informants consume news in their everyday life but when they do so, it is mostly done through Facebook and Instagram or in a few cases, a newspaper’s website. Social media activities are given great importance by the young people, and from the various devices, they seem to prefer smartphone.Expanding on these findings, results also illustrated that accessibility, practical features offered by the technology, and that the media is easy to use are key for the young people. Participation is regarded as important: producing and sharing, commenting, or maybe discussing is a way for the people to express themselves. From seven user types, I identified four and my informants appreciate that they can get hold of the news and information very quickly and that the process is cheap.

News articles generated by artificial intelligence rather than human reporters are referred to as automated journalism. This thesis explores how to create a trustworthy representation of news articles that mainly are generated by algorithmic decisions. The hypothesis of this thesis takes the background (characteristics of the underlying system design) and the foreground (millennials news consumption behaviour) contexts into consideration in order to provide an optimal approach for trustworthy representation of auto-generated articles. A theory about algorithmic transparency in the news media has been investigated to reveal information about the systems selection processes. The principles of glanceability and the heuristic principles are applied to proposed design solutions (interactive features). The outcomes show that newsreaders are positive towards a system that is trying to encourage them to fact-check the articles. Additionally, the outcomes also contributed to the understanding of how newsreaders can consume auto-generated news.

While the traditional agenda-setting theory assumes that a unified issue salience pattern (“the agenda”) will transfer from news media to the public, the emergence of the Internet has challenged this classic communication theory in three ways: by providing two versions of the public agenda (i.e., self-reported issue importance measured by a survey versus social media expressions), by affording two versions of the media agenda (i.e., presented on news websites versus on organizations’ Twitter accounts), and by enabling potential two-way agenda-setting effects. This dissertation aims to construct a multi-version two-way agenda-setting framework via (1) elaborating on the theoretical and practical reasons behind the proposed framework and (2) empirically testing the framework by combining survey and digital texts data around the 2020 US presidential election. The results show an imbalanced two-way agenda-setting relationship, with the traditional media-to-public direction still stronger than the reverse. While the two versions of the media agenda were similar to each other, what people thought was found to be different from what they tweeted. This dissertation also explored the moderating effects of issue-, media-, and individual-level characteristics on the direction and strength of the agenda-setting effects. The issue-wise comparison showed stronger effects in both directions among obtrusive issues, compared to non-obtrusive issues. Interestingly, traditional, non-digital-native media presented a slightly stronger two-way agenda-setting relationship between their news tweets and citizens' tweets compared to digital-native media. This difference, however, was not found in news websites. Individuals with specific characteristics, such as being females, being older, being white, as well as having lower income, lower opinion leadership, and lower social capital, were more likely to influence and be influenced by the media agendas compared to their counterparts. Also, while the well-educated population followed the agenda of news websites more closely, the group with a lower education level followed news tweets on more issues. Finally, the last chapter discusses theoretical, methodological, and practical implications.

After eighteen years filled with technical evaluation, the European Parliament agreed on a new online copyright directive in 2019. The aim of this directive is to modernize the rules that were last adjusted in 2001, to create a better balance between content providers and online platforms. After the European Commission introduced a proposal for a copyright directive in 2016, caught it the attention of many, mainly due to two articles: Article 11 and 13. The reason for this attention was the practical way in which these articles contributed in reaching the general aim of the new copyright directive. This research focuses on Article 11, which also became known as the ‘’link tax’’. Content creators should, according to this article, get rewarded for their work by other online parties. Within these eighteen years, those who were born in this timeframe, known as Generation Z, grew up in a world where technology is everywhere and at any time. This generation was born in the 90’s, grew up in the 00’s, and is shaped by the presence of technology in which they communicate, interact, and consume knowledge. Because of that, this study presents the effects of the implementation of the new European copyright directive, on Generation Z in Europe. / Efter arton år av teknisk utvärdering så enades Europaparlamentet om ett nytt upphovsrättsdirektiv på nätet år 2019. Syftet med detta direktiv är att modernisera reglerna som senast anpassades år 2001, för att skapa en bättre balans mellan innehållsleverantörer och online plattformar. Efter att Europeiska kommissionen införde ett förslag om upphovsrättsdirektiv år 2016 så fångades uppmärksamheten hos många, främst på grund av två artiklar: artikel 11 och 13. Orsaken till denna uppståndelse var huruvida dessa artiklar bidrog till att nå det slutgiltiga målet av det nya upphovsrättsdirektivet eller inte. Denna forskning fokuserar på artikel 11, som även blev känd som '' länkskatt ''. Innehållsskapare bör enligt denna artikel få ersättning för sitt arbete av andra online-parter. Inom dessa arton år så växte de som föddes inom denna tidsram, känd som Generation Z, upp i en värld där teknik finns överallt och när som helst. Denna generation föddes på 90-talet, växte upp på 00-talet och formas av närvaron av teknik där de kommunicerar, interagerar och konsumerar kunskap. På grund av detta presenterar denna studieeffekterna av implementeringen av det nya europeiska upphovsrättsdirektivet för Generation Z i Europa.

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This study derives from a located a gap in the methodological coverage and ways inwhich filter bubbles previously have been problematised. It is structured to through auser perspective to find ways in which users navigation and experience is influencedby personalised consumption. Through interview studies of digital natives, two mainfocuses of navigation and experience have been chosen with the aim to bring nuancedperspectives to the current state of filter bubbles. The first, using the theoreticalframework of uses and gratifications sets out to answer: In what ways do digitalnatives navigation contest the personalisation of their news consumption?I found that most interview participants have developed both thorough and individualways of navigating in their news consumption process. Personalising filters are bysome seen as assets to optimize content and by others as thresholds that enforcerestrictive behaviour. However, most participants seem to be mildly concerned orunaware of personalising features in their news navigation.The second focus of user experience seeks to clarify the motives behind usernavigation by answering: In what ways do digital natives experience of theirnavigation contest the personalisation of theirs and others news consumption?I find that some participants consider the impact of their own interactions withtheir personalised consumption, but do not understand the extents of it. I also find thatshared social norms and traditional media permeate the critical view that allparticipants carry with them through their navigation. I use these findings to introducea suggestion to problematise personalisation through user experience as a way ofbenchmarking filter bubbles that to my knowledge have not been used before.Lastly, by looking at the navigations and experiences of the participantsthrough a theoretical framework of power, I conceptualise their interactions asmotives of counter power towards a personalisation to answer:How can the motives of digital natives navigation be contextualised as acts of counterpower towards their personalised news consumption?I identify both interactions as motives of counter power with some participants’ newsconsumption, and experiences of subjectivity to power in others. But can’t determineto which extents it relates to the personalisation or other factors in the participantsnews consumption.

Sociala medier blir en allt viktigare nyhetskanal för unga vuxna. Denna utveckling har gjort att medieforskare ifrågasätter huruvida sociala medier är kapabla att utbilda och informera på samma sätt som de fysiska formaten gjort med tidigare generationer. Vissa har funnit att möjligheten att filtrera nyhetsflödet innebär en risk att användaren försätter sig i en filterbubbla där endast åsikter och tankar som stämmer överens med deras egna kommer igenom. Andra menar istället att sociala medier ger ett rikare utbud med större variation. Klart står att journalistens roll som grindvakt för vad som publiceras blir mindre viktig och att vem som helst numera kan yttra sina åsikter och potentiellt nå ut till en stor massa med dessa. Denna studie undersöker och ger insikter om hur unga vuxna sållar i sitt Facebookflöde, hur de definierar tillförlitlighet i nyhetsmedia och hur de utifrån detta avgör vad som är tillförlitligt och inte i sitt flöde. Studien består av kvalitativa intervjuer och ett observationsexperiment där respondenterna får scrolla igenom ett fiktivt Facebookflöde. Resultaten visar att bedömningen som görs ofta är medveten och går mycket snabbt, samt att det är få inlägg som anses leva upp till deras definition av tillförlitliga. Även om Facebook visar sig vara en vanlig nyhetskälla är det få av respondenterna som anser den vara bra och tillförlitlig. / Social media is becoming a more and more important news medium for young adults. This development has lead media researchers to question whether social media is as capable of educating and informing these young adults as the legacy media did the generations before them. Some argue that social media, with its ability to filter the news feed, might place users in a filter bubble lacking any challenging views. Others argue that social media encourages a diverse news and information feed. What's clear is that the role of the journalist as gatekeeper has diminished, and that anyone is now able to voice their opinions to a big audience. This study investigates how young adults sift through their Facebook feed, how they define reliability in news media, and how they assess their social news feed based on this. The study consists of qualitative interviews and an observational experiment where the respondents scrolled through a fictive Facebook feed. The results show that the assessment made is often very quick and deliberate, and that few news posts live up their definition of reliable, namely objective and transparent. Although Facebook is a common news source, few consider it to be a good and reliable one.