Este trabalho relata observações e analises sobre como os detectores de defeitos influenciam as operação de consenso. O conceito dos detectores de defeitos é essencial para as operações de consenso em sistemas distribuídos assíncronos, uma vez que esses representam uma das (micas formas de sobrepujar as limitações impostas pela chamada Impossibilidade FLP (impossibilidade de diferenciar um processo falho de um processo mais lento). Enquanto os detectores de defeitos tem seu funcionamento bem definido através de duas propriedades, completeness e accuracy, Não há nenhuma restrição quanto a forma de implementá-los. Na literatura são encontrados vários modelos de detectores de defeitos, construídos com as mais variadas estratégias, mecanismos de comunicação e de detecção. No entanto, estes modelos não costumam ser acompanhados de uma comparação com os detectores já existentes; os autores limitam-se a apresentar as inovações dos mecanismos sugeridos. De toda literatura pesquisada, apenas um trabalho procurou comparar diferentes modelos de detectores de defeitos, e através de simulações, avaliou o impacto destes detectores sobre o tempo de terminação das operações de consenso. Entretanto, aquele trabalho era bem limitado, tanto nos modelos de detectores analisados quanto nos objetivos das observações. O presente trabalho procurou estender aquele experimento, incluindo mais modelos de detectores, e transportando-os para um ambiente prático de execução. As observações realizadas não ficaram limitadas as avaliações já realizadas por aquele trabalho, de tal forma que os modelos de detectores testados foram analisados sob diversas métricas, situações e parâmetros de operação. Essas avaliações possibilitaram verificar o comportamento dos detectores frente aos padrões de falhas mais significativos, avaliar o impacto de cada detector sobre as operações de consenso e a sua interação com os elementos do ambiente de execução. Essas avaliações permitiram fazer uma comparação dos detectores, possibilitando a identificação de suas limitações, suas situações de melhor desempenho e possíveis otimizações para serem realizadas em trabalhos futuros. / This work presents our observations and analysis on the influence of the failure detectors on the consensus algorithm. Failure detectors are essential to the consensus over an asynchronous distributed system, as they represent one of the few techniques that are able to circumvent the limitation imposed by the FLP Impossibility (the impossibility to distinguish a crashed process from a slow one, in asynchronous systems). While failure detectors are well defined through two properties, completeness and accuracy, there's no rule about their implementation. Thus, in the literature there are many models of failure detectors, each one implemented using different approaches to the communication and detection strategies. However, these detectors seldom compare themselves to the existing ones; their authors usually present only the advantages and innovations of the new model. Indeed, we only found one work that tried to compare different failure detectors. Using simulation techniques, that work evaluated the impact of the failure detectors on the consensus termination time. However, that research was very limited in the number of detectors analyzed and in the evaluation goals. The present work extended that experience, including more detectors in the analysis and evaluating them in a practical environment. Also, the observations were not restricted to those from the original paper, and the detectors were analyzed with more metrics, failure patterns and operational parameters. The evaluation allowed us to identify the behavior from the detectors in face of the most significant failure patterns, their influence on the consensus operation and their interaction with the execution environment. These evaluation also enabled us to compare the detectors, identifying their limitations, their best employment situations and possible optimizations to future developments.

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-18T14:44:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Adriano Jorge Possamai.pdf: 962676 bytes, checksum: 7fcb6390a9f26f3008c53e2f6c571524 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-08-21T14:20:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Adriano Jorge Possamai.pdf: 962676 bytes, checksum: 7fcb6390a9f26f3008c53e2f6c571524 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-21T14:20:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Adriano Jorge Possamai.pdf: 962676 bytes, checksum: 7fcb6390a9f26f3008c53e2f6c571524 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / CAPES / Objetivou-se avaliar a associação de caroço de algodão e glicerina bruta em suplementos múltiplos para bovinos em fase de terminação no período das águas sobre o consumo de matéria seca, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, características de carcaça, perfil lipídico da carne produzida, desempenho produtivo e econômico. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar a associação de dois níveis de caroço de algodão (0 e 25%) e dois níveis de glicerina bruta (0 e 15%) em suplementos múltiplos, fornecendo-se 4 kg/animal/dia, oferta equivalente a 0,75% do peso corporal médio dos animais. No primeiro experimento utilizou-se cinco bovinos Nelore não castrados com peso inicial de 546,5±29,35 kg e final de 649,5±40,47 kg, distribuídos em quadrado latino 5x5, para os ensaios de consumo e digestibilidade comparando com o fornecimento de suplementação mineral. A suplementação aumentou o consumo total da matéria seca (P=0,037), extrato etéreo (P<0,001), proteína bruta (P<0,001), carboidratos não fibrosos (P<0,001) e a digestibilidade da matéria seca (P<0,001), extrato etéreo (P<0,001) e proteína bruta (P<0,001). O experimento 2 avaliou a associação destes ingredientes, sobre o desempenho produtivo e características de carcaça, utilizando 40 bovinos Nelore não castrados com peso inicial de 472±23,23 kg. Não houve influência da suplementação indicando que o aporte de nutrientes foi mantido independente da formulação utilizada, alcançando peso final, ganho médio diário, espessura de gordura subcutânea final e rendimento de carcaça quente de 586,9±33,15 kg; 1,35±0,23 kg/dia; 5,89±0,80mm e 56,25±1,6%, respectivamente. Houve redução no teor de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta com a utilização de caroço de algodão, enquanto a glicerina aumentou teor de C18:2 c9 t11 (CLA) (P=0,046) importante ácido para redução do colesterol sérico dos consumidores. Até 25% de inclusão de caroço de algodão e 15% glicerina bruta podem ser utilizados em suplementos múltiplos para bovinos à pasto sem efeitos deletérios nos parâmetros ruminais, desempenho produtivo ou característica de carcaça, sendo possível ainda manipular o perfil lipídico da carne produzida. A avaliação econômica considerou a elevação do peso para abate e utilização de formulações alternativas O incremento no peso de abate mostrou-se favorável economicamente, com taxa de retorno do capital investido de 2,47% ao mês, considerando a média das formulações, embora a maior rentabilidade tenha sido alcançada pela inclusão de caroço de algodão e glicerina bruta ao suplemento (2,64% ao mês) dado ao menor custo do suplemento e manutenção do desempenho. O ganho médio diário mínimo para rentabilidade igual a caderneta de poupança foi de 1,04 kg/animal/dia, mostrando boa margem de segurança no investimento. Entretanto a renda pode variar de acordo com os preços dos ingredientes padrões. Em cenários de altos preços dos ingredientes padrões a rentabilidade da utilização dos ingredientes alternativos pode ser até 40% superior à utilização da formulação padrão. Assim deve-se considerar os preços dos ingredientes para tomada de decisão sobre a formulação dos suplementos múltiplos para bovinos em engorda a pasto no período das águas. O caroço de algodão e a glicerina bruta podem ser utilizados em suplementos proteico-energéticos, em inclusões de 25 e 15%, respectivamente, sem prejuízos aos parâmetros nutricionais, com possibilidade de melhorar o perfil de ácidos graxos produzidos, além de melhorar a economicidade da suplementação de animais em terminação, durante a época das águas. / Objective was to evaluate the association of whole cottonseed and crude glycerin in multiple supplements for cattle in the finishing phase in the rainy season on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, lipid profile of meat produced, growth performance and economical. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the association of two levels of cottonseed (0 and 25%) and two levels of crude glycerin (0 and 15%) in multiple supplements, supplying 4 kg/animal/day equivalent offer to 0 75% of the average body weight of animals. The first experiment was used five Nellore steers with the end of 649.5±40.47 kg, distributed in 5x5 Latin square design for the intake and digestibility trials starting weight of 546.5±29.35 kg for and comparing with the offer mineral supplementation. Supplementation increased the total dry matter intake (P=0.037), ether extract (P<0.001), crude protein (P<0.001), non-fiber carbohydrates (P<0.001), dry matter digestibility (P<0.001), ether extract (P< 0.001) and crude protein (P<0.001). Experiment 2 evaluated the association of these ingredients on performance and carcass traits using 40 Nellore steers with an initial weight of 472±23.23 kg. There was no influence of supplementation indicating that the nutrient intake was maintained regardless of the formulation used, reaching final weight, average daily gain, final subcutaneous fat thickness and hot carcass yield of 586.9±33.15 kg±1.35 0 23 kg/day, 5.89±0.80 mm and 56.25±1.6%, respectively. A reduction in the content of short-chain fatty acids by using cotton seed, increased as the glycerin content of C18: 2 c9 t11 (CLA) (P=0.046) acid important for reducing serum cholesterol consumers. Up to 25% of cottonseed and 15% crude glycerin can be used in multiple supplements for cattle on pasture without damages to ruminal fermentation, growth performance or carcass characteristics, and you can also manipulate the lipid profile of meat produced. The economic evaluation considered the elevation of slaughter weight and use of alternative formulations The increase in slaughter weight was favorable economically, with rate of return on capital of 2.47% per month, considering the average the formulations, although the higher profitability has been attained by providing CAGLIC supplement (2.64% per month) given the lower cost of the supplement and maintenance performance. The minimum average daily gain for profitability equal to the savings account was 1.04 kg/animal/day, showing good safety margin on investment. However, the income can vary with the price of ingredients standards. In scenarios high prices of the ingredients of the return patterns using alternative ingredients may be up to 40% higher than using the standard formulation. Thus one should consider the prices of the ingredients for making a decision on the formulation of multiple supplements for finishing cattle termination to pasture in the rainy season.

Esta dissertação tem como tema a onerosidade excessiva no direito civil brasileiro. Primeiramente, fazem-se necessários uma noção inicial da figura, uma delimitação conceitual do problema e uma síntese de seu desenvolvimento histórico no direito civil brasileiro. Feito isso, são apresentadas as teorias utilizadas para sua fundamentação pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência brasileiras antes do advento de texto legal expresso sobre a matéria. Concluída essa fase preparatória, adentra-se no direito positivo vigente, precisamente no Código Civil, para explicar o conteúdo da onerosidade excessiva, de seus pressupostos e de suas conseqüências. São diretamente estudados os artigos 478, 479, 480, 317 e ainda outros específicos de alguns tipos contratuais. São abordados ainda alguns tópicos correlatos que finalizam o entendimento da matéria, como os pressupostos negativos da figura, sua incidência em contratos de sinalagma indireto e nos contratos aleatórios e as diferenças nos pressupostos para sua configuração no Código de Defesa do Consumidor. / The theme of this dissertation is known in english as hardship, which means the fundamental alteration of the equilibrium of the contract. Firstly, it is necessary to make an introductional notion of the figure, a conceptual delineation of the problem and a summary of its historical evolution in the brazilian civil law. After that, it is presented the theories used by authors and courts to reason the solution of the problem before the existence of legal text about the issue. Then, we study the related articles of the Brazilian Civil Code to explain the content of hardship, the content of its requirements, and the content of its consequences. The articles 478, 479, 480, 317 are directly studied, and also other articles from particular named contracts. Some related issues finalize the understanding of the theme, as the negative requirements of the figure, its incidence in some particular categories of contracts, and the difference of its requirements in the Consumer Defense Code.

O acordo de acionistas é instrumento que serve à adequação da disciplina societária aos interesses pessoais e patrimoniais dos acionistas. Tais acordos têm natureza jurídica contratual e parassocial, em razão de estarem intrinsecamente ligados aos pactos sociais. Em razão de serem contratos e, portanto, estarem submetidos à teoria geral dos contratos, e, ao mesmo tempo, estarem tão fortemente coligados à seara social, surgem dificuldades na resolução de questões limítrofes entre o direito civil e o direito societário. Esses problemas aparecem especialmente quando se trata da extinção por causa superveniente do acordo, existindo dúvidas na doutrina e na jurisprudência quanto à possibilidade de aplicação aos pactos parassociais das hipóteses de extinção aplicáveis aos contratos em geral. Com o objetivo de auxiliar na solução dessa questão, no presente estudo, são examinadas as causas supervenientes de extinção dos contratos, mais especificamente, as hipóteses de expiração de termo ou de implemento de condição resolutiva, de resilição, de resolução, por inadimplemento ou por onerosidade excessiva, de impossibilidade superveniente inimputável, de morte das partes, e, ainda, os cenários em que existe insolvência ou dissolução das partes ou da própria sociedade, os quais têm, após um exame genérico quanto a seus aspectos conceituais, verificada a sua aplicabilidade ao acordo de acionistas e os efeitos que produzem em sua esfera. São respeitados, contudo, os temperamentos necessários em decorrência de sua natureza parassocietária. / The shareholders’ agreement is an instrument that serves the adequacy of the corporate discipline to the shareholders’ personal and equity interests. Such agreements have the legal nature of contracts that are inserted in the companies’ corporate structure, being intrinsically connected to the bylaws and to the companies’ articles of associations. Because they are contracts, and therefore are subject to the general theory of contracts, and at the same time are so strongly linked to the corporate sphere, difficulties arise in solving border issues between Civil Law and Corporate Law. These problems appear especially when it comes to the termination of the agreements because of supervening causes, leaving scholars and courts in doubt as to the possibility of applying to the shareholders’ agreements the extinction hypotheses applicable to contracts in general. With the aim of assisting in the solution of this issue, the present study examines the supervening causes of termination of shareholders’ agreements, more specifically, the hypothesis of expiration of the term or implementation of a condition, terminations with and without cause, unenforceable supervening impossibility, death of the parties, and also the scenarios in which there is insolvency or dissolution of the parties in the agreement or of the company itself, which, after a general examination of their conceptual aspects, were submitted to a verification concerning their applicability to the shareholders' agreement and concerning the effects to be produced on such agreements, respecting, however, their nature as contracts inserted in the corporate structure.

O tema desenvolvido guarda pertinência com a denúncia unilateral do contrato, a qual só deve produzir efeitos depois de transcorrido prazo compatível com eventuais investimentos consideráveis realizados pela contraparte, a teor do art. 473, par. ún., do Código Civil. Sendo assim, a pesquisa foi iniciada com premissas teóricas atinentes à liberdade contratual e suas vicissitudes em distintos momentos históricos. Esclarecido que a liberdade contratual deve ser sopesada com a intervenção Estatal para otimizar o desenvolvimento econômico e o bem-estar social, o trabalho demonstra, inicialmente, a coerência da mencionada norma em meio ao paradigma contemporâneo dominante. Em seguida, foram apresentadas reflexões para explicar a finalidade da inserção do dispositivo legal no ordenamento positivo. Com intuito de vedar o abuso de poder econômico, a norma foi introduzida especificamente para coibir o exercício abusivo do direito de resilição. Sendo este o escopo da norma, a primeira parte do trabalho ofereceu subsídios para justificar porque cabe ao juiz impor a prorrogação contratual, quando o denunciante não respeitar prazos compatíveis com os investimentos empreendidos pela outra parte. Já quanto à segunda parte, foram lançadas elucubrações sobre os distintos aspectos das relações contratuais duradouras. Nesse ponto, foram apontadas importantes contribuições doutrinárias a respeito da influência do aspecto temporal sobre as relações contínuas e, ainda, perspectivas da análise econômica do direito, além da abordagem relacional do contrato. Restando elucidado que a prorrogação do contrato pode (e deve) ser imposta pelo intérprete, na última e terceira parte deste trabalho, é proposta uma interpretação sistemática e axiológica da norma do art. 473, par. ún., do Código Civil. / The subject developed concerns the unilateral termination of the contract, which shall only take effect after certain length compatible with sizeable investments made by the counterparty, as set forth in Article 473, sole paragraph, of the Civil Code. Therefore, the research began with theoretical premises regarding the contractual freedom and its variations in different historical moments. Once clarified that the contractual freedom must be counterbalanced by governmental intervention in order to optimize economic development and social well-being, the study initially demonstrates the consistency of the aforesaid rule in the midst of the currently reigning paradigm. In addition, some reflections were presented to explain the purpose of the insertion of the provision in the written body of laws. Seeking to prevent the abuse of economic power, the ruling was created specifically to diminish abusive use of the right to terminate. Given the scope of the provision, the first part of the paper sustained why should the judge extent the length of the notice when the terminating party fails to comply with a compatible term taken into account the investments carried out by the other party. As for the second part, there are musings about different aspects of long-term contracts. Important contributions from legal doctrine were pointed out concerning the influence of time on long-term relationships, and furthermore on perspectives of the economic analysis of Law, besides the relational approach to the contract. As it becomes plain that the extension of a contract may be, or rather ought to be, imposed by the judge, on the third and last part of the dissertation, it is proposed a systematic and axiological interpretation of the ruling set forth by Article 473, sole paragraph, of the Civil Code.

No description available.

Syftet med studien var att studera före detta professionella golfspelares upplevelser av sitt karriäravslut. Följande frågeställningar ställdes: Följande frågeställningar ställdes: 1) Vilka barriärer upplever golfspelare i samband med karriäravslutet? (2) Vilka resurser upplever golfspelare i samband med karriäravslutet? (3) Vilka strategier identifierar golfspelare som användbara i samband med ett karriäravslut? Halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fyra kvinnliga och en manlig före detta professionella golfspelare på internationell nivå. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys (Hassmén &amp; Hassmén, 2008) framkom 18 överliggande teman fördelade på barriärer (6), resurser (7) och strategier (5). Framträdande teman som framkom både som barriär och resurs var identitet, frivillighet vid avslut, förberedelser och socialt stöd. Strategierna förberedelser, hitta nya sysselsättningar, socialt stöd, dra nytta av golfkarriären och att ha ett optimistiskt synsätt identifierades som användbara. Temana diskuteras utifrån det teoretiska ramverket samt tidigare forskning. Förslag på framtida forskning samt implikationer ges. / The purpose of this study was to examine former golf players’ experiences of their career termination. The following questions were asked: (1) What barriers does golf players experience during the career termination? (2) What resources does golf players experience during the career termination? (3) What strategies does the golf players identify as useful during a career termination. Semi structured interviews were conducted with four female and one male golf players on international level. Through a qualitative content analysis (Hassmén &amp; Hassmén, 2008) 18 high order themes emerged distrubuted on barriers (6), resources (7) and strategies (5). Prominent themes that emerged as both barriers and resources were identity, volontariness of retriment, preparations and social support. The strategies preparations, find new pursuits, social support, take advantage of the golf career and have an optimistic approach were identified as useful. The themes are discussed based on the theoretical framework and previous research. Suggestions for future research and implications are given.

Le droit privé érige le contrat en loi des parties. Cette règle connaît des exceptions en droit administratif: branche du droit dans laquelle la puissance publique dispose d’un pouvoir de modification et de résiliation unilatérales. Cependant, si l’administration dispose de pouvoirs étendues dans l’exercice de son pouvoirs de modification et de résiliation unilatérales des contrats administratifs pour des motifs tenant à l’intérêt général, aucune définition minutieuse de la notion d’intérêt général n’a encore été consacrée. Cette imprécision conduit, dans certains cas, à l’exercice quasi arbitraire par l’administration de ses pouvoirs et au déséquilibre du contrat. Cette situation a entraîné divers préjudices pour les bénéficiaires de projet en raison de la suspension de la mise en œuvre de plusieurs contrats importants pour une longue période et, en conséquence, a accru le nombre des litiges. / The rule in private law is that the contract is considered to be the absolute law between the contracting parties, and therefore it cannot be modified or terminated without their consent. That is not the case in the field of administrative law as long as this law permits the administration to use its authority in unilateral amendment and termination of the contract. The problem can be stated here that the administration white practicing its authority in unilateral , modification or termination the contract might abuse its right of such practice under the justification of undefined concept of public interest. The ambiguous and loos of the concept of public interest led to the illegitimate and misuse of the administration of its authority in unilateral amendment and termination of administrative contract which results in disturbance of the balance between the interests of the administration on one hand and the other contracting party on the other.

Bad or failing projects drain organisational resources in vain, affect team morale,and are a detriment to corporate strategy. Theimportance of terminating a project that will not deliver as promised canhardly be overemphasized, however it is still a major managerial challenge. Throughout this papera call is made toidentify andterminate failing projectsvia a benefit realisation management process, as successful projectsare only those thatdeliver the expected benefits. Thus, the research question to answer is:How can benefit realisation management aid in deciding when to terminate a project?The purpose of this study is to understand project termination and its relationship with benefits realisation management in the case of IT and R&amp;D projects. This is done by tacking a critical realist view in an abductive process that goes back and forth between the merge of existing theories and data collected, which will result in a conceptual model that integrates project termination decision making into a benefit realisation management process. In this research project termination is defined as: the cancellation and cessation of a project prior the completion of its intended activities; while benefit realisation management is conceived as: a set of processes that ensure projects, programmes, and portfolios delivervalue via verifying they are realising their intended goals and benefits.From the literature, the projects analysed and the model drawn, it was understood that benefit realisation management has to be conceived as a monitoring and evaluation process on the project performance in relation to its intended benefit. The howto do so, is our model: a total of 8 steps that go from the conception of the business strategy to the post mortem evaluation of a project. Each step includes different essential activities that hypothetically lead to the correct decision. This, requires active participation and communication from the primary stakeholders, focus on the organisational strategy and the reason why the project was started in addition to a well-defined goal with a clear way of measurement. The when is approached as the moment in time where the termination decision making process should start. A stimulus, a difference between the expected standard and the project performance trend, is what triggers the recognition that a termination decision might be needed and therefore starts the whole decision-making process. Hence, it is recommended to pay special attention to three moments in the project life that might give a clearer indication: 1) the completion and approval of the business-case, as most errors can already be spotted at this point, 2) the testing phase of the solution, being often the point where success is easier to predict and 3) on the submission of the deliverables, as their quality reflect the quality of the future product.

Objectives This study aimed to assess the association between perceived social support and induced abortion among young women in Lima, Peru. In addition, prevalence and incidence of induced abortion was estimated. Methods/Principal findings A cross-sectional study enrolling women aged 18–25 years from maternal health centers in Southern Lima, Peru, was conducted. Induced abortion was defined as the difference between the total number of pregnancies ended in abortion and the number of spontaneous abortions; whereas perceived social support was assessed using the DUKE-UNC scale. Prevalence and incidence of induced abortion (per 100 person-years risk) was estimated, and the association of interest was evaluated using Poisson regression models with robust variance. A total of 298 women were enrolled, mean age 21.7 (± 2.2) years. Low levels of social support were found in 43.6% (95%CI 38.0%–49.3%), and 17.4% (95%CI: 13.1%–21.8%) women reported at least one induced abortion. The incidence of induced abortion was 2.37 (95%CI: 1.81–3.11) per 100 person-years risk. The multivariable model showed evidence of the association between low perceived social support and induced abortion (RR = 1.94; 95%CI: 1.14–3.30) after controlling for confounders. Conclusions There was evidence of an association between low perceived social support and induced abortion among women aged 18 to 25 years. Incidence of induced abortion was similar or even greater than rates of countries where abortion is legal. Strategies to increase social support and reduce induced abortion rates are needed.