Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor står inför utmaningar vid hjärtstoppsituationer där deras tidiga insatser är avgörande för patientens överlevnad. Med cirka 13 000 fall av hjärtstopp årligen i Sverige är hjärt-lungräddning en central del i omhändertagandet. Närstående lyfter att närvaro vid hjärt-lungräddning är en viktig rättighet som kan bidra till en känsla av trygghet. Syfte: Beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av hjärt-lungräddning med närvarande närstående. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats har genomförts, där tio vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades utifrån Fribergs femstegsmodell. Databaserna CINAHL, MEDLINE och PubMed har använts. Resultat: Sjuksköterskor övervägde faktorer som patientens tillstånd, närståendes önskemål och den potentiellt traumatiska effekten samt att varje hjärt-lungräddningssituation är unik. Det uppgavs brister inom organisationen som försvårade för närstående att närvara. Förslag på förbättringar såsom en vald familjestödperson, tydligare riktlinjer samt policys lyfts av sjuksköterskorna. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskors perspektiv på närståendes närvaro vid hjärt-lungräddning visar på delade åsikter och en komplex dynamik. Farhågor kring störningar och påverkan på patientsäkerheten kontrasteras mot betoningen av närståendes roll för emotionellt stöd och sorgeprocessen. Identifierade organisatoriska utmaningar, inklusive behovet av en ansvarig personal och tydliga riktlinjer, betonar behovet av en balans mellan säkerhet och stöd i vårdmiljön. / Background: Nurses face challenges in cardiac arrest situations where their early interventions are crucial for patient survival. With approximately 13 000 cases of cardiac arrest annually in Sweden, cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a vital component of care. Family members raises that presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an important right that can contribute to a sense of security.  Aim: To describe the nurse’s experience of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the presence of family members.  Method: A qualitative literature review with an inductive approach was conducted, analysing ten scientific articles using Friberg’s five-step model. The databases CINAHL, MEDLINE and PubMed were utilized.  Result: Nurses considered factors such as the patient’s condition, the wishes of close relatives, the potentially traumatic effects, and the uniqueness of each cardiopulmonary resuscitation situation. Organizational shortcomings hindering family presence were reported. Suggestions for improvements, such as the nurses highlighted a designated family support person and clearer guidelines and policies. Conclusion: Nurses’ perspectives on the presences of family members during cardiopulmonary resuscitation reveal divergent opinions and a complex dynamic. Concerns about disruptions and their impact on patient safety contrast with the emphasis on the role of family members for emotional support and the grieving process. Identified organizational challenges, including the need for designated personnel and clear guidelines, underscore the necessity of valancing safety and support in the healthcare environment.

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Bakgrund: Nuförtiden har det blivit mer vanligt att patienter som lider av obotliga sjukdomar vill vårdas och dö i hemmet vid palliativt skede. Trots insatser från hälso- och sjukvården spelar närstående ofta en avgörande roll i vården. Närstående tar ofta på sig rollen som vårdare för att uppfylla den sjukes önskan. Att engagera sig i vårdandet av en anhörig lägger ett stort ansvar på närstående vilken kan påverka de närståendes fysiska och psykiska hälsa. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva närståendes upplevelse av att vårda sin anhöriga i hemmet vid palliativt skede. Metod: Metoden för studien var en litteraturöversikt som grundade på tio vetenskapliga kvalitativa artiklar. Vid sökning användes tre databaser; CINAHL Complete, PubMed och PsycINFO. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades enligt Friberg (2017). Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre huvudkategorier och nio subkategorier. De första huvudkategorierna var positiv upplevelse av att vårda anhöriga med tre subkategorier; förbättrade relationer, att känna sig delaktighet i sin vårdande roll och att uppfylla önskan. De andra huvudkategorierna var negativ upplevelse av att vårda anhöriga med subkategorier; vårdbördan och ansvar, isolering och ensamhet, att vara osäker och rädslan och ångest. De tredje huvudkategorierna var närståendes upplevelse av hälso – och sjukvården med två subkategorier; otillfredsställelse - och tillfredsställelse med hälso-och sjukvård. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuteras utifrån Meleis transitionsteori, områdets utgångspunkt som beskrivs i litteraturöversiktens bakgrund och annan forskning. Utgångspunkten tas framförallt ifrån Meleis transitionsteori som var relaterad till närståendes upplevelse av rollövergångar. / Background: Nowadays, it has become more common for patients suffering from incurable diseases to be cared for and die at home at palliative stages. Despite efforts from the health and medical care, next-of-kin often play a crucial role in the care. Next-of-kin often take on the role of carer to fulfil the sick person's desire. Engaging in caring for a family member adds great responsibility to the next-of-kin which can affect their physical and mental health. Aim: The purpose was to describe the next-of-kin experiences of caring for their relatives in the home at the palliative stage. Method: The method of the study was a literature review based on ten scientific qualitative articles. When searching, three databases were used; CINAHL Complete, PubMed and PsycINFO. The articles were quality-reviewed and analysed according to Friberg (2017). Results: The result showed three main categories and nine subcategories. The first major categories were positive experiences of caring for relatives with three subcategories; improved relationships, feeling involved in their caring role and fulfilling desire. The other main categories were negative experiences of caring relatives with subcategories; care burden and responsibility, isolation and loneliness, being insecure and fear and anxiety. The third main categories were next-of-kin experiences of health professionals with two subcategories; satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Discussion: The result is discussed based on Melei's transition theory, the background of the literature review and other research. The starting point is mainly taken from Melei's transition theory, which was related to the next-of-kin experience of role transfers.

<p>Mast cells are long-lived effector cells of importance for both acute and chronic inflammations. Mast cells can be activated in many different ways, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators. In contrast to most other inflammatory cells, activated mast cells have the capacity to recover, regranulate and thereby be activated again. </p><p>In this thesis I have investigated the mechanisms involved in regulating activation-induced mast cell survival. We have found that cross-linking of FcεRI-bound IgE with an antigen (IgER-CL) induces a survival program in mast cells. Upon IgER-CL, mouse and human mast cells upregulate the pro-survival Bcl-2 family gene A1/Bfl-1. A1^-/- mast cells degranulate upon FcεRI activation but they cannot recover most likely due to the lack of A1. Sensitized and provoked A1^-/- mice exhibit lower amounts of mast cells compared to littermate controls. In contrast to mast cells, no Bfl-1 expression or survival promotion can be detected in basophils after IgER-CL. Another mast cell secretagogue, an adenosine receptor agonist, neither promoted upregulation of A1 nor survival.</p><p>Although it is well established that mast cell survival is dependent on stem cell factor (SCF), it has not been described how this process is regulated. We have found that SCF promotes survival through Akt-mediated inhibition of the forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a and its transcriptional target Bim, a BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein. SCF-treatment prevents upregulation of Bim protein expression and leads to an upregulation of Bim phosphorylation through PI3-kinase and MEK-dependent pathways. Overexpression of FOXO3a causes an upregulation of Bim and induces mast cell apoptosis, even in the presence of SCF. </p><p>Taken together, the work in this thesis demonstrates that A1/Bfl-1 and Bim play key roles in mast cell survival. These findings might be of importance in understanding the mechanisms of mast cell longevity and hence for possible new therapeutics used for mast cell-associated inflammations.</p>

<p>This was a descriptive qualitative study. Eight people living with HIV, four of which had disclosed their status, were individually interviewed. Two focus group discussions (each comprising 6 participants) were also conducted with health workers. The study was based at an urban TB hospital which is currently providing a range of HIV-related services including HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing, case management and treatment.</p>

Mast cells are long-lived effector cells of importance for both acute and chronic inflammations. Mast cells can be activated in many different ways, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators. In contrast to most other inflammatory cells, activated mast cells have the capacity to recover, regranulate and thereby be activated again. In this thesis I have investigated the mechanisms involved in regulating activation-induced mast cell survival. We have found that cross-linking of FcεRI-bound IgE with an antigen (IgER-CL) induces a survival program in mast cells. Upon IgER-CL, mouse and human mast cells upregulate the pro-survival Bcl-2 family gene A1/Bfl-1. A1-/- mast cells degranulate upon FcεRI activation but they cannot recover most likely due to the lack of A1. Sensitized and provoked A1-/- mice exhibit lower amounts of mast cells compared to littermate controls. In contrast to mast cells, no Bfl-1 expression or survival promotion can be detected in basophils after IgER-CL. Another mast cell secretagogue, an adenosine receptor agonist, neither promoted upregulation of A1 nor survival. Although it is well established that mast cell survival is dependent on stem cell factor (SCF), it has not been described how this process is regulated. We have found that SCF promotes survival through Akt-mediated inhibition of the forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a and its transcriptional target Bim, a BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein. SCF-treatment prevents upregulation of Bim protein expression and leads to an upregulation of Bim phosphorylation through PI3-kinase and MEK-dependent pathways. Overexpression of FOXO3a causes an upregulation of Bim and induces mast cell apoptosis, even in the presence of SCF. Taken together, the work in this thesis demonstrates that A1/Bfl-1 and Bim play key roles in mast cell survival. These findings might be of importance in understanding the mechanisms of mast cell longevity and hence for possible new therapeutics used for mast cell-associated inflammations.

With the aging of our population and the higher risk of chronic illness and disability with age, more and more family members may be faced with the experience of having a relative transition into a long-term care (LTC) home. This reality necessitates greater understanding of family care partner needs to ensure wellness throughout their caring career. Using participatory action research, notions of wellness were explored for family partners in care with relatives residing in LTC homes. Using two LTC homes from a privately owned company called Specialty Care, ten family members were interviewed, followed by one focus group at each of the two LTC homes. Three major themes were revealed, each with several sub themes: (1) understanding wellness amidst challenges to keep a sense of wellness in life; (2) self-appraisal: becoming aware of personal beliefs and perceptions that influence wellness; and (3) assessing LTC homes and their influence on the experience of wellness. We not only revealed more about wellness and how it is experienced in the caring context, we also discovered leisure’s role in maintaining wellness and how embedded leisure’s influence is on the various aspects of wellness that family partners in care experience. Relationship-centred care is a framework we used to guide this study. It highlights the importance of family member needs, along with the needs of the residents and staff. With our enhanced understanding of family care partner needs, recommendations were made to the Specialty Care communities so they can work together to ensure optimal wellness is maintained for all parties, including family partners in care.

<p>This was a descriptive qualitative study. Eight people living with HIV, four of which had disclosed their status, were individually interviewed. Two focus group discussions (each comprising 6 participants) were also conducted with health workers. The study was based at an urban TB hospital which is currently providing a range of HIV-related services including HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing, case management and treatment.</p>

Scientific literary analysis educed, that scientific literary lacks material for relations among children and parents having risk factors, for peculiarities of interaction and for possibilities of social work in order to improve noted relations. That’s why the topic of my master’s work is about social possibilities in order to improve relations among children and parents having risk factors. Aim of the research is to find out the possibilities of social work in order to improve relations among children and parents having risk factors.

With the aging of our population and the higher risk of chronic illness and disability with age, more and more family members may be faced with the experience of having a relative transition into a long-term care (LTC) home. This reality necessitates greater understanding of family care partner needs to ensure wellness throughout their caring career. Using participatory action research, notions of wellness were explored for family partners in care with relatives residing in LTC homes. Using two LTC homes from a privately owned company called Specialty Care, ten family members were interviewed, followed by one focus group at each of the two LTC homes. Three major themes were revealed, each with several sub themes: (1) understanding wellness amidst challenges to keep a sense of wellness in life; (2) self-appraisal: becoming aware of personal beliefs and perceptions that influence wellness; and (3) assessing LTC homes and their influence on the experience of wellness. We not only revealed more about wellness and how it is experienced in the caring context, we also discovered leisure’s role in maintaining wellness and how embedded leisure’s influence is on the various aspects of wellness that family partners in care experience. Relationship-centred care is a framework we used to guide this study. It highlights the importance of family member needs, along with the needs of the residents and staff. With our enhanced understanding of family care partner needs, recommendations were made to the Specialty Care communities so they can work together to ensure optimal wellness is maintained for all parties, including family partners in care.