Ist das Italien? Wo sind der strahlend blaue Himmel, die wiedererkennbaren Landschaftsmotive und die Tarantella‐tanzenden Ciociare? Der römische Landschaftsmaler Nino Costa (1826‐1903) war sich der Konventionen von Italiendarstellungen im 19. Jahrhundert durchaus bewusst, entschied sich jedoch für eine subtilere und persönlichere Präsentation seiner Heimat. Das monumentale Landschaftsgemälde Ein Scirocco‐Tag an der Küste nahe Rom ist eines seiner Hauptwerke und vereint in sich die Prinzipien seiner Kunst. Es zeigt einen Küstenabschnitt in der Nähe Roms zur Zeit des Sciroccos, dem heißen, Saharasand bringenden Wind aus Nordafrika. Ein kräftiger Mann mit bloßem Oberkörper schleppt sich von der drückenden Hitze und dem Gewicht seines mit Laub bedeckten Korbes gebeugt durch eine karge Dünenlandschaft vom Meer Richtung Landes‐inneres. Die weiße Hose mit breitem roten Band weist ihn als Fischer aus. Das kleine Boot am Strand rechts lässt vermuten, dass er gerade vom Fang zurückgekehrt ist und die Fische, von Zweigen gegen die direkte Sonneneinstrahlung geschützt, im Korb nach Hause trägt. Zwischen Boot und Mann steht ein niedriger schief gewachsener Baum, dessen Stamm die gebeugte Gestalt des Fischers wiederholt. Zur Linken verschließen Felsen den Blick auf das Meer. Eine von Hartlaubgewächsen bedeckte Düne schmiegt sich an den Stein und führt zu einer rechteckigen Öffnung, die von Menschenhand gemacht zu sein scheint. Der Rest des sandigen Untergrunds ist mit Büscheln von trockenem Dünengras bewachsen.

[pt] A energia eólica é hoje uma das mais promissoras fontes de energia do mundo por ser limpa e abundante. O estudo de fenômenos que estão relacionados com alterações na circulação atmosférica, como o El Niño, são de extrema importância pela possibilidade de afetarem a geração eólica. A fim de explorar o possível efeito de tais fenômenos nos ventos da região Nordeste do Brasil, a qual possui a maior capacidade eólica instalada, é realizada uma análise estatística para a quantificação desse efeito através dos modelos Generalized Autoregressive Score (GAS). Estes permitem a modelagem de séries temporais para diferentes distribuições de probabilidade. Nesse estudo, o GAS é aplicado às séries de velocidade do vento a partir das distribuições Weibull, Gama e Beta. Os resultados mostram que a distribuição Beta produz o melhor ajuste quando se considera o efeito do El Niño através da Temperatura da Superfície do Mar (TSM), na velocidade do vento de uma usina eólica no Nordeste do Brasil. Em particular estes mostram que, o maior impacto do El Niño ocorre nos meses de abril e maio, onde para um aumento de 1 grau Celcius da TSM é observada uma variação de aproximadamente 1.3 por cento na velocidade do vento. / [en] Wind energy is now one of the most promising energy sources of the world being both clean and abundant. The study of phenomena that are related to changes in atmospheric circulation, such as El NiÑo, are extremely important for its ability to affect wind generation. In order to explore the possible effect of such phenomena in the winds of the Northeast region of Brazil which has the largest installed wind capacity, a statistical analysis is performed to quantify this effect through the Generalized Autoregressive Score (GAS) models. These allows the modeling of time series for different probability distributions. In this study, GAS models are applied to the wind speed series using Weibull, Gamma and Beta distributions. The results shows that the Beta distribution produces the best fit when considering the effect of El Niño through Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the wind speed of an wind farm in the Northeast of Brazil. In particular these show that the greatest impact of the El Niño occurs in the months of April and May, where for an increase of 1 degrees Celcius of SST is observed a variation of approximately 1.3 per cent in wind speed.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:50:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1518212 bytes, checksum: 37651f0e365918ff9d0f80d2eaf8ac5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-07-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The daily precipitation data referring to 134 localities in the State of Minas Gerais, supplied by the Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), were analyzed in order to characterize the rainy period (RP), as well as the event and duration of the dry spells occurring over the climatic events El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN). At first, the beginning of the rainy periods (BRP) and the precipitation amount of the rainy period were analyzed, respectively based on the averages and normalized standard deviations of three annual series: El Niño, La Niña and neutral years. The influence of these phenomena on each 15-day period over the months from November to February were analyzed, by using the average and the standardized precipitation rate, as well as the behavior of each RP based on precipitation anomalies. For both analyses, seven stations were chosen according to the climatically homogeneous areas in Minas Gerais. Then, the frequency of dry spells was determined to intervals with four durations in these three series, and the dry spell was defined as a period with at least three dry consecutive days (precipitation ≤ 1 mm) during the rainy period. The method of Regression Analysis was used to relate the duration of the rainy period (RPD) and, or, BRP with the dry spells lasting from three to six days (A) and from seven to ten days (B), as well as the BRP and the total precipitation amount during RP with the dry spells classified as classes A and B, respectively. The results obtained for the influence of the EN and LN phenomena were georeferrenced by the interpolation method that materialized them into thematic maps generated by the Geographic Information System (GIS). The thematic maps were obtained, by involving of Minas Gerais State Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with the classification concerning to the total precipitation and RPD with the average frequencies of the dry spells. A characteristic of La Niña is to cause rains below the average on an extensive part of the State, as well as on half-Northeastern over events El Niño, and rains above the average on half- Southwestern Minas Gerais. The dry spells caused by LN on the North-Northeastern part of the State are due to the periods lasting more than 15 days, whereas on the South-Southwestern are due to the dry spells lasting from three to six days. Similarly, the dry spells on North-Northeastern of Minas Gerais during El Niño events, and the rains above the average on the half-Southwestern of the State cause an influence of the dry spells lasting three to six days. / Dados diários de precipitação de 134 localidades do estado de Minas Gerais, fornecidos pela Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), foram analisados com o intuito de caracterizar o período chuvoso (PC) e o comportamento na ocorrência e duração dos veranicos em anos de eventos climáticos El Niño (EN) e La Niña (LN). Inicialmente, foram classificados o início dos períodos chuvosos (IPC) e a quantidade pluviométrica do PC, baseados, respectivamente, nas médias e desviospadrão normalizados de três séries, sendo elas: anos de El Niño, anos de La Niña e anos neutros. Conjuntamente, foram analisadas a influência destes fenômenos nas quinzenas dos meses de novembro a fevereiro, com a utilização da média e do índice padronizado de precipitação e o comportamento de cada PC baseando-se nas anomalias de precipitação. Ambas análises, para sete estações distribuídas por regiões climaticamente homogêneas de Minas Gerais. Em seguida, determinou-se a freqüência de ocorrência de veranicos para quatro intervalos de duração nas três séries, sendo definido, como veranico, o período de pelo menos três dias secos (precipitação ≤ 1 mm) consecutivos durante o período chuvoso. Foi utilizado o método de análise de regressão, para relacionar a duração do período chuvoso (DPC) e, ou, IPC com os veranicos com duração de três a seis dias (A) e de sete a dez dias (B), e o IPC, total pluviométrico durante o PC com os veranicos de classes A e B. Os resultados referentes à influência dos fenômenos EN e LN foram geoespacializados, utilizando-se método de interpolação que os materializou em forma de mapas gerados por intermédio de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Foram efetuadas sobreposições de temas, envolvendo o relevo do Estado com a classificação referente ao total pluviométrico e da DPC com as freqüências médias de veranicos. A La Niña possui uma característica marcante de ocasionar chuvas abaixo da média em grande parte do Estado, da mesma forma para a metade nordeste em episódios do El Niño e chuvas acima da média na metade sudoeste de Minas Gerais. As estiagens ocasionadas pela LN, no Norte- Nordeste do Estado, são devidas a períodos superiores a 15 dias de duração e no sul-sudoeste aos veranicos com duração de três a seis dias. Da mesma forma, ocorre para as estiagens no Norte-Nordeste de Minas Gerais, durante eventos El Niño e as chuvas acima da média na metade sudoeste ocasionam uma influência, somente, por parte dos veranicos com duração de três a seis dias.

Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Filosofía / El objetivo de esta investigación fue elaborar una fundamentación filosófica de los derechos humanos complementaria a las ya existentes, en la tradición del pensamiento filosófico. La fundamentación propuesta en este trabajo integra la visión de los derechos humanos expuesta por Hannah Arendt, con la fundamentación filosófica de los derechos esenciales desarrollada por Carlos Santiago Nino, así como también, las ideas propias de esta investigadora. El objeto de estudio de esta investigación fueron los derechos humanos y su fundamentación filosófica. En virtud de lo señalado, se indagó en el pensamiento de diversos autores, en lo concerniente a sus concepciones filosóficas de los derechos esenciales. No obstante, este estudio se centró principalmente en el pensamiento de Arendt y de Nino, con el propósito de descubrir los cimientos o base de apoyo teórico que subyace en el concepto mismo de los derechos del hombre. Asimismo, se intentó comprender los principios sobre los que se construye la idea de los derechos fundamentales, y cómo éstos se originaron e incorporaron en nuestros sistemas legales. Además, en este trabajo se investigó sobre las teorías filosóficas del derecho, más relevantes, me refiero, al iusnaturalismo y al iuspositivismo. La primera teoría del derecho postula la existencia de un conjunto de principios universales que inspirarían las normas y por ende, también, a los derechos esenciales. Estos derechos serían inherentes al ser humano, por lo tanto, anteriores y superiores a los sistemas legales existentes. La segunda teoría postula que los derechos humanos son un conjunto de normas, que se fundan sólo en la voluntad manifestada del legislador. El criterio de validez de la norma jurídica positiva es meramente formal, en tanto que, para la teoría iusnaturalista del derecho, el criterio de validez de la norma jurídica, se funda en la concordancia de la misma, con los principios morales y de justicia universales. La concepción arendtiana del hombre enfatiza en el aspecto político del ser humano. Ella sostiene que la individualidad sin acción y sin expresión dentro de un mundo común pierde todo su significado. De lo señalado, infiere que la pérdida de las cualidades políticas y del mundo que compartimos en común, resguardado por los derechos nacionales, constituye la violación más brutal de los derechos humanos. En cambio, Nino fundamenta los derechos humanos en determinados principios, que constituyen la base de una concepción liberal de la sociedad, éstos son, la inviolabilidad, la autonomía, el hedonismo, y la dignidad de la persona humana. Los principios mencionados, apuntan a la protección de la persona humana, frente a los actos del Estado, y enfatizan más bien, en el ser individual y en su búsqueda por la auto-realización, restándole la importancia que merece el ser social, político y en un entorno, del hombre. Dicho pensamiento podría conducir a una fragmentación del tejido social, toda vez que, en este paradigma filosófico, cada ser humano busca maximizar su realización personal sin considerar los objetivos comunes que podría ostentar una comunidad, en un determinado momento. En virtud de lo señalado, en esta investigación se sostuvo que los derechos humanos se protegerán y garantizarán de un mejor modo, en la medida que la concepción filosófica del hombre, que subyace tanto en las fundamentaciones como en las nociones filosóficas de los derechos humanos, contemple el mayor número de rasgos o expresiones propias del hombre, de tal modo que, las diversas expresiones -que constituyen los modos de ser, del ser humano- puedan ser resguardadas y garantizadas por el derecho como bienes jurídicos. Desde una perspectiva política, y teniendo en consideración el tratamiento otorgado, a los derechos humanos en Chile, bajo el Gobierno de la Junta Militar, en esta investigación se concluyó que el catálogo de los derechos humanos debe incorporarse al derecho positivo, de lo contrario, el ser humano permanece desprotegido ante las posibles actuaciones arbitrarias de los agentes del Estado. Además, a dichos derechos se les debe otorgar una jerarquía supraconstitucional en los sistemas legales, de tal modo que, las actuaciones de los agentes del Estado tengan un límite, cual es, el respeto absoluto a los derechos humanos de todos sus ciudadanos sin distinción alguna.

Orientador: Rogério Caetano da Costa / Banca: Antonio Leão Castilho / Banca: Jandira Liria Biscalquini Talamoni / Resumo: O presente estudo foi dividido em dois capítulos e tiveram como objetivos: cap.1- verificar a distribuição espaço-temporal de L. schmitti em três baías do litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, Ubatumirim (UBM), Ubatuba (UBA) e Mar Virado (MV); testar a relação dos fatores ambientais com a distribuição dos camarões durante um período de 2 anos (1998 e 1999) e cap. 2- averiguar a variação anual e sazonal da biomassa e do número de indivíduos do camarão, durante 4 anos de estudo (1998, 1999, 2002, 2006), com enfoque no período reprodutivo e de recrutamento juvenil informando qual a melhor época para a pesca. Os camarões foram capturados com um barco camaroneiro equipado com redes do tipo "double-rig" em profundidades até os 20 metros. Em 1998 e 1999, um total de 5658 indivíduos foi coletado, sendo 4437 no primeiro ano e 1221 no segundo ano. Em MV obteve-se a maior abundância (n= 2747), seguido de UBM (n= 1649) e UBA (n=1262). A salinidade da água variou de 28 a 37 com média de 34,6 ± 1,44, porém não houve correlação significativa desse fator com a abundância (p=0,90). A média da temperatura de fundo foi de 24,8 ± 2,84 °C com valor máximo de 31,4 °C e mínimo de 19 °C. Apesar dessa grande variação nos valores obtidos, não houve correlação significativa desse fator com a abundância (p= 0,11). A maior captura de camarões foi registrada em áreas onde silte + argila correspondem mais de 70 % do sedimento e em locais com maior porcentagem de matéria orgânica. Houve relação inversa da abundância com a pluviosidade, com as maiores abundâncias nos meses posteriores a temporada de chuvas. Porém, no ano em que houve maior pluviosidade, também houve uma maior captura de indivíduos. A quantidade de camarões seguiu uma tendência sazonal, sendo maior durante o outono e inverno... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study was divided in two chapters, which aimed: chapter 1 - to verify the spatiotemporal distribution of L. schmitti in three bays of north littoral of São Paulo State, Ubatumirim (UBM), Ubatuba (UBA) e Mar Virado (MV); to test the relation between environmental factors and shrimp distribution, during a 2-year period (1998 and 1999) and chapter 2 - to investigate the annual and seasonal variation of biomass and of the number of shrimp individuals, focusing reproductive period and juvenile recruitment; which is the best period for the open season; the rainfall influence on abundance during 4 years of study (1998, 1999, 2002 and 2006). Shrimps were captured with a shrimp fishing boat equipped with two double-rig nets at depths up to 20m. In 1998 and 1999, a total of 5658 individuals was collected, being 4437 on first year and 1221 on second year. The highest abundance was obtained at MV (n=2747), followed by UBM (n=1649) and then by UBA (n=1262). Water salinity has varied from 28 to 37, with average of 34.6 ± 1.44, although abundance has not had a significant correlation with this factor (p=0,90). The average bottom temperature was of 24,8 ± 2,84 °C, with a maximum of 31.4 °C and a minimum of 19°C. Besides the great variation on these values, abundance has not had a significant correlation with this factor (p=0.11). The higher shrimp capture was registered in areas where sediment was composed by more than 70% of silt + clay and at areas with highest percentage of organic-matter. There was an inverse correlation between abundance and rainfall, with the highest abundances on months after the rainy season. However, the highest individual catch occurred in the year with highest rainfall rates. Shrimp amount had a seasonal tendency, being higher during autumn and winter in both years. A total of 566 (13,171 g) individuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Nonlinear dynamical systems theory has inspired a new set of useful tools to be applied in climate studies. In this work we presented specific examples where information has been gained by the application of methods from nonlinear dynamical systems theory. The main goal is to understand the relative importance of stochastic forcing versus deterministic coupling within the context of Coupled General Circulation Models. This work address this important subject by approaching this goal through the development of a hierarchy of models with increasing complexity that we assert contain the essential dynamics of ENSO. We examined the effect of noise in a low order model and found that it is not restricted to blurring the attractor trajectories in phase space, but includes important changes in the dynamics of the system. The main results indicate that the presence of noise in a nonlinear system has two different effects. The presence of noise acts to increase the maximum Lyapunov exponent and can result in noise induced chaos if the system was originally stable. However, the same arguments are not valid if the original system is already in the chaotic regime, where the noise inclusion acts to decrease the maximum Lyapunov exponent, therefore increasing the system stability. The system of interest includes coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions and here we mimic this interaction by coupling two low order models with very different dominant time scales. These subsystems interact in a complex, nonlinear way and the behavior of the whole system cannot be explained by a linear summation of dynamics of the system parts. We used information theory concepts to detect the influence of the slow system dynamics in synchronizing the fast system in coupled models. We introduced a fast-slow coupled system, where both the slowness of the ocean model and the intensity of the boundary forcing anomalies contribute to the asymmetry and phase locking of both subsystems. The mechanisms controlling the fast modelspread were uncovered revealing uncertainty dynamics depending on the location of ensemble members in the model’s phase space. As an intermediate step between low order models and CGCMs we study the effect of noise on an intermediate complexity model. The addition of gaussian noise to the Zebiak-Cane model in order to understand the effects of noise on its attractor led to a way of estimating the noise level based on the effects of noise on the correlation dimension curves. We investigate the intrinsic predictability of the coupled models used here, and the different time scales associated with fast and slow modes were detected using the Finite Size Lyapunov Exponents. We found new estimates for the prediction horizon of ENSO for the Zebiak-Cane model as well as for the NCAR CCSM3 model and observations. The whole analysis of observations and CCSM3 was possible after applying noise reduction techniques. We also improved our understanding of three different noise reduction techniques by comparing the Local Projective Noise Reduction, the Interactive Ensemble strategy, and a Random Interactive Ensemble applied to CCSM3. The main difference between these two noise reduction techniques is when the process is applied. The Local Projective Noise Reduction can be applied to both model and observations, and it is done a posteriori in phase space, therefore the trajectories to be adjusted already posses the physical mechanisms embedded in them. The Interactive Ensemble approach can only be applied to model simulations and has shown to be a very useful technique for noise reduction since its done a priori while the system evolves instead of a posteriori, besides the fact that it allows to retrieve the spatial distribution of the noise level in physical space.

El Niño is now a focal point for global climate change research, but its influence on the Western Pacific is still uncertain. Taiwan Strait is an important pathway, which connects the South China Sea and the East China Sea, and is strongly influenced by the monsoon. Generally, in winter, the strong winter monsoon brings the cold and nutrient-rich Changjiang Diluted Water¡]CDW¡^southward. While during the El Niño event, because of the weakened south wind in northern Taiwan, more cold CDW moves southward, and hence the decreased seawater temperature in spring and fall. The trend is opposite in summer. There is a high salinity signal in the seas outside of Hsin-Chu, suggesting sea water coming from the Kuroshio, which has circumvented the northeast tip of Taiwan. Meanwhile, there is a front which separates this Kuroshio water and CDW. During the El Niño, the front moves eastward, especially in summer. The salinity east of the front decreases gradually from spring to winter water, the center of upwelling located at the eastern side of the front in spring, and at or near the front from summer to winter. Furthermore, The N/P ratio of the northern Taiwan Strait water became higher after the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) became operational. The nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas. Unfortunately, in Taiwan, there are few data about N2O emission from rivers, lakes and coastal areas. This research also studies the N2O distribution in natural waters around Taiwan. The average surface water concentration and sea to air flux in the Taiwan Strait¡]7.81¡Ó1.28nM¡F0.28¡Ó0.38£gmol/m2/hr¡^is higher than in the South China Sea¡]SCS¡F7.55¡Ó2.45 nM¡F0.21¡Ó0.27£gmol/m2/hr¡^and the West Philippine Sea¡]WPS¡F5.3¡Ó0.62nM¡F-0.20¡Ó0.25£gmol/m2/hr¡^, which displays a rare sink signal in the world oceans. There is an N2O maximum observed around 1000m in the WPS, and another shollower one around 700m in the SCS, presumably because of the intenive upwelling and vertical mixing in the SCS basin. There are some rather high N2O concentrations (N2O>30nM) in the SCS, observed near the continental slope. We assume that these are released from sediments on the continental slope. Although the sea-to-air flux of N2O is much lower than the flux of CO2, N2O emission in the SCS contributes more than two times the greenhouse effect than CO2 does. Besides, The N2O concentration during El Niño is lower than usual, probably due to a smaller amount of the CDW. Finally, the average N2O concentrations of river and submarine groundwater discharge in Taiwan are about 32.3¡Ó43.3nM and 9.72¡Ó13.2 nM, respectively.

Phytoplankton dynamics and chemical characteristics of the euphotic zone were measured from 1998-2000 (an El Niño/La Niña cycle) at the 5 major stations along Line P. Near-shelf and offshore stations exhibited low seasonality in chlorophyll and moderate seasonality in particulate organic carbon (POC) production. During the 1998 El Niño, June was characterized by low chlorophyll and POC productivity due to nitrate depletion. In contrast, during the 1999 La Niña, and in 2000, higher POC productivity and nitrate occurred in June. During 1999, chlorophyll and POC productivity were similar to 1998 in late summer. Near-shelf biomass was highest in June and lowest in Feb. for the near-shelf stations. High nitrate, low chlorophyll (HNLC) stations had the highest chlorophyll in Feb. followed by June. The coccolithophore assemblage was usually numerically dominated by Emiliania huxleyi, particularly in June. Along the transect, coccolithophore abundance was much higher in June during the 1998 El Niño than in the 1999 La Niña, with Aug./Sept. abundance of both years being very low. Higher abundances were measured along the transect in June and the late summer of 2000 with sporadic ‘blooms’ of >1000 cells ml⁻¹ at some stations. Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) production was high along the transect during June 1998, and low during both winters, June 1999 and during late summers of 1998 and 1999. There was an increase in diatom biomass and >20 µm POC production during the 1998 El Niño, specifically in the farthest offshore HNLC stations, yet diatoms were rarely found to dominate total phytoplankton biomass or production. However, there were some sporadic examples of anomalously high diatom biomass (carbon and abundance) as well as >20 µm POC production, specifically at P12 in Aug./Sept 2000. The same major diatom species were found throughout Line P (near-shelf, P16, and HNLC). Integrated silica production measured by ³²Si ranged from 0.2 to 4.7 mmol Si m⁻² d⁻¹ between 1999-2000. Silicic acid and nitrate were never limiting at all stations in Feb. and generally increased in concentration along Line P during all seasons.

A large part of Canadian literature being produced today is being done by immigrants and the children of immigrants. Struggling between the dominant culture and the history and traditions of their parents, whom they desire to honor, these writers adopt modes of representation ranging from the elegiac to the ironic. / Nino Ricci's first book Lives of the Saints begins from the perspective of Vittorio as an adult, but the narrative that the reader follows is developed from his perspective as a child focusing on his ethnic roots. The narrative structure is two-fold: it is a combination of the objectivity of a child's innocent observations with a child's sense of wonder and magic and a strong influence from the adult narrator's voice. / This thesis will examine the narrative approach, the rhetorical devices and the use of myth that Ricci harnesses in his novel in order to show how his work is marked with ambiguity and paradox which points to the psychological condition of immigrants in Canada. The discussion will also focus on some of the literary models that influenced Ricci's narrative, such as Alice Munro, Carlo Levi and Corrado Alvaro.