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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
421

Peeling et scattering conforme dans les espaces-temps de la relativité générale / Peeling and conformal scattering on the spacetimes of the general relativity

Pham, Truong Xuan 07 April 2017 (has links)
Nous étudions l’analyse asymptotique en relativité générale sous deux aspects: le peeling et le scattering (diffusion) conforme. Le peeling est construit pour les champs scalaires linéaire et non-linéaires et pour les champs de Dirac en espace-temps de Kerr (qui est non-stationnaire et à symétrie simplement axiale), généralisant les travaux de L. Mason et J-P. Nicolas (2009, 2012). La méthode des champs de vecteurs (estimations d’énergie géométriques) et la technique de compactification conforme sont développées. Elles nous permettent de formuler les définitions du peeling à tous ordres et d’obtenir les données initiales optimales qui assurent ces comportements. Une théorie de la diffusion conforme pour les équations de champs sans masse de spîn n/2 dans l’espace-temps de Minkowski est construite.En effectuant les compactifications conformes (complète et partielle), l’espace-temps est complété en ajoutant une frontière constituée de deux hypersurfaces isotropes représentant respectivement les points limites passés et futurs des géodésiques de type lumière. Le comportement asymptotique des champs s’obtient en résolvant le problème de Cauchy pour l’équation rééchelonnée et en considérant les traces des solutions sur ces bords. L’inversibilité des opérateurs de trace, qui associent le comportement asymptotique passé ou futur aux données initiales, s’obtient en résolvant le problème de Goursat sur le bord conforme. L’opérateur de diffusion conforme est alors obtenu par composition de l’opérateur de trace futur avec l’inverse de l’opérateur de trace passé. / This work explores two aspects of asymptotic analysis in general relativity: peeling and conformal scattering.On the one hand, the peeling is constructed for linear and nonlinear scalar fields as well as Dirac fields on Kerr spacetime, which is non-stationary and merely axially symmetric. This generalizes the work of L. Mason and J-P. Nicolas (2009, 2012). The vector field method (geometric energy estimates) and the conformal technique are developed. They allow us to formulate the definition of the peeling at all orders and to obtain the optimal space of initial data which guarantees these behaviours. On the other hand, a conformal scattering theory for the spin-n/2 zero rest-mass equations on Minkowski spacetime is constructed. Using the conformal compactifications (full and partial), the spacetime is completed with two null hypersurfaces representing respectively the past and future end points of null geodesics. The asymptotic behaviour of fields is then obtained by solving the Cauchy problem for the rescaled equation and considering the traces of the solutions on these hypersurfaces. The invertibility of the trace operators, that to the initial data associate the future or past asymptotic behaviours, is obtained by solving the Goursat problem on the conformal boundary. The conformal scattering operator is then obtained by composing the future trace operator with the inverse of the past trace operator.
422

Conformal spectra, moduli spaces and the Friedlander-Nadirahvili invariants

Medvedev, Vladimir 08 1900 (has links)
Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le spectre conforme d'une surface fermée et le spectre de Steklov conforme d'une surface compacte à bord et leur application à la géométrie conforme et à la topologie. Soit (Σ, c) une surface fermée munie d'une classe conforme c. Alors la k-ième valeur propre conforme est définie comme Λ_k(Σ,c)=sup{λ_k(g) Aire(Σ,g)| g ∈ c), où λ_k(g) est la k-ième valeur propre de l'operateur de Laplace-Beltrami de la métrique g sur Σ. Notons que nous commeçons par λ_0(g) = 0. En prennant le supremum sur toutes les classes conformes C sur Σ on obtient l'invariant topologique suivant de Σ: Λ_k(Σ)=sup{Λ_k(Σ,c)| c ∈ C}. D'après l'article [65], les quantités Λ_k(Σ, c) et Λ_k(Σ) sont bien définies. Si une métrique g sur Σ satisfait λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g) = Λ_k(Σ), alors on dit que g est maximale pour la fonctionnelle λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g). Dans l'article [73], il a été montré que les métriques maximales pour λ_1(g) Aire(Σ, g) peuvent au pire avoir des singularités coniques. Dans cette thèse nous montrons que les métriques maximales pour les fonctionnelles λ_1(g) Aire(T^2, g) et λ_1(g) Aire(KL, g), où T^2 et KL dénotent le 2-tore et la bouteille de Klein, ne peuvent pas avoir de singularités coniques. Ce résultat découle d'un théorème de classification de classes conformes par des métriques induites d'une immersion minimale ramifiée dans une sphère ronde aussi montré dans cette thèse. Un autre invariant que nous étudions dans cette thèse est le k-ième invariant de Friedlander-Nadirashvili défini comme: I_k(Σ) = inf{Λ_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. L'invariant I_1(Σ) a été introduit dans l'article [34]. Dans cette thèse nous montrons que pour toute surface orientable et pour toute surface non-orientable de genre impaire I_k(Σ)=I_k(S^2) et pour toute surface non-orientable de genre paire I_k(RP^2) ≥ I_k(Σ)>I_k(S^2). Ici S^2 et RP^2 dénotent la 2-sphère et le plan projectif. Nous conjecturons que I_k(Σ) sont des invariants des cobordismes des surfaces fermées. Le spectre de Steklov conforme est défini de manière similaire. Soit (Σ, c) une surface compacte à bord non vide ∂Σ, alors les k-ièmes valeurs propres de Steklov conformes sont définies comme: σ*_k(Σ, c)=sup{σ_k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g)| g ∈ c}, où σ_k(g) est la k-ième valeur propre de Steklov de la métrique g sur Σ. Ici nous supposons que σ_0(g) = 0. De façon similaire au problème fermé, on peut définir les quantités suivantes: σ*_k(Σ)=sup{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C} et I^σ_k(Σ)=inf{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. Les résultats de l'article [16] impliquent que toutes ces quantités sont bien définies. Dans cette thèse on obtient une formule pour la limite de σ*_k(Σ, c_n) lorsque la suite des classes conformes c_n dégénère. Cette formule implique que pour toute surface à bord I^σ_k(Σ)= I^σ_k(D^2), où D^2 dénote le 2-disque. On remarque aussi que les quantités I^σ_k(Σ) sont des invariants des cobordismes de surfaces à bord. De plus, on obtient une borne supérieure pour la fonctionnelle σ^k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g), où Σ est non-orientable, en terme de son genre et le nombre de composants de bord. / In this thesis, we study the conformal spectrum of a closed surface and the conformal Steklov spectrum of a compact surface with boundary and their application to conformal geometry and topology. Let (Σ,c) be a closed surface endowed with a conformal class c then the k-th conformal eigenvalue is defined as Λ_k(Σ,c)=sup{λ_k(g) Aire(Σ,g)| g ∈ c), where λ_k(g) is the k-th Laplace-Beltrami eigenvalue of the metric g on Σ. Note that we start with λ_0(g) = 0 Taking the supremum over all conformal classes C on Σ one gets the following topological invariant of Σ: Λ_k(Σ)=sup{Λ_k(Σ,c)| c ∈ C}. It follows from the paper [65] that the quantities Λ_k(Σ, c) and Λ_k(Σ) are well-defined. Suppose that for a metric g on Σ the following identity holds λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g) = Λ_k(Σ). Then one says that the metric g is maximal for the functional λ_k(g) Aire(Σ, g). In the paper [73] it was shown that the maximal metrics for the functional λ_1(g) Aire(Σ, g) at worst can have conical singularities. In this thesis we show that the maximal metrics for the functionals λ_1(g) Aire(T^2, g) and λ_1(g) Aire(KL, g), where T^2 and KL stand for the 2-torus and the Klein bottle respectively, cannot have conical singularities. This result is a corollary of a conformal class classification theorem by metrics induced from a branched minimal immersion into a round sphere that we also prove in the thesis. Another invariant that we study in this thesis is the k-th Friedlander-Nadirashvili invariant defined as: I_k(Σ) = inf{Λ_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. The invariant I_1(Σ) was introduced in the paper [34]. In this thesis we prove that for any orientable surface and any non-orientable surface of odd genus I_k(Σ)=I_k(S^2) and for any non-orientable surface of even genus I_k(RP^2) ≥ I_k(Σ)>I_k(S^2). Here S^2 and RP^2 denote the 2-sphere and the projective plane respectively. We also conjecture that I_k(Σ) are invariants of cobordisms of closed manifolds. The conformal Steklov spectrum is defined in a similar way. Let (Σ, c) be a compact surface with non-empty boundary ∂Σ then the k-th conformal Steklov eigenvalues is defined by the formula: σ*_k(Σ, c)=sup{σ_k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g)| g ∈ c}, where σ_k(g) is the k-th Steklov eigenvalue of the metric g on Σ. Here we suppose that σ_0(g) = 0. Similarly to the closed problem one can define the following quantities: σ*_k(Σ)=sup{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C} and I^σ_k(Σ)=inf{σ*_k(Σ, c)| c ∈ C}. The results of the paper [16] imply that all these quantities are well-defined. In this thesis we obtain a formula for the limit of the k-th conformal Steklov eigenvalue when the sequence of conformal classes degenerates. Using this formula we show that for any surface with boundary I^σ_k(Σ)= I^σ_k(D^2), where D^2 stands for the 2-disc. We also notice that I^σ_k(Σ) are invariants of cobordisms of surfaces with boundary. Moreover, we obtain an upper bound for the functional σ^k(g) Longueur(∂Σ, g), where Σ is non-orientable, in terms of its genus and the number of boundary components.
423

Perturbative and non-perturbative analysis of defect correlators in AdS/CFT

Bliard, Gabriel James Stockton 21 December 2023 (has links)
In dieser Arbeit betrachten wir zwei Ansätze zur Untersuchung von Korrelationsfunktionen in eindimensionalen konformen Feldtheorien mit Defekten (dCFT1), insbesondere solche, die durch 1/2-BPS-Wilson-Linien-Defekte in den drei- und vierdimensionalen superkonformen Theorien definiert sind, die für die AdS/CFT-Korrespondenz relevant sind. Zunächst verwenden wir den analytischen konformen Bootstrap, um zwei Beispiele von Defektkorrelatoren auszuwerten. Der Vier-Punkt-Korrelator des Verschiebungs-Supermultipletts, das auf der 1/2-BPS-Wilson-Linie in der ABJM-Theorie eingefügt ist, wird bis zur dritten Ordnung in einer starken Kopplungsexpansion berechnet und reproduziert die expliziten Witten-Diagramm-Berechnungen erster Ordnung. Anschließend wird der Fünf-Punkt-Korrelator von 1/2-BPS-Operatoren, die auf der 1/2-BPS-Wilson-Linie in N=4 Super-Yang-Mills eingefügt sind, untersucht und in einer starken Kopplungsexpansion bis zur ersten Ordnung gebootstrapped. Anschließend werden die CFT1-Daten extrahiert, die bestätigen, dass das Mischen von Operatoren die anomale Dimension erster Ordnung nicht beeinflusst. Der zweite Ansatz betrachtet die allgemeine Struktur von Korrelatoren in effektiven Theorien in AdS2. Es werden alle skalaren n-Punkt-Kontakt-Witten-Diagramme für externe Operatoren mit ganzzahligem konformem Gewicht berechnet. Effektive Theorien in AdS2, die durch eine Wechselwirkungslagrange mit einer beliebigen Anzahl von Ableitungen definiert sind, werden dann betrachtet und mit Hilfe eines neuen Formalismus der Mellin-Amplituden für 1d-CFTs bis zur ersten Ordnung gelöst. Schließlich wird die diskretisierte Wirkung der Cusped-Wilson-Linie als alternative Möglichkeit zur Gewinnung nicht-perturbativer Daten vorgestellt: durch die Gitterfeldtheorie. / In this thesis, we consider two approaches to the study of correlation functions in one-dimensional defect Conformal Field Theories (dCFT1), in particular those defined by 1/2-BPS Wilson line defects in the three- and four-dimensional superconformal theories relevant in the AdS/CFT correspondence. In the first approach, we use the analytic conformal bootstrap to evaluate two examples of defect correlators. The four-point correlator of the displacement supermultiplet inserted on the 1/2-BPS Wilson line in ABJM theory is computed to the third order in a strong-coupling expansion and reproduces the explicit first-order Witten diagram calculations. The CFT1 data are then extracted from this correlator, and the operator mixing is solved at first order. Consequently, all-order results are derived for the part of the correlator with the highest logarithm power, uniquely determining the double-scaling limit. Then, the five-point correlator of 1/2-BPS operators inserted on the 1/2-BPS Wilson line in =4 super Yang-Mills are studied. The superblocks are derived for all channels of the OPE, and the five-point correlator is bootstrapped to first order in a strong coupling expansion. The CFT1 data are then extracted, confirming that operator mixing does not affect the first-order anomalous dimension. The second approach considers the general structure of correlators in effective theories in AdS2. All scalar n-point contact Witten diagrams for external operators of integer conformal weight are computed. Effective theories in AdS2 defined by an interaction Lagrangian with an arbitrary number of derivatives are then considered and solved to first order using a new formalism of Mellin amplitudes for 1d CFTs. Finally, the cusped Wilson line discretised action is presented as an alternative way to obtain non-perturbative data: through Lattice Field Theory.
424

Studies on boundary values of eigenfunctions on spaces of constant negative curvature

Bäcklund, Pierre January 2008 (has links)
<p>This thesis consists of two papers on the spectral geometry of locally symmetric spaces of Riemannian and Lorentzian signature. Both works are concerned with the idea of relating analysis on such spaces to structures on their boundaries.</p><p>The first paper is motivated by a conjecture of Patterson on the Selberg zeta function of Kleinian groups. We consider geometrically finite hyperbolic cylinders with non-compact Riemann surfaces of finite area as cross sections. For these cylinders, we present a detailed investigation of the Bunke-Olbrich extension operator under the assumption that the cross section of the cylinder has one cusp. We establish the meromorphic continuation of the extension of Eisenstein series and incomplete theta series through the limit set. Furthermore, we derive explicit formulas for the residues of the extension operator in terms of boundary values of automorphic eigenfunctions.</p><p>The motivation for the second paper comes from conformal geometry in Lorentzian signature. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a sequence of differential intertwining operators for spherical principal series representations, which are realized on boundaries of anti de Sitter spaces. Algebraically, these operators correspond to homomorphisms of generalized Verma modules. We relate these families to the asymptotics of eigenfunctions on anti de Sitter spaces.</p>
425

Espace-temps globalement hyperboliques conformément plats / Globally hyperbolic conformally flat spacetimes

Rossi Salvemini, Clara 24 May 2012 (has links)
Les espace-temps conformément plats de dimension supérieure ou égal à 3 sont des variétés localement modelées l'espace-temps d'Einstein où il agit la composante connexe de l'identité du groupe des difféomorfismes conformes.Un espace-temps M est globalement hyperbolique s'il admet une hypersurface S de type espace qui est rencontrée une et une seule fois par toute courbe causale de M. L'hypersurface S est alors dite hypersurface de Cauchy de M.L'ensemble des espace-temps globalement hyperboliques conformément plats, identifiés à difféomorphisme conforme près, est naturellement muni d'une relation d'ordre partielle: on dit que N étends M s'il existe un plongement conforme de M dans N tel que l'image de toute hypersurface de Cauchy de M est une hypersurface de Cauchy de N. Les éléments maximaux par rapport à cette relation d'ordre sont appelés espace-temps maximaux.Le premier résultat qu'on a prouvé est l'existence et unicité de l'extension maximale pour un espace-temps conformément plat globalement hyperbolique donné. Ce résultat généralise un théorème de Choquet-Bruhat et Geroch relatif aux espace-temps solutions des équation d'Einstein.L'unicité de l'extension maximale permet de prouver le résultat suivant:Théorème:En dimension supérieur ou égal à 3, l'espace d'Einstein est le seul espace-temps conformément plat maximal simplement connexe admettant une hypersurface de Cauchy compacte.Si l'hypersurface de Cauchy S du revêtement universel d'un espace-temps M est compacte on obtient donc que M est un quotient fini de l'espace d'Einstein. La structure des géodésiques de l'espace d'Einstein et l'unicité de l'extension maximale permettent de prouver :Théorème:Soit M un espace-temps conformément plat maximal de dimension supérieur ou égal à 3, qui contient deux géodésiques lumières distinctes, librement homotopes et ayant les mêmes extrémités. Alors M est un quotient fini de l'espace d'Einstein.Dans le cas où l'hypersurface S' du revêtement universel M' de M est non compacte on montre chaque point p de M' est déterminé par le compact de S 'constitué par l'intersection de son passé causal ou de son futur causal avec l'hypersurface S', suivant que p appartient au passé ou au futur de S'. Onappelle ce compact l'ombre de p sur S'. L'espace-temps M' s'identifie donc à un sous-ensemble des compacts de S'.Ce point de vue permet d'avoir une compréhension plus profonde de la maximalité d'un espace-temps. En fait on a différentes notions de maximalité :un espace-temps pourrait être maximal parmi les espace-temps conformément plats mais avoir un majorant qui n'est pas conformément plat, i.e. il pourrait exister un plongement conforme dans un espace-temps globalement hyperbolique qui ne soit pas conformément plat.Grâce à la notion d'ombre, on prouve que la structure causale induite sur la frontière de Penrose du revêtement universel d'un espace-temps conformément plat permet de caractériser les espace-temps maximaux parmi tous les espace-temps globalement hyperboliques, on obtient:Théorème:Tout espace-temps globalement hyperbolique conformément plat M qui est maximal parmi les espace-temps globalement hyperbolique conformément plats est aussi maximal parmi tous les espace-temps globalement hyperboliques.On conclut avec une discussion détaillée sur la maximalité des espaces-temps globalement hyperboliques maximaux parmi les espace-temps à courbure constante, suivant le signe de la courbure: lorsque la courbure est négative ou nulle, l'espace-temps est maximal aussi parmi tous les espace-temps globalement hyperboliques, mais cela n'est jamais vrai lorsque la courbure est strictement positive / As a consequence of the Lorentzian version of Liouville’s Theorem, everyconformally flat space-time of dimension 3 is a (Ein1,n,O0(2, n + 1))-manifold. The Einstein’s space-time Ein1,n is the space Sn × S1 with theconformal class of the metric d2−dt2, where d2 and dt2 are the canonicalRiemannian metrics of Sn and R. The group O0(2, n+1) is the group of theconformal diffeomorphisms of Ein1,n whose action preserve the orientationand the time-orientation of Ein1,n. A space-time M is globally hyperbolicif it contains a spacelike hypersurface which intersects every inextensiblecausal curve of M exactly in one point. As a consequence M is not compact.The hypersurface is called a Cauchy hypersurface of M. Geroch’s Theorem([?]) say that if M is globally hyperbolic, then M is homeomorphic to×R. There is a naturally defined partial order on the set of globally hyperbolicspace-times (up to conformal diffeomorphism) : M M0 if does existsa conformal embedding f : M ,! M0 which sends Cauchy hypersurfaces ofM to Cauchy hypersurfaces of M0 (f is called a Cauchy-embedding ). Wecall C-maximal space-times the maximal elements for this partial order onthe set of globally hyperbolic space-times. We can restrict the partial orderto the subset of conformally flat space-times : in this case we call themaximal elements C0-maximal space-times. The first result of the thesis isa generalization of a Theorem proved by Choquet-Bruhat and Geroch in[?] : let M be a globally hyperbolic conformally flat space-time. Then thereis a globally hyperbolic conformally flat C0-maximal space-time N and aCauchy-embedding f : M ,! N. The space-time N is unique up to conformaldiffeomorphisms.The uniqueness of the C0-maximal extension imply that every globally hyperbolicconformally flat simply connected C0-maximal space-time (of dimension3) with a compact Cauchy hypersurface is conformally diffeomorphicto gEin1,n.In the second part of the thesis we study the injectivity of the developingmap of a globally hyperbolic conformally flat space-time M looking at theshape of its the causal boundary.We say that two points p, q are conjugatedin a space-time M if there are two different lightlike geodesics and whichstart at p and meet at q, such that and don’t intersect between p and q.The most remarkable result of this part is : let M a globally hyperbolicconformally flat C0-maximal space-time. If fM has two conjugated pointsthen fM ' gEin1,n. In particular M is a finite quotient of gEin1,n.As a consequence of this result we obtain that the developing map of Mrestricted to the chronological past and future of every point is injective.In the last part of the thesis we give an abstract construction of the Cmaximalextension for a given conformally flat globally hyperbolic spacetime.The idea is that a globally hyperbolic space-time is completely determinedby one of his Cauchy hypersurfaces. This result helps to understandhow to relate the different notions of maximality. In particular we provethat every conformally flat globally hyperbolic space-time M which is C0-maximal is also C-maximal.
426

Modelos de regressão beta inflacionados / Inflated beta regression models

Ospina Martinez, Raydonal 04 April 2008 (has links)
Nos últimos anos têm sido desenvolvidos modelos de regressão beta, que têm uma variedade de aplicações práticas como, por exemplo, a modelagem de taxas, razões ou proporções. No entanto, é comum que dados na forma de proporções apresentem zeros e/ou uns, o que não permite admitir que os dados provêm de uma distribuição contínua. Nesta tese, são propostas, distribuições de mistura entre uma distribuição beta e uma distribuição de Bernoulli, degenerada em zero e degenerada em um para modelar dados observados nos intervalos [0, 1], [0, 1) e (0, 1], respectivamente. As distribuições propostas são inflacionadas no sentido de que a massa de probabilidade em zero e/ou um excede o que é permitido pela distribuição beta. Propriedades dessas distribuições são estudadas, métodos de estimação por máxima verossimilhança e momentos condicionais são comparados. Aplicações a vários conjuntos de dados reais são examinadas. Desenvolvemos também modelos de regressão beta inflacionados assumindo que a distribuição da variável resposta é beta inflacionada. Estudamos estimação por máxima verossimilhança. Derivamos expressões em forma fechada para o vetor escore, a matriz de informação de Fisher e sua inversa. Discutimos estimação intervalar para diferentes quantidades populacionais (parâmetros de regressão, parâmetro de precisão) e testes de hipóteses assintóticos. Derivamos expressões para o viés de segunda ordem dos estimadores de máxima verossimilhança dos parâmetros, possibilitando a obtenção de estimadores corrigidos que são mais precisos que os não corrigidos em amostras finitas. Finalmente, desenvolvemos técnicas de diagnóstico para os modelos de regressão beta inflacionados, sendo adotado o método de influência local baseado na curvatura normal conforme. Ilustramos a teoria desenvolvida em um conjuntos de dados reais. / The last years have seen new developments in the theory of beta regression models, which are useful for modelling random variables that assume values in the standard unit interval such as proportions, rates and fractions. In many situations, the dependent variable contains zeros and/or ones. In such cases, continuous distributions are not suitable for modeling this kind of data. In this thesis we propose mixed continuous-discrete distributions to model data observed on the intervals [0, 1],[0, 1) and (0, 1]. The proposed distributions are inflated beta distributions in the sense that the probability mass at 0 and/or 1 exceeds what is expected for the beta distribution. Properties of the inflated beta distributions are given. Estimation based on maximum likelihood and conditional moments is discussed and compared. Empirical applications using real data set are provided. Further, we develop inflated beta regression models in which the underlying assumption is that the response follows an inflated beta law. Estimation is performed by maximum likelihood. We provide closed-form expressions for the score function, Fishers information matrix and its inverse. Interval estimation for different population quantities (such as regression parameters, precision parameter, mean response) is discussed and tests of hypotheses on the regression parameters can be performed using asymptotic tests. We also derive the second order biases of the maximum likelihood estimators and use them to define bias-adjusted estimators. The numerical results show that bias reduction can be effective in finite samples. We also develop a set of diagnostic techniques that can be employed to identify departures from the postulated model and influential observations. To that end, we adopt the local influence approach based in the conformal normal curvature. Finally, we consider empirical examples to illustrate the theory developed.
427

Dynamics of D-branes in curved backgrounds

Fredenhagen, Stefan 16 September 2002 (has links)
In den letzten Jahren hat die Erforschung von Branen zu vielen neuen Einsichten in String- und M-Theorie geführt. Ein Großteil dieser Forschung behandelte den Fall großen Volumens, wo geometrische Methoden zuverlässige Informationen liefern. Die Extrapolation in den Bereich, wo die endliche Ausdehnung des Strings wichtig wird (`stringy regime'), erfordert gewöhnlich neue Methoden aus der konformen Feldtheorie mit Randbedingungen. Branen auf Gruppenmannigfaltigkeiten ermöglichen einen guten Zugang zu diesem Problem. Obwohl sie nichttriviale Hintergründe beschreiben, was zu vielen interessanten Effekten führt, sind sie immer noch gut beherrschbar. Sie dienen auch als Bausteine bei den Restklassen- und Orbifoldkonstruktionen von im Wesentlichen allen bekannten konformen Modellen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Dynamik von Branen auf Gruppenmannigfaltigkeiten und Restklassenmodellen. In einem bestimmten Grenzfall wird die Dynamik von nichtkommutativen Eichtheorien regiert. Viele der Prozesse lassen sich in den Bereich extrapolieren, wo Stringeffekte eine Rolle spielen. Sie äußern sich als Renormierungsgruppenflüsse auf den zweidimensionalen Weltflächentheorien mit Rändern. Solche Flüsse sind auch von Interesse in der Festkörpertheorie, wo sie Randphänomene in eindimensionalen Systemen beschreiben. Wesentliche Daten über diese dynamischen Prozesse sind in Ladungen von D-Branen kodiert. Wir werden die Resultate, die wir über Prozesse zwischen verschiedenen Brankonfigurationen erhalten, mit der Vermutung vergleichen, dass die Ladungen Werte in getwisteten K-Gruppen annehmen. / In recent years, the study of branes has led to many new insights into string and M-theory. Much of this study was done in the large-volume regime where geometric techniques provide reliable information. The extrapolation into the stringy regime usually requires new methods from boundary conformal field theory. Branes on group manifolds give us a good handle on this issue. Although they describe non-trivial backgrounds leading to many interesting effects, they are still tractable. They also serve as building blocks in the coset and orbifold constructions of essentially all known conformal models. The present thesis investigates the dynamics of branes on group manifolds and coset models. In some limiting regime, the dynamics are governed by non-commuta\-tive gauge theories. Many of the processes can be extrapolated to the stringy regime. They manifest themselves as renormalization group flows on the two-dimensional worldsheet theories with boundaries. Such flows are of interest also in condensed matter theory where they describe boundary phenomena in one-dimensional systems. Essential data on these dynamical processes are encoded in D-brane charges. We will compare the obtained results on processes between brane configurations with the conjecture that the charges take their values in twisted K-groups.
428

Umfassende klassische Analyse des geeichten SL(2,R)-U(1)-Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten-Modells

Müller, Uwe 30 October 1998 (has links)
Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren haben Schwarze Löcher viel Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen, insbesondere wegen ihrer ungewöhlichen quantentheoretischen Eigenschaften. Ein in diesem Zusammenhang interessantes Modell ist das geeichte SL(2,R)/U(1)-Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten-Modell, das im Rahmen der Stringtheorie als Euklidisches zweidimensionales Schwarzes Loch interpretiert werden kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die klassischen Eigenschaften dieses Modells, um so die Grundlage für quantentheoretische Untersuchungen zu schaffen. Ausgangspunkt ist eine allgemeine Betrachtung über geeichte Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten-Modelle (WZNW-Modelle). Herkömmlicherweise werden sie mit Hilfe von Eichfeldern formuliert, deren Bewegungsgleichungen rein algebraisch sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Eichfelder aus den Modellen eliminiert. Dabei entsteht eine Klasse von nichtlinearen integrablen konformen Feldtheorien, für deren Bewegungsgleichung eine explizite Lax-Paar-Darstellung abgeleitet wird. Diese Ergebnisse werden auf das geeichte SL(2,R)/U(1)-WZNW-Modell spezialisiert. Zum Vergleich wird auch die Eliminierung des Eichfeldes durch explizite Pfadintegration untersucht, die jedoch aufgrund mathematischer Ambiguitäten nicht zu einem abschließenden Ergebnis geführt wird. Das klassische geeichte SL(2,R)/U(1)-WZNW-Modell wird sowohl in einem unendlich ausgedehnten Minkowski-Raum als auch mit räumlich periodischen Randbedingungen untersucht. Letzteres ist für die stringtheoretische Interpretation des Modells wichtig. Es werden die nichtlinearen Bewegungsgleichungen und ihre allgemeine Lösung angegeben. Diese enthält Parameterfunktionen. Es wird ein Verfahren abgeleitet, um die Parameterfunktionen aus vorgegebenen Anfangsbedingungen zu bestimmen. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens werden die Poissonklammern der Parameterfunktionen aus den kanonischen Poissonklammern der physikalischen Felder berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, daß es eine nichtlokale kanonische Transformation der nichtlinearen physikalischen Felder auf freie Felder gibt. Die entsprechende Bäcklund-Transformation wird angegeben. / Abstract In recent years, Black Holes have attracted much attention, in particular, because of their unusual quantum-theoretical properties. An interesting model, in this context, is the SL(2,R)/U(1) gauged Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten model, which can be interpreted stringtheoretically as Euclidean two-dimensional Black Hole. The present dissertation analyzes the classical properties of this model, in order to prepare the basis for quantum-theoretical investigations. First, gauged Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten (WZNW) models are intoduced in general. Usually, they are formulated including gauge fields, whose equations of motion are purely algebraic. In the present dissertation, the gauge fields are eliminated from the models. A class of non-linear integrable field theories arises, whose equations of motion can be represented by Lax pairs explicitly. These results are specialized to the SL(2,R)/U(1) gauged WZNW model. For comparison, the elimination of the gauge field by explicit path integration is also investigated. But due to mathematical ambiguities, this investigation does not lead to a final result. The classical SL(2,R)/U(1) gauged WZNW model is investigated in an infinitely extended Minkowski space-time as well as with spatially periodic boundary conditions. The latter is important for the stringtheoretical interpretation of the model. The non-linear equations of motion and their general solution are given. A procedure is derived to determine the parameter functions of the general solution from given initial conditions of the equations of motion. By means of this procedure the Poisson brackets of the parameter functions are calculated from the canonical Poisson brackets of the physical fields. It is shown that there is a non-local canonical transformation of the non-linear physical fields onto free fields. The corresponding Backlund transformation is presented.
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Conformal Invariance and Liouville Field Theory / Invariância Conforme e Teoria de Campo de Liouville

Díaz, Laura Raquel Rado 01 June 2015 (has links)
In this work, we make a brief review of the Conformal Field Theory in two dimensions,in order to understand some basic definitions in the study of the Liouville Field Theory, which has many application in theoretical physics like string theory, general relativity and supersymmetric gauge field theories. In particular, we focus on the analytic continuation of the Liouville Field Theory, context in which an interesting relation with the Chern-Simons Theory arises as an extension of its well-known relation with the Wess-Zumino-Witten model. Thus, calculating correlation functions by using the complex solutions of the Liouville Theory will be crucial aim in this work in order to test the consistency of this analytic continuation. We will consider as an application the time-like version of the Liouville Theory, which has several applications in holographic quantum cosmology and in studying tachyon condensates. Finally, we calculate the three-point function for the Wess-Zumino-Witten model for the standard Kac-Moody level k > 2 and the particular case 0 < k < 2, the latter has an interpretation in time-dependent scenarios for string theory. Here we will find an analogue relation we find by comparing the correlation function of the time-like and space-like Liouville Field Theory. / Neste trabalho, nós fazemos uma breve revisão da Teoria de Campo Conforme em duas dimensões, a fim de entender algumas denições básicas do estudo da Teoria de Campo de Liouville, que tem muitas aplicações em física teórica como a teoria das cordas, a relatividade geral e teorias de campo de calibre supersimétricas. Em particular, vamos nos concentrar sobre a continuação analítica da Teoria de Campo de Liouville, contexto no qual uma interessante relação com a Teoria de Chern-Simons surge como uma extensão de sua relação conhecida com o modelo de Wess-Zumino-Witten. Assim, o cálculo das funções de correlação usando as soluções complexas da Teoria Liouville será o objectivo fundamental neste trabalho, a fim de testar a consistência da continuação analítica. Vamos considerar como uma aplicação a versão time-like da Teoria de Liouville, que tem várias aplicações em cosmologia quântica holográfica e no estudo de condensados de tachyon. Finalmente, calculamos a função de três pontos para o modelo de Wess-Zumino-Witten no nível de Kac-Moody k > 2 e o caso particular 0 < k < 2, este último tem uma interpretação em cenários dependentes do tempo para a teoria das cordas. Aqui nós vamos encontrar uma relação análoga ao que temos para a função de correlação do space-like e time-like na Teoria de Campo de Liouville.
430

3D conformal antennas for radar applications / Antennes 3D et conformes pour des applications radars

Fourtinon, Luc 15 December 2017 (has links)
Embarqué sous le radôme du missile, les autodirecteurs existants utilisent une rotation mécanique du plan d’antenne pour balayer le faisceau en direction d’une cible. Les recherches actuelles examinent le remplacement des composantes mécaniques de rotation de l’antenne par un nouveau réseau d’antennes 3D conformes à balayage électronique. Les antennes 3D conformes pourraient offrir des avantages significatifs, tels qu’un balayage plus rapide et une meilleure couverture angulaire mais qui pourraient aussi offrir de nouveaux challenges résultant d’un diagramme de rayonnement plus complexes en 3D qu’en 2D. Le nouvel autodirecteur s’affranchit du système mécanique de rotation ce qui libère de l’espace pour le design d’une nouvelle antenne 3D conforme. Pour tirer le meilleur parti de cet espace, différentes formes de réseaux sont étudiées, ainsi l’impact de la position, de l’orientation et de la conformation des éléments est établi sur les performances de l’antenne, en termes de directivité, ellipticité et de polarisation. Pour faciliter cette étude de réseaux 3D conformes, un programme Matlab a été développé, il permet de générer rapidement le diagramme de rayonnement en polarisation d’un réseau donné dans toutes les directions. L’une des tâches de l’autodirecteur consiste à estimer la position d’une cible donnée afin de corriger la trajectoire du missile. Ainsi, l’impact de la forme du réseau sur l’erreur entre la direction d’arrivée mesurée de l’écho de la cible et sa vraie valeur est analysé. La borne inférieure de Cramer-Rao est utilisée pour calculer l’erreur minimum théorique. Ce modèle suppose que chaque élément est alimenté séparément et permet ainsi d’évaluer le potentiel des réseaux 3D conformes actifs.Finalement, l’estimateur du monopulse en phase est étudié pour des réseaux 3D conformes dont les quadrants n’auraient pas les mêmes caractéristiques. Un nouvel estimateur, plus adapté à des quadrants non identiques, est aussi proposé. / Embedded below the radome of a missile, existing RF-seekers use a mechanical rotating antenna to steer the radiating beam in the direction of a target. Latest research is looking at replacing the mechanical antenna components of the RF-seeker with a novel 3D conformal antenna array that can steer the beam electronically. 3D antennas may offer significant advantages, such as faster beam steering and better coverage but, at the same time, introduce new challenges resulting from a much more complex radiation pattern than that of 2D antennas. Thanks to the mechanical system removal, the new RF-seeker has a wider available space for the design of a new 3D conformal antenna. To take best benefits of this space, different array shapes are studied, hence the impact of the position, orientation and conformation of the elements is assessed on the antenna performance in terms of directivity, ellipticity and polarisation. To facilitate this study of 3D conformal arrays, a Matlab program has been developed to compute the polarisation pattern of a given array in all directions. One of the task of the RF-seeker consists in estimating the position of a given target to correct the missile trajectory accordingly. Thus, the impact of the array shape on the error between the measured direction of arrival of the target echo and its true value is addressed. The Cramer-Rao lower bound is used to evaluate the theoretical minimum error. The model assumes that each element receives independently and allows therefore to analyse the potential of active 3D conformal arrays. Finally, the phase monopulse estimator is studied for 3Dconformal arrays whose quadrants do not have the same characteristics. A new estimator more adapted to non-identical quadrants is also proposed.

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