Die zugrunde liegenden Prozesse altersbedingter Veränderungen exekutiver Funktionen werden vielfach untersucht. Für eine flexible Anpassung ist die Überwachung von Handlungen und deren Konsequenzen notwendig. Handlungsüberwachung wird mit ereigniskorrelierten Potentialen (EKP) wie der error-related negativity/error negativity (ERN/Ne) und der correct-related negativity/correct negativity (CRN) gemessen. Die Arbeit untersucht die Handlungsüberwachung bei jüngeren und älteren Erwachsenen mit dem Ziel, das Wissen über kompensatorische Strategien bei Älteren und deren Auswirkung auf die EKP Befunde zu erweitern. Ältere zeigten reduzierte ERN/Ne und größere oder vergleichbar große CRN Amplituden im Vergleich zu Jüngeren. Während nur die Jüngeren eine Reduktion der ERN/Ne mit größerer Aufgabenschwierigkeit zeigten, zeigten beide Gruppen eine ERN/Ne Reduktion unter der Instruktion, die Geschwindigkeit anstatt Genauigkeit erforderte. Nur bei Jüngeren variierte die CRN mit der Kompatibilität der Trials, mit der Aufgabenschwierigkeit und Instruktion. Ältere wiesen geringere Fehlerraten und längere Reaktionszeiten als Jüngere auf. Dieses Muster deutet auf eine kompensatorische oder strategische Anpassung in Folge von Defiziten in der Nutzung einer erfolgreichen Kombination von proaktiver und reaktiver Kontrolle hin. Es wird postuliert, dass ERN/Ne und CRN einen gemeinsamen Prozess darstellen, der allgemeine Überwachungsfunktionen reflektiert. Die ERN/Ne beinhaltet zusätzlich einen Prozess, der Fehlerüberwachung signalisiert. Daraus ergibt sich die Vermutung, dass die reduzierte ERN/Ne bei Älteren entweder auf eine Verringerung spezifischer Fehlerprozesse oder auf eine Beeinträchtigung allgemeiner Überwachungsfunktionen zurückzuführen ist. Altersbezogene Veränderungen der EKP Befunde könnten den veränderten Einsatz von kompensatorischer Kontrolle bei Älteren im Vergleich zu Jüngeren reflektieren. Dieser Frage sollte in zukünftigen Studien nachgegangen werden. / Executive functions decline with age and a growing body of research aims at investigating age-related changes of the underlying processes. One important function is to monitor actions and action outcomes, which is necessary for flexible adjustments and learning. This so-called performance monitoring can be measured with event-related potentials (ERP), namely the error-related negativity/error negativity (ERN/Ne) and the correct-related negativity/correct negativity (CRN). This work examined performance monitoring in younger and older adults with the aim to advance knowledge about compensatory strategies in older adults and their implications for ERP results. Findings revealed reduced ERN/Ne and larger or similar-sized CRN in older compared to younger adults. While only younger adults showed a decrease of ERN/Ne with higher task difficulty, both age groups showed a reduction of ERN/Ne in the speed compared to the accuracy condition. Additionally, only younger adults showed variations, in that the CRN was smaller for compatible compared to incompatible trials, in the easy compared to the difficult condition, and in the speed compared to the accuracy condition. Behaviorally, older adults had less errors and longer response latencies than younger adults. This pattern may reflect compensatory or strategic adjustments with age which may be due to deficits in the use of a successful combination of proactive and reactive control. It was further assumed that ERN/Ne and CRN share a common process that reflects general monitoring functions and ERN/Ne includes an additional process that reflects error-specific monitoring. Accordingly, the ERN/Ne attenuation in older adults is either caused by reduced error-specific processing or compromised general monitoring functions. Age-related changes in ERP findings indicate altered engagement of compensatory cognitive control in older compared to younger adults. However, this question has to be further clarified in future studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:40:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Gaudencio do Rego.pdf: 1139897 bytes, checksum: b56f45681ad1b3adb1fbebc620c7562a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Games are useful tools to simulate social interactions of cooperation or competition and can be applied in conjunction with behavioral and electrophysiological techniques, such as Event Related Potentials (ERP) analysis. The Ultimatum Game (UG) is a well-studied game which can be used to investigate how individuals react to injustice. An initial value is divided between a proponent, who suggests a division rate of this value, and a respondent, who may accept or reject it. If the respondent accepts, both players gain the proposed value, and if he or she rejects, they gain nothing. The behavioral and electrophysiological results have demonstrated typical reactions in the game. The Medial Frontal Negativity (MFN), a component associated with the automatic processing of negative social feedback, and the P300, associated with attention and memory process, are two components commonly observed during UG. While the interaction between volunteers and proponents with typical development is well described, the interaction between volunteers and proponents with Down syndrome is still unknown. This research aimed to investigate differences in the behavioral data, MFN and P300 in participants playing the UG with a typical proposer and Down proposer. 32 subjects participated in the experiment. Scales of social desirability, moral identity, self-esteem and an implicit association test about Down syndrome were applied. The results showed similar behavioral patterns among proponents and previous data described in the literature. Regarding ERPs, the MFN was not detected and there was greater amplitude of P200 component for proposals of the Down. There was also greater amplitude of P300 for fair proposals of the typical proponent compared to the fair proposals of the Down, and of these two compared to unfair proposals of both. The amplitude of the P300 for proposals of typical was negatively correlated with self-esteem scores. Together, the results suggest that the presence of a player with Down syndrome might influence the perception and expectation of the participants about the game, and this effect could be extended to the interaction with the typical proponent. The absence of MFN suggests that participants do not perceived the unfair proposals as a social negative outcome and P300 suggests that the interaction with the typical proposer was more relevant to the participants. Moreover, this relevance was modulated due to personal characteristics of self-esteem. Further studies are suggested in this area to confirm the hypotheses suggested in the present research. / Os jogos simulam situações sociais relativamente simples de cooperação ou competição e podem ser aplicados conjuntamente às técnicas de pesquisa comportamentais e eletrofisiológicas como a análise de potenciais relacionados a eventos (ERP). Um jogo muito estudado é o Ultimatum Game (UG), que pode ser utilizado para investigar como indivíduos reagem à injustiça. Um valor inicial é dividido entre um propositor, que sugere uma divisão do valor, e um respondente que pode aceitar ou rejeitar. Caso este aceite os dois ganham o valor proposto, caso rejeite ninguém ganha. Os resultados comportamentais e eletrofisiológicos têm demonstrado reações comuns no jogo. Os ERPs mais comuns é o MFN, associado ao processamento automático de feedbacks sociais negativos, e o P300, associado a processos atencionais e de memorização. Enquanto a interação entre sujeitos de pesquisa com propositores de desenvolvimento típico já é bem conhecida, o efeito desta interação com propositores com síndrome de Down ainda é desconhecido. O presente buscou investigar diferenças no padrão comportamental, de MFN e P300 em participantes jogando UG com propositor típico e com Down. 32 sujeitos participaram do experimento. Foram aplicadas escalas de desejabilidade social, identidade moral, de autoestima e um teste de atitudes implícitas frente às pessoas com Down. Os resultados demonstraram padrões comportamentais semelhantes entres os propositores e a literatura. Quanto aos ERPs, o MFN não foi detectado e houve presença de componente P200 para propostas de Down. Houve também maior amplitude de P300 para propostas justas do típico em comparação as justas do Down e destes dois em comparação às propostas injustas de ambos. A amplitude do P300 para propostas do típico apresentaram correlação negativa com escalas de autoestima. Os resultados sugerem que a presença de um jogador com síndrome de Down influenciou a percepção e expectativa dos participantes quanto ao jogo, e que este efeito pode ter se estendido para a interação com o propositor típico. A ausência de MFN sugere que não houve processamento das propostas injustas como respostas sociais negativas e o P300 sugere que a interação com o propositor foi de maior relevância para os participantes. Além disto, esta relevância foi modulada em razão de características pessoais de autoestima. São sugeridos novos estudos no tema para confirmar as hipóteses aqui apresentadas.

This dissertation represents an interpretation of the different forms of negativity in the modernist work that can be understood in terms of that which is unsaid, unsayable, or any other means of refusing to give an affirmative proposition regarding the world the work describes. It explores this negativity as both a representation of that which cannot be represented, and as an operational negativity, or negation, that takes part in the unmaking of the work's figures. The function of this negativity, as interpreted in Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past (1913-1927), James Joyce's Ulysses (1922) and Krapp's Last Tape (1959) by Samuel Beckett, is to rewrite the representations of the work. Negativity is then also understood as a transformation and conditioning of elements already present in the literary work, that lead to ambivalent and problematic representations in the work. In this sense, negativity can be understood as a form of rewriting of the work's representations. The interpretations of the works of Proust, Joyce and Beckett are guided by this understanding, as given in the introduction, of negativity. In the analysis of Proust's novel, in "The Unmaking of Proust: Negation and Errors in Remembrance of Things Past", this form of negativity is situated in relation to Proust's handling of epistemological questions and mimetic references to reality in his work. The analysis of Joyce's work in "The Wandering of Language in James Joyce's Ulysses" discusses his treatment of language and the origins of language as being characterized by a negation that increases the difficulty of the language, and attempts to negate its origins. Finally, in the analysis of Beckett's "Krapp's Last Tape", in "Beckett, Proust, and the End of Literature", it is shown that negativity conditions both the reception of the influence of Proust by Beckett, and the play's attempt to suggest the end of writing. In conclusion the dissertation returns to the idea of negativity as a form of rewriting, and briefly indicates that the function of negativity in these novels can be understood as a form of invention. / Thesis (M.A.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000.

This dissertation represents an interpretation of the different forms of negativity in the modernist work that can be understood in terms of that which is unsaid, unsayable, or any other means of refusing to give an affirmative proposition regarding the world the work describes. It explores this negativity as both a representation of that which cannot be represented, and as an operational negativity, or negation, that takes part in the unmaking of the work's figures. The function of this negativity, as interpreted in Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past (1913-1927), James Joyce's Ulysses (1922) and Krapp's Last Tape (1959) by Samuel Beckett, is to rewrite the representations of the work. Negativity is then also understood as a transformation and conditioning of elements already present in the literary work, that lead to ambivalent and problematic representations in the work. In this sense, negativity can be understood as a form of rewriting of the work's representations. The interpretations of the works of Proust, Joyce and Beckett are guided by this understanding, as given in the introduction, of negativity. In the analysis of Proust's novel, in "The Unmaking of Proust: Negation and Errors in Remembrance of Things Past", this form of negativity is situated in relation to Proust's handling of epistemological questions and mimetic references to reality in his work. The analysis of Joyce's work in "The Wandering of Language in James Joyce's Ulysses" discusses his treatment of language and the origins of language as being characterized by a negation that increases the difficulty of the language, and attempts to negate its origins. Finally, in the analysis of Beckett's "Krapp's Last Tape", in "Beckett, Proust, and the End of Literature", it is shown that negativity conditions both the reception of the influence of Proust by Beckett, and the play's attempt to suggest the end of writing. In conclusion the dissertation returns to the idea of negativity as a form of rewriting, and briefly indicates that the function of negativity in these novels can be understood as a form of invention. / Thesis (M.A.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000.

ADHS ist eine häufig diagnostizierte Erkrankung in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie; etwa 5 % aller Kinder sind betroffen. Als Kardinalsymptome gelten Hyperaktivität, Aufmerksamkeitsprobleme und erhöhte Impulsivität. Die familiäre Häufung lässt auf eine genetische Prädisposition schließen. In dieser Arbeit werden mittels eines EEGs elektrophysiologische Aktivitäten des Gehirns der teilnehmenden Kinder aufgezeichnet. Dabei bilden die ereignisbezogenen Potentiale (EPs) den Informationsverarbeitungsprozess ab, welcher während der Bearbeitung eines Konfliktparadigmas - in unserer Untersuchung der Eriksen-Flanker Task - entsteht. Es ist bekannt, dass ADHS-Patienten höhere Fehlerraten und längere Reaktionszeiten in derartigen Aufgaben zeigen und Fehler vermehrt in Serien auftreten. Von besonderem Interesse sind Potentiale die direkt nach einem Fehler abgeleitet werden können; die error-related negativitiy (Ne) bzw. positivity (Pe). Die Datenauswertung erfolgte mittels in vorherigen Studien aufgezeichneten Datensätzen. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, den Einfluss der vorangegangenen Antwort, und damit des Primings bzw. der Sequenzeffekte bei ADHS-betroffenen Kindern und einer Kontrollgruppe auf die folgende Antwort und die dabei auftretenden Hirnpotentiale zu untersuchen. Bezüglich der Ne und Pe besteht für ADHS-Patienten eine heterogene Befundlage. Wir konnten feststellen und damit Ergebnisse vorheriger Studien replizieren, dass die Ne- Amplitude bei Kindern mit ADHS – im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe- geringer ausgeprägt ist und keinen Sequenzeffekten (d.h. keinem Priming) unterliegt. Für die Pe-Amplitude konnten wir keine Abweichungen im Vergleich zu der Kontrollgruppe feststellen. Auch unterlag die Pe-Amplitude bei beiden Gruppen keinem Primingeinfluss. Dies lässt den Rückschluss zu, dass nur bei ADHS und nur für die Ne eine neuronale Dysfunktion angenommen werden kann. Dieses Ergebnis weist darauf hin, dass die veränderte Ne-Amplitude möglicherweise störungsspezifisch für ADHS sein könnte und somit die Möglichkeit für den Einsatz als diagnostisches Kriterium besteht.

In master thesis called Negativity in Television News we dealt with the structure of television news from good news vs. bad news angle of view and in context both public service and commercial based media. We focused on two main TV news programmes Události (Czech television) and Televizní noviny (TV Nova). Bad news category was analysed in depth then. The text starts with a chapter about relationship between media contents and reality so we were describing social constructivism theory in media context. Then we dealt with mechanisms and influences, which affect form of media outputs; we focused on concept of news values and processes of tabloidization and commercialization. Next chapter was dedicated to definition of negativity in news. In this context we described presence of bad news in coverage during the history; we dealt with media violence and its effects on audience; we defined media negativity and set up the typology of bad news. The analysis showed us percentage of bad news in two main news programmes of Czech television and TV Nova. We found out, which negative topics were predominating and they were analysed in depth then. In this part of analysis we were researching through what particular factors of negativity the negative impression of news is being increased.

The thesis deals with the struggle for the Eternal and the Infinite in the works of Kierkegaard and Patočka. It starts with their respective concepts of existence. Based on them, positive and negative aspects of the relation of existence and transcendence are described. The main guiding principle of the description is the movement of the infinite resignation and the movement of the faith in Fear and Trembling, which is compared with the de-objectifying and all-founding force of the Idea in Negative platonism. It turns out that in the relation between existence and transcendence, one can discern the two basic meanings of the transcendent reality. These meanings, together with the positive and negative aspects of the relation of existence to transcendence, form the dialectic of positive and negative, in which the struggle for the Eternal nad the Infinite is set, as well as the struggle for an authentic human existence.

Este estudo discute a inserção do teatro no âmbito educacional, considerando o atravessamento do teatro pela instituição escolar e os movimentos que permearam a história do teatro. Com base na teoria crítica da sociedade desenvolvida por Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno, entende-se que o teatro, como expressão artística, é, em si, forma de conhecimento. Por meio do seu caráter de negatividade, as obras de arte condensam as antinomias e os antagonismos como antíteses da sociedade enquanto problema de sua forma interna, o que potencializa a arte como crítica imanente à realidade social. Partindo desse entendimento, buscou-se elucidar como o teatro se relaciona com os demais conteúdos escolares. Para tanto, foram selecionadas como material para análise quatro produções acadêmicas sobre teatro e educação, entre dissertações e teses produzidas na Universidade de São Paulo, já situadas dentro do contexto da vigência da nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação, de 1996, e da implementação dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, em 1998. As reflexões de Theodor W. Adorno e as discussões apresentadas nas obras selecionadas contribuem para a compreensão do objeto de estudo, em uma análise sobre a relação entre teatro e educação escolar, a qual indaga de que maneira, nessa relação, o teatro encontra-se rebaixado em seu potencial de contato com a realidade e de crítica a ela. Da análise das quatro obras selecionadas é possível depreender que o teatro encontra-se instrumentalizado, tendo em vista que as atividades de ensino de teatro têm ido ao encontro de uma educação afirmativa da ordem vigente / This study is about the insertion of theater in the educational field, and it considers the crossing through of theater by the school, as well as the movements that permeate the history of theater. Based on the critical theory of society developed by Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno, it is understood that theater itself, as an artistic expression, is a way of knowledge. The works of art condense both the contradictions and the antagonism as antitheses of society as problems of their inner shape through their character of negativity, which reinforces art as criticism pertaining to the social reality. From that perception, it was explained how theater relates to the other school contents. To do so, four academic papers about theater and education were selected among the theses and dissertations done at Universidade de São Paulo after the new National Education Bases and Guidelines Law was in force (the law has been ruling since 1996) and the National Curriculum Parameters were implemented (1998). Both Theodor W. Adorno´s thoughts and the discussions in the selected papers help to understand the object of the present study, in an analysis of the relation of theater to education, which searches the way theater is lowered in its potential of contact with reality and criticism of it inside such relation. From the analyses of the four selected papers it is possible to infer that theater has been transformed into an instrument of education, for the teaching activities of theater have met the education of the ruling order

O presente trabalho visa discutir, a partir das últimas obras de Merleau-Ponty, a articulação entre sua noção de desejo e o conceito de negativo. A pesquisa buscou primeiramente traçar o que o filósofo denomina de arqueologia do contato primordial do corpo com o mundo, buscando a camada pré-objetiva de abertura perceptiva a ele, a sentidos que não foram constituídos pelo sujeito, que o ultrapassam e lhe determinam vetores de sentido. Os temas arqueológicos enfocam as noções de instituição e passividade, a relação da corporeidade humana com a animalidade, e o esquema corporal como abertura estesiológica e libidinal ao mundo, questões que nos abrem a dimensão transtemporal e transespacial do corpo, que arrasta consigo um passado que retoma e antecipa as possibilidades do porvir. A partir desses tópicos, compreende-se que o desejo é busca de ser o dentro do fora e o fora do dentro no sistema de trocas do corpo com o mundo. É nesse sentido que se podem ressaltar algumas noções psicanalíticas, pois elas permitem apreender essa topologia arqueológica do contato, as estruturações de sentido que nos permitem significar o mundo, e que não são de autoria de uma consciência constituinte. Por outro lado, o trabalho discutiu a ideia de negativo na obra do filósofo, a partir de seu diálogo com Sartre, tratando-o a partir da noção de invisível e de imaginário, que representam o avesso e a espessura do ser, como um oco eficaz que se manifesta à percepção. Partindo dessas construções merleau-pontyanas, discute-se a relação desejo-negatividade, a partir da crítica que o filósofo faz a Sartre e à própria Psicanálise, que interpretam o desejo como, respectivamente, estando destinado ao fracasso, e de ser em sua essência falta por um objeto para sempre perdido. Focou-se então na compreensão de uma negatividade natural enquanto latência, espessura do sensível e do corpo, que é condição mesma da percepção e que delineia uma relação de desequilíbrio entre o sujeito e a inesgotabilidade do mundo. Concebendo a Natureza como esse tecido carnal que provoca a carne do corpo, e o corpo senciente enquanto dobra do sensível sobre si mesmo, como retomada e explicitação privilegiada dessa potência interrogativa da vida, pode-se ver que o desejo é inerente ao sentir, contato à distância, espessura denominada pela noção de negatividade natural. / The following thesis aims to discuss, from the latest works by Merleau-Ponty, the balance between the notion of desire and the concept of negative. The research looked for, at first, trace what the philosopher called archeology of the primordial contact of the body to the world, seeking the pre-objective layer of the perceptual opening to him, to senses wich were not composed by the subject, that exceeded himself and gave him arrays of sense. The archeologicals themes focus the notions of institution and passivity, the relation between human corporeality and animality, and the body scheme as esthesiologic and libidinal opening to the world, issues that bring us the transtemporal and trans-spatial dimensioning of the body, that draws a past which comes back and anticipates the possibilities of the future. Based on these topics, we understand that the desire is the seeking of being the inside of outside and the outside of the inside in the system of trading between the body and the world. In this sense we can highlight some psychoanalytic concepts, as they allow us to capture this archaeological topology of the contact, the structuring of the senses which allow us mean the world, and do not belong to a constitutive conciousness. On the other hand, the thesis discussed the idea of the negative in the work of the philosopher, from his dialogue with Sartre, dealing it from the notion of invisible and of imaginary, that represent the inside out and the thickness of the being, as a efficacious hollow that manifest itself to the perception. From these merleau-pontyans concepts, it is discussed the relation between desire and negativity, from the critical note the philosopher have made on Sartre and on his own Psychoanalysis, which interpreted the desire as, respectively, being intended to failure, and of being in its essence, the lack of an object forever lost. So, focused in the comprehension of a natural negativity while latency, thickness of the sensible and of the body, which is the same as perception and that outlines a imbalanced relationship between the subject and the inexhaustibility of the world. Conceiving the Nature as this flesh tissue that provokes the flesh of the body, and the body being sentient while fold from sensible over itself, as retaking and privileged explanation of this interrogative potency of the life, it is possible to realize that the desire is inherent to the feel, distance contact, through thickness called by the notion of natural nagativity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ilana Viana do Amaral.pdf: 1044064 bytes, checksum: b98d2712d86d324c4ed1db149a0f3847 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-21 / Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico / This present research investigates the concept of paradox in S.A. Kierkegaard´s work, starting from the critical dialogue present in the kierkegaardian apprehension of Hegel´s philosophical effort. This investigation searches to show the connections presented in the concept of paradox between faith, language and history, having as a background Kierkegaard´s dialogue with the hegelian categories. Considering that the center of Kierkegaard´s theorical opposition to Hegel is a critique to historical freedom´s formalization from objectivist criterions, we intend to explicit, by means of Hegel and Kierkegaard´s dialogue with Hans Georg Hamann, that the language´s apprehension is an experience of freedom´s exteriorization. The starting point of this Kierkegaard´s opposition is grounded in a lecture incompatible with an objectivation turned out to be autonomous, whose historical-referencial element is the State: this starting point will show itself nucleated in the spirit´s distinct apprehensions realized by both authors / A presente pesquisa investiga o conceito de paradoxo na obra de S. A. Kierkegaard a partir do dialogo crítico presente na apreensão kierkegaardiana do esforço filosófico de Hegel. Esta investigação busca mostrar as conexões apresentadas no conceito de paradoxo entre a fé, a linguagem e a história, tendo como pano de fundo o diálogo de Kierkegaard com as categorias hegelianas. Considerando que o centro da oposição teórica de Kierkegaard a Hegel é uma crítica à formalização da liberdade histórica a partir de critérios objetivistas, explicitaremos, por meio do diálogo de Hegel e Kierkegaard com Hans Georg Hamann, a apreensão da linguagem como experiência de exteriorização da liberdade. O ponto de partida desta oposição kierkegaardiana está ancorado numa leitura incompatível com uma objetivação tornada autônoma, cujo elemento histórico-referencial é o Estado: ele se mostrará nucleado nas distintas apreensões do espírito realizadas pelos dois autores