<p>In this study I will find out which thoughts and alternative conceptions pupils have about photosynthesis, decomposing and breeding. The method used was qualitative semi-structured interviews with pupils in preschool class and in the third grade. They were interviewed about what a flower needs in order to live, die and to propagate themselves. The result shows that the students have alternative conceptions about these issues. There are no big differences in the notions of the average classes. There is a relation between the children’s way of living and their notions.</p><p>The result shows that all 17 pupils know that the flowers need water and soil. Half of them know that it also needs sun. But only 2 pupils know that the flowers need sugar to live.</p>

In this study I will find out which thoughts and alternative conceptions pupils have about photosynthesis, decomposing and breeding. The method used was qualitative semi-structured interviews with pupils in preschool class and in the third grade. They were interviewed about what a flower needs in order to live, die and to propagate themselves. The result shows that the students have alternative conceptions about these issues. There are no big differences in the notions of the average classes. There is a relation between the children’s way of living and their notions. The result shows that all 17 pupils know that the flowers need water and soil. Half of them know that it also needs sun. But only 2 pupils know that the flowers need sugar to live.

Syftet med min studie är att bidra med kunskap kring hur man kan samverka mellan förskola och socialtjänst gällande barn som far illa. Min studie är utförd med kvalitativa intervjuer med verksam personal inom förskoleverksamheten och socialtjänsten. Jag intervjuade en förskollärare, en förskolechef och en specialpedagog inom förskoleverksamheten samt två socialsekreterare på barn - och familjeenheten på socialtjänsten. Mina intervjufrågor handlade om vilka erfarenheter de har av att samverka tillsammans samt tillvägagångssätten från att upptäcka oro för ett barn till att det görs en anmälan. Resultatet visar på att det håller på att det utarbetas en större grad av samverkan mellan de olika professionerna. Samt att de olika yrkesprofessionerna uttrycker att de vill ha en mer kontinuerlig kontakt och samverkan med varandra för att de anser att detta gynnar barnets och familjen bästa.  Mitt resultat visar även på att förskolepersonalen anser att det är en jobbig del av arbetet att göra en anmälan. De känner sig ofta osäkra på om de tecken som de ser är befogade nog till att göra en anmälan eller inte. Socialsekreterarna lyfter vikten av att göra en anmälan, de menar på att minsta misstanke på att ett barn far illa ska anmälas. De menar även att det inte är förskolans ansvar att avgöra om det är befogat eller inte, utan alla misstankar är befogade. De lyfter även att det inte är förskolans uppdrag att utreda, utan att det är socialtjänstens ansvar. / The purpose of my study is to provide knowledge on how to collaborate between preschool and social services regarding child abuse. My study is designed with qualitative interviews with staff working in early childhood education and social service. My interview questions were about their experiences of collaborating together regarding concern for a child. The results in my study shows that a bigger development between preschool and social service is being developed and the staff within the various professions want a more continuous contact and interaction with each other. They believe that this will benefit the child. My results also show that the preschool staff believes that it is a difficult part of the work to make a report to the social service. They often feel uncertain about the things they see are legitimate enough to make a report or not. Social workers highlight the importance of making a report, they argue that the slightest suspicion that a child is mistreated should be notified. They also believe that it is not the preschool staff responsibility to determine whether it is justified or not. They think that all suspicions are justified. They also highlight that there are the social workers responsibilities to investigate not the preschool workers.

This report deals with some problems in connection with the school situation of children from sparsely populated areas. 515 pupils at the middle level of the 9-year compulsory school ir. Västerbotten took part ir. the investigation. 200 of these we*-e children from sparsely populated areas according to the following definition: children having no friends of their own age except in their families closer than one kilometre from their homes. School performance was measured with standard tests in the subjects Swedish, mathematics, English and with marks in grade 6. School adjustment and maturity were measured with teacher estimates. The attitudes of the pupils to school, friends, home and leisure time were studied with questionnaire« in grades 3 and 6 and for the latter ones with a questionnaire in grade 7 as well. Children from sparsely populated areas obtained as good a result as other pupils on the standard tests. In B-schools, above all in grade 6, the children from sparsely populated areas tended to perform better than teir class-mates. Boys from sparsely populated areas obtained somewhat worse results in A-schools in grade 6. Girls performed better than boys throughout. The teacher's estimates of school adjustment and maturity favoured the group from sparsely populated areas compared with other pupils. The attitudes of the pupils to school and school work were somewhat more positive and stable in B-classes. When they reached the senior level of t.he 9-year compulsory school the pupils from B-schools were more insecure in the school situation whereas they seemed less stressed by marks and competition than pupils from A-schools. Children from sparsely populated areas have positive altitudes towards forming new contacts both at the middle level of the 9-year compulsory school and in grade 7. The results indicate on the whole that both B-schools and life in sparsely populated areas favour performance in school. The same is true of school adjustment and comfort in spite of the fact that children from this environment are considered to be a negative sample according to prevalent social group norms. / <p>Författarens förnamn är på titelbladet skrivet: Anna Greta (alltså i två ord), medan i alla delrapporter skrivs förnamnet: Annagreta.</p> / digitalisering@umu

A Study of the Performance Evaluation Scheme of Central Government¡¦s Public Education Project Grants toward the Localities in Taiwan. The main purpose of this study are (a) to explore the principle and scheme of the performance-based project evaluation, (b) to understand the current status and problems of the compulsory educational grant system, (c) to explore the development and general situation of the performance evaluation of the compulsory education project grants, and (d) to construct a performance evaluation scheme of the central government¡¦s compulsory education project grants toward the localities. Based on the research findings, the recommendations are offered as the improvement for relevant institutes. To achieve the purposes above, the research adopts the document analysis, literature analysis, expert interviews, questionnaire, expert workshops and on-the-spot interviews. First, through the analysis of document and literature, the context of every compulsory educational grant project, the grant system of compulsory education, and the theories of performance evaluation are discussed. Secondly, interview methodology helps to explore the compulsory educational grant system and projects. Thirdly, in order to have a wide understanding for the current grant projects, we compile questionnaire A and B. The samples of the former are the administrative managers in Bureau of Education of every Hsien and City Local Governments; the samples of the latter are the principals of the public primary and junior high schools. The applied analysis method is descriptive statistics. Fourthly, through the holding workshops and on-the-spot interviews, we realize the executive situation and related problems of the compulsory education project grants. Finally, we have the following conclusions and suggestions. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The central government¡¦s compulsory education project grants have improved the learning environment of the compulsory education a great deal, but there are still some problems remained. (1) The rate of self-financial resources of the local governments is too low and the current expenditure for the localities is overloaded. (2) The equity, executive efficiency and independence of the grant system remain to be promoted. (3) The roles of the central and local governments in the grant system are not clearly defined. (4) The policies of the compulsory educational grant projects lack continuity. (5) The local governments¡¦ examination for the grants is not transparent enough and some set their own rules to limit the proposals for the grants. (6) Some grant projects cannot resolve the main difficulties of schools. (7) Some local governments appear to expend the budget as possible due to the pressure of budget-execution. 2. The research finds that under the principles of horizontal equity, vertical equity, independence, priority, accountability and democracy, the compulsory educational grant system will be greatly improved. 3. Some local governments and principals have no idea of accountability, and the performance-based project evaluation cannot be put into effect. In order to strengthen the accountability of all the educational personnel, we should to make explicit principles of evaluation and take account of the results to decide the amount of the next grants. Additionally, the indexes of evaluation should have qualitative and quantitative ones including short-term and long-term evaluation. The execution of evaluation needs self-evaluation and expert-evaluation. To get rid of the personal factors, a special institute for allocating the grants should be established. Besides, evaluation can be executed from several ways and put into a part of the execution for the grants. 4. This research constructs a performance-based project evaluation scheme. We suggest the grant system should be divided into project and general grant ones. According to the scheme, the project grant system has no big difference from the present one and its function is to attain vertical equity; the general grant system is formula-based and it stresses the principles of independence and efficiency. After the formula and the educational funds for each local government are decided, the proposal method is from bottom to top. As for the performance evaluation, ¡§ Educational funds allocation committee ¡¨ of the central government and ¡§ Education investigation committee ¡¨ of the Hsien and City Local Governments should be established first. These committees execute evaluation in the general grant system, and the process of evaluation includes school self-evaluation. According to the result of our research, we propose the following suggestions: 1. Immediate suggestions: (1) To attain the equity of grant allocation and using efficiency, a data base of the fundamental teaching equipment for every schools should be established soon so as to improve the performance evaluation. (2) To assure the fundamental teaching equipment for all the schools, we should make ¡§ indexes of the fundamental teaching equipment¡¨ for the whole country so as to attain the principles of horizontal equity and priority. (3) To fulfill the dependence of the local governments and schools and to improve the using efficiency for the grants, the central government should increase the general grants. (4) To strengthen the functions of the general grant system, the central government should establish ¡§ Educational funds allocation committee ¡¨ as an advisory examining body for Bureau of Education. (5) The local governments should establish ¡§ Education investigation committee ¡¨ as an advisory examining body for every Hsien and City Bureau of Education. (6) To attain the independence of using funds and performance evaluation, we should strengthen the functions of school administrative affairs meeting. (7) We should strengthen the performance evaluation of the compulsory educational grants, and put the evaluation into the grant system so as to enhance the idea of accountability. 2. Long-term suggestions: To effectively improve the performance-based project evaluation, the central government should develop indexes of evaluation for the long-term educational results and strengthen the qualitative performance evaluation.

The Evaluation of the Whole Curriculum Projects of the Schools in the Nine-Year Compulsory Curriculum--Examples of the Elementary Schools at Kaohsiung City. Meng-Ho Shih Abstract This study aims at evaluating the whole curriculum projects of the elementary schools which put Nine-Year Compulsory Curriculum into practice at Kaohsiung City. The subjects of this study contain the whole curriculum projects of eighty-six elementary schools at Kaohsiung City in 90 academic years. The collective data are analyzed by qualitative and quantitative methods. And the methods of this study are the analysis of documents, the analysis of subjects and interviews. The results of this study include the following and here also propose some concrete suggestions according to the results. 1.Investigating the process that Bureau of Education of Kaohsiung City examinates and executes the whole curriculum projects of the elementary schools. 2.Establishing the criterions of evaluating the whole curriculum projects of the elementary schools which put Nine-Year Compulsory Curriculum into practice. 3.Evaluating the whole curriculum projects based on Nine-Year Compulsory Curriculum Guideline. 4.Investigating the problems of learning objectives and competence indicators within the curriculum projects for the elementary schools. 5.Investigating the problems of the integrated curriculum within the curriculum projects for the elementary schools. 6.Investigating the version of textbooks which each learning area use and the implementation of the curriculum projects for the elementary schools. 7.Proposing suggestions for improving the whole curriculum projects and Nine-Year Compulsory Curriculum to the authorities of education and schools according the findings of this study. Keywords¡GCurriculum Evaluation Nine-Year Compulsory Curriculum Curriculum Project

The purpose of this study was to understand the current situation of junior high school teachers¡¦ perception and actual use of services or support provided by Compulsory Education Advisory Group in Kaohsiung Municipality, and to investigate the relationship between the perception and actual use of junior high school teachers. This researcher, through this study, aimed to offer related suggestions for Compulsory Education Advisory Group in Kaohsiung city in order to improve its operation model in the future. The methodology of this study was a questionnaire survey. The subjects of the study were certificated junior high school teachers in Kaohsiung city. ¡¥¡¥Questionnaire about perception and actual use of the services or support provided by Compulsory Education Advisory Group in Kaohsiung city¡¦¡¦, which was developed based upon literature review, was adopted as tool for this survey. 700 questionnaires were issued while 569 valid questionnaires were received, with valid sample rate of 81.3¢H. The collected materials were analyzed to obtain conclusions through a variety of statistical methods, such as descriptive statistic, T-Test, One-Way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation, and Simple Regression Analysis. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: 1. Junior high school teachers¡¦ perception of services by Compulsory Education Advisory Group in Kaohsiung Municipality are below the middle level, with the highest on the domain of ¡§holding curriculum and teaching workshops¡¨. 2. Junior high school teachers¡¦ use of services provide by Compulsory Education Advisory Group in Kaohsiung Municipality are below the middle level, with the highest on the domain of ¡§holding curriculum and teaching workshops¡¨. 3. Teachers of male, social study field, with part-time administration chores and in smaller schools, have generally higher degree of perception of Compulsory Education Advisory Group¡¦s services. 4. Teachers of male, aged between 31 and 50, years of teaching between 6 and 20, social study field, with part-time administration chores and in smaller school, have generally higher degree of use of Compulsory Education Advisory Group¡¦s services. 5. There is a positive correlation between junior high school teachers¡¦ perception and actual use of services provided by Compulsory Education Advisory Group in Kaohsiung Municipality. 6. Junior high school teachers¡¦ perception of services by Compulsory Education Advisory Group in Kaohsiung Municipality has a significant prediction of their actual use, with the highest with the domain of ¡§providing teachers teaching materials¡¨. Based upon the above conclusions, the researcher offers several related suggestions to the education authority, Compulsory Education Advisory Group, junior high schools, advisory group members, and junior high school teachers as references to operate the Group more effectively in the long run.

Magistro darbe yra analizuojamos Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo proceso kodekso XXIX skyriuje įtvirtinto priverčiamųjų medicinos priemonių taikymo proceso instituto teorinės ir praktinės problemos. Šiam institutui būdingos bendrosios įstatymo nuostatos su tam tikromis išimtimis, kurias sąlygoja nagrinėjamo proceso subjekto teisinė padėtis. Pirmoje darbo dalyje pateikiama priverčiamųjų medicinos priemonių samprata ir paskirtis, atskleidžiamas tokio pobūdžio priemonių dualistinis pobūdis - tai ir gydomojo, ir valstybės prievartos poveikio priemonių visuma. Šiomis priemonėmis siekiama užtikrinti tiek psichikos ligonių, padariusių baudžiamojo įstatymo uždraustas veikas, tiek ir visuomenės interesus. Antroje dalyje analizuojamos priverčiamųjų medicinos priemonių rūšys, atskleidžiamos tokio pobūdžio priemonių vykdymo teisinio reguliavimo problemos. Trečioje dalyje apibrėžiami priverčiamųjų medicinos priemonių taikymo pagrindai. Ketvirtoje dalyje plačiau analizuojami priverčiamųjų medicinos priemonių taikymo proceso ypatumai. Aptariama subjekto procesinio statuso reglamentavimo problematika, gynėjo dalyvavimo procese užtikrinimo klausimai, teismo psichiatrijos ekspertizės skyrimo ir atlikimo praktiniai aspektai, nagrinėjama proceso veiksmų su asmeniu, kurio atžvilgiu vykdomas priverčiamųjų medicinos priemonių taikymo procesas, atlikimo galimybė, analizuojamas bylos nagrinėjimas teisme ir teismo priimamos nutartys. Penktoje šio darbo dalyje nagrinėjamas priverčiamųjų medicinos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this Master‘s paper the theoretical and practical problems of the institute process regarding application of the compulsory medical measures provided by XXIX chapter of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Lithuania were analysed. The institution mentioned above is characterized by the general law regulations with the certain exceptions that are stipulated by the subject‘s legal status in the investigation process. The first section of this work represents conception and purpose of the compulsory medical measures and at the same time finds out a duality of such measures: we can see, on the one hand, an influence of treatment and, on the other hand, an influence of the state compulsory measures on subjects that together make one whole. These measures are intended to ensure both interests of psychiatric patients who are commited criminal deeds and of the society. The second section analyses relevant types of the compulsory medical measures and discloses problems of such measures regarding their realization with a focus to the legal regulations. The third section represents definitions of the grounds on which application of the compulsory medical measures is based. In the fourth section some specific features of application process of the compulsory medical measures have widely analysed including the following issues: problems of the subject‘s legal status reglamentation, problems of ensuring an advocate presence in the process, practical aspects of a referral to... [to full text]

Bakalauro darbe analizuojamas vairuotojų požiūris į privalomąjį pirmos pagalbos mokymą. Iškelti tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) atskleisti traumų ir pirmosios pagalbos teikimo aspektus mokslinėje literatūroje; 2) ištirti vairuotojų informuotumą apie pirmosios pagalbos svarbą; 3) išsiaiškinti vairuotojų gebėjimus teikti pirmąją pagalbą. Empirinėje dalyje analizuojami traumų keliuose statistiniai duomenys Lietuvos bei Europos sąjungos šalyse, pirmos pagalbos mokymo organizavimo tvarka, reglamentuojama Lietuvos įstatymų, psichikos reiškiniai, lemiantys žmogaus elgesį įvairiose kritinėse situacijose. Anketinės apklausos metodu buvo atliktas tyrimas, kuriame apklausta 100 Radviliškio rajono vairuotojų, dalyvavusių privalomuosiuose pirmos pagalbos mokymuose. Bakalauro darbe siekta atskleisti pirmosios pagalbos sampratą – tai tikslingi veiksmai, kurie užtikrina gyvybės išsaugojimą, nukentėjusiojo būklės gerėjimą, sumažina traumų sukeliamas komplikacijas bei nedarbingumą. Statistinė traumų analizė daro prielaidas privalomajam pirmosios pagalbos mokymui, siekiant traumatizmui mažinti. Atlikus anketavimą išsiaiškinta, kad vairuotojai supranta pirmosios pagalbos svarbą, akcentuojant tai, kad visi privalo mokėti teikti pagalbą kelyje. Didžioji dauguma vairuotojų mano, kad pagalbą suteikti sugebėtų, dauguma jų patys vežtų savo automobiliu nukentėjusįjį į gydymo įstaigą, nors dalis jų bijo kraujo ir sužeidimų. Taigi išsiaiškinus vairuotojų informuotumą apie traumatizmo situaciją... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The bachelor’s thesis analyses drivers’ views on compulsory first aid training. The main objectives of the research were to: 1) study the aspects of traumas and the provision of first aid in the scientific literature 2) conduct research on how drivers are informed about the importance of first aid 3) identify drivers’ ability to give first aid. The empirical part of the thesis analyses statistics of injuries in road accidents in Lithuania and other EU countries, the order of organization of first aid training, which is regulated by the Lithuanian laws, psychological phenomena effecting person’s behaviour in various extreme situations. Quantitative research methodology was utilized in this study. A questionnaire was given to one hundred drivers, who attended compulsory first aid training courses. This bachelor thesis seeks to reveal the conception of first aid: it generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques which prevent the condition from worsening, reduce complications caused by traumas as well as incapacity for work. Statistical analysis of injuries made assumptions about how significant is compulsory first aid training in seeking reduction of traumas. The results of the questionnaire revealed that drivers understand the importance of first aid training, emphasizing that; everybody must know how to provide medical help in case of emergency. The vast majority of drivers believe that most of them... [to full text]

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur socialsekreterare resonerar kring omhändertagande av gravida missbrukare. I studien undersöks även tillämpning av tvångsvårdslagstiftning i förhållande till gravida missbrukare och socialsekreterares förhållningssätt till etiska aspekter när beslut om tvångsvård av gravida missbrukare tas. Studien är kvalitativ och genomförs med hjälp av intervjuer med socialsekreterare och även med hjälp av officiella dokument från olika myndigheter. I studien används teorier som empowerment och företrädarskap av Ole Petter Askheim (2007) och Malcolm Payne (2008), socialarbetares handlingsutrymme av Karin Svensson m.fl. (2008) och etiska koder i socialt arbete av Erik Blennberger (2006). Teorierna och kopplingar till det sociala arbetets praktik förklarar socialsekreterares förhållningssätt till omhändertagande av gravida missbrukare. Resultatet av studien visar att socialsekreterare förhåller sig till den svenska lagstiftningen. Socialsekreterare betraktar inte graviditet hos missbrukare som en avgörande faktor när de tar beslut om tvångsvård. / The study aims to survey how social workers reflect on involuntary treatment of pregnant addicts. The study also surveys the application of legislation that regulates involuntary treatment in relation to pregnant addicts and social secretaries' approach to ethical aspects when making decisions on compulsory care of pregnant addicts. The study is qualitative and is implemented with the help of interviews with social workers and also with the help of official documents from various authorities. Theories of empowerment and advocacy by Ole Petter Askheim (2007) and Malcolm Payne (2008), social worker's discretion by Karin Svensson et al (2008) and ethical codes related to social work by Erik Blennberger’s (2006) are used. The theories and issues connected to social work practice explain the grounds social secretaries stand on when taking care of such issues as compulsory care of pregnant addicts. The results of the study show that social workers relate to the Swedish legislation. Social workers do not regard pregnancy of addict as the crucial factor when deciding upon compulsory treatment.