Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The concept of module M on a ring A can be seen as a generalization of the concept of vector space V over a field K. In this work, we will present definitions, examples and results about modules, our main objective being to demonstrate the theorem of structures for Abelian groups that tells us that every finitely generated abelian group is the direct sum of cyclic subgroups. / O conceito de módulo M sobre um anel A pode ser visto como uma generalização do conceito de espaço vetorial V sobre um corpo K. Neste trabalho, apresentaremos definições, exemplos e resultados acerca de módulos, sendo o nosso objetivo principal demonstrar o teorema de estruturas para grupos abelianos que nos diz que todo grupo abeliano finitamente gerado é a soma direta de subgrupos cíclicos.

Orientadores: Sueli Irene Rodrigues Costa, Jose Plinio de Oliveira Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T23:35:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Torezzan_Cristiano_D.pdf: 2362096 bytes, checksum: 1680bc5fc7cb94a63b0b11b50ac5a1c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Códigos esféricos em espaços euclidianos n-dimensionais são conjuntos finitos de pontos sobre superfícies esféricas e têm sido amplamente estudados em conexão com a transmissão de sinais sobre um canal Gaussiano. Para este propósito deseja-se maximizar a distância mínima entre dois pontos quaisquer do código, o que está fortemente relacionado com o problema mais geral do empacotamento em esferas, o qual contempla aplicações em outras áreas. Na primeira parte deste trabalho estudamos códigos esféricos gerados como órbita de um vetor unitário sob a ação de um grupo comutativo de matrizes ortogonais, os denominados códigos de grupo comutativo. Propomos um método para obter o melhor código de grupo comutativo n-dimensional de ordem M, que baseia-se na associação entre tais códigos em dimensão 2k e reticulados k-dimensionais. Utilizando fatorações matriciais conhecidas, como as formas normais de Hermite e Smith, demonstramos que é possível reduzir o número de casos a serem analisados através da identificação de códigos isométricos que podem ser descartados. O problema da busca do vetor inicial ótimo para códigos de grupo comutativo é formalmente estabelecido com um problema de programação linear e utilizado em uma das etapas do método. Apresentamos resultados numéricos, incluindo tabelas com códigos de grupo comutativo ótimos em várias dimensões. Outra contribuição deste trabalho é a introdução de uma nova família de códigos esféricos, na qual os pontos são alocados sobre a superfície da esfera unitária 2k-dimensional em camadas de toros planares. Em cada uma das camadas deste código, pode-se estabelecer um código de grupo para a geração dos sinais e utilizar os resultados acima mencionados. Além de limitantes, inferior e superior, para o número de pontos, um método para construção destes códigos é apresentado explicitamente e alguns exemplos são construídos. Os resultados mostram que tais códigos têm desempenho comparável aos melhores códigos esféricos estruturados conhecidos, com destaque para uma potencial vantagem no processo de codificação/decodificação, decorrente da homogeneidade, estrutura de grupo e associação a reticulados na metade da dimensão / Abstract: Spherical codes in Euclidean spaces are finite sets of points on the surface of a multidimensional sphere and have been widely studied in connection with the signal transmission over a Gaussian channel. For this purpose one fundamental issue is to maximize the minimum distance between two code points, what is strongly related to the more general problem of sphere packing. In the first part of this work we study spherical codes generated as orbit of a initial vector under the action of a commutative group of orthogonal matrices, the so called commutative group codes. A method for searching the best n-dimensional commutative group code of order M is presented. Based on the well known Hermite and Smith normal form decomposition of matrices, and also on the relation between 2k-dimensional com- mutative group codes and k-dimensional lattices, we show that it is possible to reduce the number of cases to be analyzed through the identification of isometric codes which can be discarded. The initial vector problem for these codes is formally established as a linear programming problem and used as a sub-routine of the method. Numerical results are presented, including tables of good commutative groups codes in several dimensions. Other contribution of this work is a new class of spherical codes, constructed by placing points on flat tori layers. The codebook on each torus can be generated by a commutative group of orthogonal matrices, using the results previously mentioned. Upper and lower bounds on performance are derived and a systematic method for constructing the codes is presented. Some examples are constructed and the results exhibit good performance when compared to the best known structured spherical codes, with some advantage in the encoding/decoding process, due to the homogeneity, group structure and the relation with lattices in the half of the dimension / Doutorado / Matematica Aplicada / Doutor em Matemática Aplicada

Neste projeto, propomos estudar a chamada \"Teoria de Corpos de Classe,\" que oferece uma descrição simples das extensões abelianas de corpos locais e globais, bem como algumas de suas aplicações, como os teoremas de Kronecker-Weber e Scholz-Reichardt / In this work, we study the so called \"Class Field Theory\", which give us a simple description of the abelian extension of local and global elds. We also study some applications, like the Kronecker-Weber and Scholz-Reichardt theorems

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Dans cette thèse, on aborde plusieurs questions autour des modèles de Néron de variétés abéliennes sur un corps de valuation discrète. On dit qu’une variété abélienne a réduction scindée si la suite exacte définissant le groupe des composantes de la fibre spéciale est scindée. On donne un exemple de variété abélienne modérément ramifiée qui n’a pas réduction scindée. Pour les variétés jacobiennes,on montre que l’on obtient réduction scindée après toute extension modérément ramifiée de degré plus grand qu’une constante ne dépendant que de la dimension.On considère aussi le lien avec le conducteur de Swan. Ensuite, on s’intéresse aux groupes formels des variétés abéliennes. Pour les courbes elliptiques, on détermine le rayon du plus grand voisinage de 0 qui est isomorphe à un polydisque muni de sa structure de groupe usuelle. On s’intéresse aussi aux groupes des composantes de modèles lisses, de type fini et séparés du groupe additif ou multiplicatif ainsi qu’à leurs sous-groupes des points rationnels. Enfin, on montre que le conducteur efficace d’une courbe algébrique ne peut pas s’exprimer uniquement en fonction deson conducteur d’Artin. / In this thesis, we tackle several questions about Néron models of abelian varieties on a discrete valuation field. We say that an abelian variety has split reduction if the exact sequence defining the group of components of the special fiber is split. We give an example of a tamely ramified abelian variety which does not have split reduction. For Jacobian varieties, we show that one gets split reduction after any tamely ramified extension of degree greater than aconstant depending on the dimension only. We also consider the link with theSwan conductor. Then, we deal with formal groups of abelian varieties. For elliptic curves, we compute the radius of the largest neighbourhood of 0 which is isomorphic to a polydisk equipped with its usual group law. We also deal with groups of components of smooth and separated models of finite type of the additive or multiplicative group as well as their subgroups of rational points. Finally, we show that the efficient conductor of an algebraic curve cannot be expressed interms of its Artin conductor only.

No description available.

The Grothendieck group is an interesting invariant of an exact category. It induces a decategorication from the category of essentially small exact categories (whose morphisms are exact functors) to the category of abelian groups. Similarly, the triangulated Grothendieck group induces a decategorication from the category of essentially small triangulated categories (whose morphisms are triangulated functors) to the category of abelian groups. In the case of an essentially small abelian category, its Grothendieck group and the triangulated Grothendieck group of its bounded derived category are isomorphic as groups via a natural map. Because of this, homological algebra and derived functors become useful in surprising ways. This thesis is an expository work that provides an overview of the theory of Grothendieck groups with respect to these decategorications.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de quelques questions soulévées par le théorème de Nesterenko sur l'indépendance algébrique de valeurs des séries d'Eisentein E₂, E₄, E₆. Elle est divisée en deux parties.Dans la première partie, constituée des deux premiers chapitres, on généralise les équations différentielles algébriques satisfaites par les séries d'Eisenstein qui se trouvent dans le coeur de la méthode de Nesterenko, les équations de Ramanujan. Ces généralisations, appélées 'équations de Ramanujan supérieures', sont obtenues géométriquement à partir de champs de vecteurs définis, de manière naturelle, sur certains espaces de modules de variétés abéliennes. Afin de justifier l'intérêt des équations de Ramanujan supérieures en théorie de transcendance, on montre aussi que les valeurs d'une solution particulière remarquable de ces équations sont liées aux 'périodes' de variétés abéliennes.Dans la deuxième partie (troisième chapitre), on étudie la méthode de Nesterenko per se. On établit un énoncé géométrique, contenant le théorème de Nesterenko, sur la transcendance de valeurs d'applications holomorphes d'un disque vers une variété quasi-projective sur $overline{mathbf{Q}}$ définies comme des courbes intégrales d'un champ de vecteurs. Ces applications doivent aussi satisfaire une propriété d'intégralité, ainsi qu'une condition de croissance et une forme renforcée de la densité de Zariski, conditions qui sont naturelles pour des courbes intégrales de champs de vecteurs. / This thesis is devoted to the study of some questions motivated by Nesterenko's theorem on the algebraic independence of values of Eisenstein series E₂, E₄, E₆. It is divided in two parts.In the first part, comprising the first two chapiters, we generalize the algebraic differential equations satisfied by Eisenstein series that lie in the heart of Nesterenko's method, the Ramanujan equations. These generalizations, called 'higher Ramanujan equations', are obtained geometrically from vector fields naturally defined on certain moduli spaces of abelian varieties. In order to justify the interest of the higher Ramanujan equations in Transcendence Theory, we also show that values of a remarkable particular solution of these equations are related to 'periods' of abelian varieties.In the second part (third chapter), we study Nesterenko's method per se. We establish a geometric statement, containing the theorem of Nesterenko, on the transcendence of values of holomorphic maps from a disk to a quasi-projective variety over $overline{mathbf{Q}}$ defined as integral curves of some vector field. These maps are required to satisfy some integrality property, besides a growth condition and a strong form of Zariski-density that are natural for integral curves of algebraic vector fields.

Dans la première partie de cette thèse, on présente des bornes supérieures fines pour le nombre de sous-variétés irréductibles de torsion maximales dans une sous-variété du tore complexe algébrique $(\mathbb{C}^{\times})^n$ et d'une variété abélienne. Dans les deux cas, on donne une borne explicite en termes du degré des polynômes définissants et la variété ambiante. De plus, la dépendance en le degré des polynômes est optimale. Dans le cas du tore complexe, on donne aussi une borne explicite en termes du degré torique de la sous-variété. En conséquence de ce dernier résultat, on démontre les conjectures de Ruppert, et Aliev et Smyth pour le nombre de points de torsion isolés dans une hypersurface. Ces conjectures bornent ce nombre en terme, respectivement, du multi-degré et du volume du polytope de Newton d'un polynôme définissant l'hypersurface.Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, on présente une borne supérieure pour la hauteur des zéros isolés, dans le tore, d'un système de polynômes de Laurent sur un corps adélique qui satisfait la formule du produit. Cette borne s'exprime en termes des intégrales mixtes des fonctions toit locales associées à la hauteur choisie et le système des polynômes de Laurent. On montre aussi que cette borne est presque optimale dans quelques familles d'exemples. Ce résultat est un analogue arithmétique du théorème de Bern\v{s}tein-Ku\v{s}nirenko. / In the first part of this thesis we present sharp bounds on the number of maximal torsion cosets in a subvariety of a complex algebraic torus $(\mathbb{C}^{\times})^n$ and of an Abelian variety. In both cases, we give an explicit bound in terms of the degree of the defining polynomials and the ambient variety. Moreover, the dependence on the degree of the polynomials is sharp. In the case of the complex torus, we also give an effective bound in terms of the toric degree of the subvariety. As a consequence of the latter result, we prove the conjectures of Ruppert, and Aliev and Smyth on the number of isolated torsion points of a hypersurface. These conjectures bound this number in terms of the multidegree and the volume of the Newton polytope of a polynomial defining the hypersurface, respectively.In the second part of the thesis, we present an upper bound for the height of isolated zeros, in the torus, of a system of Laurent polynomials over an adelic field satisfying the product formula. This upper bound is expressed in terms of the mixed integrals of the local roof functions associated to the chosen height function and to the system of Laurent polynomials. We also show that this bound is close to optimal in some families of examples. This result is an arithmetic analogue of the classical Bern\v{s}tein-Ku\v{s}nirenko theorem.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20904号 / 理博第4356号 / 新制||理||1625(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉本 茂樹, 教授 川合 光, 准教授 國友 浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM