Le contentieux contractuel éclate lorsque l'une des parties n'exécute plus ou pas ses obligations. La préoccupation essentielle en matière contractuelle, consiste à lutter contre une rupture abusive et arbitraire du contrat. La particularité du droit civil français en matière de rupture du contrat, est la place très importante qu'occupe le juge judiciaire. L'assurance de la protection des intérêts des parties et la garantie d'une sanction juste et équitable, reposent en effet, sur les épaules du juge. Il est par conséquent inconcevable que le juge soit écarté du jeu de la rupture contractuelle. L'orientation traditionnelle a toujours fait du juge un pilier dans le domaine de la séparation contractuelle, mais cette tendance commence quelque peu à se dissiper. Le juge doit toujours jouer un rôle très important en droit des contrats en général et dans sa rupture en particulier. Une protection efficace des parties donnerait à l'intervention du juge une utilité plus importante. Il est primordial, que le juge soit un acteur, en matière de rupture contractuelle, dont le rôle serait la garantie du respect des lois et la protection complète des parties ; le cas contraire, pourrait réduire alors la portée du code civil actuel à un simple catalogue de lois régissant l'anéantissement du contrat. / Contractual litigation arises when one of the parties fails to fulfill its obligations. Its main concern is to fight against abusive and arbitrary breach of contracts. In the French civil law, the judge occupies a very important place when debating breach of contracts. It is impossible to alienate the judge when it comes down to contract breaches. In fact, he insures that the interests of every concerned party are protected. He also guarantees that fair and equitable sanctions will be applied. Traditionally, the judge was very important when discussing breach of contracts. However, this trend is beginning to dissipate. In general, the judge plays a very important role in contract law, but his role is primordial when disputing contract termination. Effective protection of the parties would give the intervention of the judge a greater utility. It is essential that the judge remains an important actor when it comes to breach of contract as his role is to guarantee that the law is respected and that every party is adequately protected. On the contrary, it could reduce the importance of the current Civil Code to a mere catalog of laws governing the annulment contracts

High-power voltage sourced converters(VSC’s) are becoming increasingly prevalent in modern transmission systems. These systems primarily use switching schemes generating kHz range harmonics, which may be magnified by one or more system resonances. Despite the high frequency harmonics, VSC systems widely use insulated equipment designed for operation at power frequencies; this includes critical substation components such as medium voltage polymeric cables and terminations. The stress grading systems of non-geometric (compact) cable terminations are susceptible to insulation degradation and eventual flashover failure, under high frequency harmonic stresses. As such, the present work studies high frequency voltage effects in cross-linked polyethylene cable terminations, and their relationship to stress grading (SG) design and material properties. Finite element modeling (FEM) has been used to analyze electric field and resistive heating in termination designs, in response to parametric variations in SG material properties. Experimental studies investigate thermal behaviour in a variety of commercial termination designs, using a high voltage, high frequency test setup developed to replicate conditions of high frequency harmonic resonance in a VSC system. The study results show that high frequency voltage application increases the electric field, resistive heating, and surface temperature rise, in non-geometric (compact) termination designs using field-dependant stress grading materials. Geometric (stress cone) designs are insensitive to high frequency harmonics; however, they have disadvantages compared to compact designs, making them a less practical long-term solution for high frequency applications. Among non-geometric designs, the field-dependent electrical conductivity σ (E), the permittivity ε, and the temperature dependencies of σ (E) and ε strongly influence the termination electrical and thermal behaviour under high frequency stress. Since thermal hotspots in cable termination SG areas may lead to material degradation and eventual failure, recommendations are made for an optimal non-geometric stress grading design, for terminations operating in environments where high frequency harmonics may be present.

本研究以Kirkpatrick等人提出的「公共財的終結過程模式」，結合Geva-May的「終結策略」為研究架構，分析國光石化彰化開發案的停建過程。透過文獻分析和人物訪談，逐步找出停建過程中，遭遇到哪些抗拒因素而妨礙停建的進行，決策者又運用什麼策略來化解抗拒因素以達到停建目的。停建原因部分，興建理由先受到部分人士質疑，預期效益存在性降低，設廠的價值改變了，在少數環保團體的強力運作下，彰化案的公共能見度提高了，吸引更多有力人士加入終結聯盟，再透過媒體持續報導提高能見度，又再度強化終結聯盟和社會主流意識形態，形成巨大民意壓力，構成執政黨政治危機，迫使決策者改變政策方向為停建，改以其他變化的政策計畫滿足原先希望達成的政策目的。本案並未動工興建，並無明顯因素抵擋終結發生，但本案是受社會倡議影響而被動終結，政府的心理抗拒比重較大，惟決策者最終採取終結方案，可解釋為目的是解決政治危機，只是此方法多了順應民意的「包裝」，政治誘因的缺乏不再是終結限制，質變後的「政治誘因」反而是馬總統宣布本案停建的推手。馬總統做為決策者，在宣布停建前就放出政策可能改變的風向球，展現誠懇謙卑態度迎合民意，親自召開記者會宣布停建，保證補償措施避免反動，隨後的大城振興方案和國光至大馬投資計畫，都屬於終結策略安排的一環。 / Based on the Kirkpatrick’s model and Geva-May’s theory, the study constructed a new model to analyze the discontinuation of Kuokuang petrochemical project and explain the relationships among the reasons, the constraints and the strategy of policy termination in this case. Some people questioned the expected benefits about Kuokuang petrochemical project in Changhua(彰化), then the media visibility increased under the powerful environmental groups’ operation. More and more people joined the terminal alliance to end the project. The mainstream ideology in society formed a huge pressure to government. President Ma faced the political crisis, so he changed the decision from constructing to discontinuation in the end. Actually, the construction of Kuokuang petrochemical project in Changhua did not begin at all, so there were no obvious constraints to resist discontinuation, except intellectual reluctance and lack of political incentive. Both of them were intellectual factors, because discontinuation was not the result what government wanted to do. Taking discontinuation meant the construction was a failure decision. President Ma, as a decision maker, released the trial balloon about the policy may change before announcing discontinuation. At the press conference, he showed humility and sincere attitude to answer mainstream ideology and convince vested interest groups. The Dacheng(大城) economic power-up plan and Malaysia investment for Kuokuang company were termination strategies what President Ma used in this case.

High-power voltage sourced converters(VSC’s) are becoming increasingly prevalent in modern transmission systems. These systems primarily use switching schemes generating kHz range harmonics, which may be magnified by one or more system resonances. Despite the high frequency harmonics, VSC systems widely use insulated equipment designed for operation at power frequencies; this includes critical substation components such as medium voltage polymeric cables and terminations. The stress grading systems of non-geometric (compact) cable terminations are susceptible to insulation degradation and eventual flashover failure, under high frequency harmonic stresses. As such, the present work studies high frequency voltage effects in cross-linked polyethylene cable terminations, and their relationship to stress grading (SG) design and material properties. Finite element modeling (FEM) has been used to analyze electric field and resistive heating in termination designs, in response to parametric variations in SG material properties. Experimental studies investigate thermal behaviour in a variety of commercial termination designs, using a high voltage, high frequency test setup developed to replicate conditions of high frequency harmonic resonance in a VSC system. The study results show that high frequency voltage application increases the electric field, resistive heating, and surface temperature rise, in non-geometric (compact) termination designs using field-dependant stress grading materials. Geometric (stress cone) designs are insensitive to high frequency harmonics; however, they have disadvantages compared to compact designs, making them a less practical long-term solution for high frequency applications. Among non-geometric designs, the field-dependent electrical conductivity σ (E), the permittivity ε, and the temperature dependencies of σ (E) and ε strongly influence the termination electrical and thermal behaviour under high frequency stress. Since thermal hotspots in cable termination SG areas may lead to material degradation and eventual failure, recommendations are made for an optimal non-geometric stress grading design, for terminations operating in environments where high frequency harmonics may be present.

With the continuous growth of non-linear power electronic components and the increasing penetration of the distributed generation (DG), the potential for degradation in the power quality of the existing grid exists. There are concerns that the total harmonic distortion (THD) could reach unacceptable levels of 5% or higher. Moreover, there is additional potential of the presence of amplified harmonic components in the power network grid when the harmonic frequencies align with the resonant frequencies that are being injected by power electronic components of the DG. The above conditions could increase the electrical stresses on the insulation system of the power system components, and in particular, cable terminations are a concern. Standard cable terminations are designed to operate under power frequency in the power system network and their service life is considered accordingly. The research work aims to provide an understanding of the performance of the stress grading (SG) system of a commercial cable termination when the voltage waveform is distorted due to the presence of harmonics and when the high frequency and high dV/dt voltage waveforms are present from a typical power electronic drive. An aging experiment was performed for over a 600 hour time period using the pulse width modulated (PWM) high-voltage generator to quantify the impact of high frequency stress on SG system of cable termination. Furthermore, the cable termination was tested under power frequency, distorted voltage waveforms composed of fundamental and low order harmonics using an experiment setup that generate distorted voltage waveforms. Diagnostic techniques such as surface potential distribution measurements and surface temperature monitoring are used to analyze the termination performance. The surface tangential field is calculated based on the gradient of the termination surface potential as measured with an electrostatic voltmeter. The study shows that distorted voltage waveforms with high frequency and high dV/dt components, increase the electric field, resistive heating, and surface temperature rise in the terminations that use the field-dependent SG materials. The rise of electric field by as high as 27.1% and surface temperature rise of as high as 17C demonstrates the severity on the cable terminations. Such electric field enhancements for a period of time have a potential to initiate partial discharge that could lead to degradation of the termination. Moreover, surface temperature rise of 17 deg C could reduce the allowable ampacity of the cable conductor, reduce the short circuit levels, and reduce the feeder loading limits. The field-dependent electrical conductivity (σ(E,T)), permittivity (ε), and the temperature dependencies of (σ(E,T) and ε) have strong impact to degrade the electrical and thermal properties of the termination due to stress from the non-sinusoidal distorted voltage waveform. In order to minimize the surface temperature rise from the hotspot and electrical stress enhancement that eventually lead to insulation degradation and failure, the following recommendations are made for a suitable SG design for a termination to handle the severe voltage stress: Apply the capacitively graded termination in the grid where the distortion levels are low. Under the increased total harmonic distortion levels and HF components, resistively grading with higher degree of nonlinearity (achieved through the use of ZnO filler) is beneficial. The utilities could take preventive maintenance on medium voltage power cable accessories to prevent the termination failure before it actually occurs. Researchers could focus to resolve and minimize the rising power quality issues when the distribution generations are operated, improve the power electronic converters, and provide cost-effective harmonic filter solutions for harmonic mitigation.

Sammanfattning Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda rättsläget kring en arbetstagares brottslighet utanför tjänsten, samt ett avtjänande av fängelsestraff, som saklig grund för uppsägning eller laga grund för avsked. För ett avsked krävs ett grovt åsidosättande av åligganden gentemot arbetsgivaren, medan en uppsägning kan bli aktuell vid ringa företeelser.   Jag har använt mig av den traditionella rättsdogmatiska metoden i denna uppsats för att tolka, utreda och fastställa gällande rätt inom mitt ämnesval.   För att slippa göra allt för stora generaliseringar och få fram ett ändamålsenligt resultat som besvarar min frågeställning på bästa möjliga sätt, har jag valt att inrikta mig på brott inom kategorierna våldsbrott, sexualbrott och narkotikabrott.   Brott utanför tjänsten kan utgöra både saklig grund för uppsägning och laga grund för avsked. Det krävs emellertid att vissa faktorer är uppfyllda för att brottet ska kunna läggas som grund för uppsägning eller avsked. Faktorer som arbetstagarens position på företaget, yrket, vem brottet är riktat emot och den fortsatta lämpligheten är faktorer som AD tar hänsyn till vid våldsbrott. Positionen på företaget och yrket är omständigheter som AD ofta tar hänsyn till. Förtroendepositioner på företag samt yrken som kräver allmänhetens förtroende, till exempel präster, har betydligt lägre toleransnivå vid brott utanför tjänsten än andra yrken.   Gällande sexualbrott är det extra allvarligt om brottet är riktat mot någon annan arbetstagare på arbetsplatsen, även om det sker utanför tjänsten. Vad gäller narkotikabrott går det att identifiera att AD tar hänsyn till andra faktorer, såsom arbetstagarens psykiska hälsa, ålder och levnadsförhållanden med mera. Vissa narkotikabrott bli därmed till en viss grad ursäktade med hänsyn till arbetstagarens personliga omständigheter, och ett starkare anställningsskydd vid narkotikabrott gentemot vålds- och sexualbrott kan fastställas.   Även fängelsestraff kan utgöra saklig grund för uppsägning eller laga grund för avsked. Omständigheter som AD tar hänsyn till och utreder är bland annat arbetstagarens person, arbetsuppgifter, hur grovt brottet varit, återfallsrisken för brottsligheten samt arbetsgivarens möjligheter att ersätta dennes tjänst under avtjänandet av fängelsestraffet. / Abstract The purpose of this essay is to investigate the legal situation regarding an employee’s crime outside the service and an imprisonment, as legal grounds for termination or dismissal of the employment contract. For a dismissal it requires a serious breach of the duties, while a termination may be applicable even for minor violations of the employee.   Furthermore, I have used the law of dogmatic approach to identify and investigate my subject, but also to answer my questions asked in this essay in an appropriate way.   To avoid generalizations and to come to conclusions regarding crime outside the service as a termination or dismissal, I have chosen to focus on crimes in the categories of violence, sex and drug-related offenses.   Offences outside the service may constitute both termination and dismissal of the employee. However, it requires that certain circumstances are met for that the offence can be classified as grounds for either termination or dismissal. These factors are the employee’s positions in the company, the employees profession, whom the crime is directed against and the continued suitability of the employee. The position, or the profession the employee has, is something that the labour court often takes into account. Positions of trust or professions that require “public trust”, such as priest, have a lower level of tolerance compared to other professions.   Regarding sex-crimes, it is especially serious if the crime is directed against any other employee in the workplace. As for drug offenses, the labour court takes other factors into account, such as the employee’s mental health, age and living conditions. Therefore, some drug-related crimes are excused and a stronger protection of employee’s that commit a drug related crime can be identified, compared to violence- and sexual crimes.   Imprisonment may constitute legal grounds for both termination and dismissal of the employee. Circumstances that the labour court takes into account are, for instance, the employee’s personal, the job, how serious the offense was, the risk of recidivism, but also the employer’s opportunity to resolve the employee’s absence from work.

The purpose of the present study is to compare ability estimations obtained from computerized adaptive testing (CAT) procedure with the paper and pencil test administration results of Student Selection Examination (SSE) science subtest considering different ability estimation methods and test termination rules. There are two phases in the present study. In the first phase, a post-hoc simulation was conducted to find out relationships between examinee ability levels estimated by CAT and paper and pencil test versions of the SSE. Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Expected A Posteriori were used as ability estimation method. Test termination rules were standard error threshold and fixed number of items. Second phase was actualized by implementing a CAT administration to a group of examinees to investigate performance of CAT administration in an environment other than simulated administration. Findings of post-hoc simulations indicated CAT could be implemented by using Expected A Posteriori estimation method with standard error threshold value of 0.30 or higher for SSE. Correlation between ability estimates obtained by CAT and real SSE was found to be 0.95. Mean of number of items given to examinees by CAT is 18.4. Correlation between live CAT and real SSE ability estimations was 0.74. Number of items used for CAT administration is approximately 50% of the items in paper and pencil SSE science subtest. Results indicated that CAT for SSE science subtest provided ability estimations with higher reliability with fewer items compared to paper and pencil format.

No description available.

Tiriamajame darbe autorius siekia atskleisti teorinius bendro pobūdžio klausimus: apibrėžti darbo sutarties pasibaigimo ir nutraukimo sąvokas. Autoriaus nagrinėjami darbo sutarties nutraukimo darbdavio iniciatyva, kai nėra darbuotojo kaltės, pagrindai. Analizuojamas įspėjimas apie darbo sutarties nutraukimą. Lyginamuoju metodu pateikiamas tarptautinių dokumentų ir ES teisės normų, reguliuojančių darbo sutarties nutraukimą, reglamentavimas. Tiriamajame darbe pateikiamas garantijų ir apribojimų reglamentavimas, atsirandantis nutraukiant darbo sutartį darbdavio iniciatyvą, kai nėra darbuotojo kaltės. Pateikiamas teisminės praktikos apibendrinimas, reikšmingas teisingai aiškinant ir tinkamai taikant teisės normas, reglamentuojančias darbo sutarties nutraukimą darbdavio iniciatyva, kai nėra darbuotojo kaltės. / In this research work an author seeks to educe the theoretical character of questions: to define the conceptions of the expiry or the termination of an employment contract. Author analyses the grounds for the termination of an employment contract on the initiative of an employer without any fault on the part of an employee. Author analyses the notice of the termination of an employment contract. The regulation of the legal rules of international documents and EU presents by the comparable method. The regulation of the guarantees and limitations represents in this research work, which give effect to the termination of an employment contract on the initiative of an employer without any fault on the part of an employee. Author educes the generalization of judiciary practice, which is essential justly to interpret and properly to use rules of the termination of an employment contract on the initiative of an employer without any fault on the part of an employee.

Lagstiftningen som reglerar förhållandet mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare är arbetsrätten som regleras i lagen (1982:80) om anställningsskydd (LAS). Saklig grund måste uppfyllas för uppsägning samt avsked, för att dessa två ska vara giltiga i en rättsprocess. Detta innebär att arbetstagaren måste grovt ha åsidosatt sina åtaganden, detta kan exempelvis ske vid missbruk eller narkotikainnehav vilket framkommer i de rättsfall som behandlas i uppsatsen. Innan ett avsked eller uppsägning bör arbetsgivaren se över ett antal kriterier i valet av de två olika vägarna såsom omplacerings- och rehabiliteringsskyldigheten. En närmare granskning av de lagar samt kostnader som kan uppstå i och med den rådande lagstiftningen kommer att ses över. Uppsatsen kommer även behandlas ur ett HRM-perspektiv och se över de för och nackdelar detta innebär långsiktigt för arbetsgivaren, samt vilka andra vägar en arbetsgivare kan välja att gå vid avveckling av tillsvidareanställda, dessa kan vara mer eller mindre etiskt acceptabla. Arbetsgivare bör dock vara medvetna om de framtida konsekvenser dessa kan ge vid framtida rekrytering.En närmare granskning av ett flertal rättsfall kommer att ske för att ge läsaren en större förståelse över de kostnader som kan uppkomma vid avveckling. / The legislation governing the relationship between employers and employees is employment law in the Act (1982:80) (LAS). Factual basis must be met for dismissal and termination for any of these two to be valid in a lawsuit, this means that an employee must be in grave breach of his obligations. This may occur by misuse or possession of drugs as demonstrated in the court cases that is being cover in the essay. Before a termination or dismissal, the employer should review a number of criteria in the choice of the two different pathways such as relocation and rehabilitation obligation. A closer examination of the laws, regulations and costs that may arise from the current legislation will be reviewed. The essay will also be treated from an HRM perspective and review the pros and cons , this means long-term for the employer and which other ways an employer can choose to go for the settlement of the staff, these can be more or less ethically acceptable. Employers should be aware of the future implications these may provide in future recruitment. A close examination of a number of court cases will be done to give the reader a greater understanding of the costs that may be incurred in settlement.