CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Esta tese està composta de quatro partes distintas. Na primeira parte, vamos dar uma nova caracterizaÃÃo da esfera euclidiana como a Ãnica variedade Riemanniana compacta com curvatura escalar constante e admitindo um campo de vetores conforme nÃo trivial que à tambÃm Ricci conforme. Na segunda parte, provaremos algumas propriedades dos quase sÃlitons de Ricci, as quais permitem estabelecer condiÃÃes de rigidez desses objetos, bem como caracterizar as estruturas de quase sÃlitons de Ricci gradiente na esfera euclidiana. ImersÃes isomÃtricas tambÃm serÃo consideradas; classificaremos os quase sÃlitons de Ricci imersos em formas espaciais, atravÃs de uma condiÃÃo algÃbrica sobre a funÃÃo sÃliton. AlÃm disso, vamos caracterizar, atravÃs de uma condiÃÃo sobre o operador de umbilicidade, as hipersuperfÃcies n-dimensionais de uma forma espacial, com curvatura mÃdia constante, tendo duas curvaturas principais distintas e com multiplicidades p e n - p. Na terceira parte, provaremos um resultado de rigidez e algumas fÃrmulas integrais para uma mÃtrica m-quasi-Einstein generalizada compacta. Na Ãltima parte, vamos apresentar uma relaÃÃo entre a curvatura gaussiana e o Ãngulo de contato de superfÃcies imersas na esfera euclidiana tridimensional,a qual permite concluir que a superfÃcie à plana, se o Ãngulo de contato for constante. AlÃm disso, deduziremos que o toro de Clifford à a Ãnica superfÃcie compacta com curvatura mÃdia constante tendo tal propriedade. / This thesis is composed of four distinct parts. In the first part, we shall give a new characterization of the Euclidean sphere as the only compact Riemannian manifold with constant scalar curvature carrying a conformal vector eld non-trivial which is also Ricci conformal. In the second part, we shall prove some properties of almost Ricci solitons, which allow us to establish conditions for rigidity of these objects, as well as characterize the structures of gradient almost Ricci soliton in Euclidean sphere. Isometric immersions also will be considered, we shall classify almost Ricci solitons immersed in space forms, through algebraic condition on soliton function. Furthermore, we characterize under a condition of the umbilicity operator, n-dimensional hypersurfaces in a space form with constant mean curvature, admitting two distinct principal curvatures with multiplicities p and n - p. In the third part, we prove a result of rigidity and some integral formulae for a compact generalized m-quasi-Einstein metric. In the last part, we present a relation between the Gaussian curvature and the contact angle of surfaces immersed in Euclidean three-dimensional sphere, which allows us to conclude that such a surface is at provided its contact angle is constant. Moreover, we deduce that Clifford tori are the unique compact surfaces with constant mean curvature having such property.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-29T13:52:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) tese_final.pdf: 5635071 bytes, checksum: b300efb627e9ece412ad5936ab67e8e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T13:52:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) tese_final.pdf: 5635071 bytes, checksum: b300efb627e9ece412ad5936ab67e8e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-26 / CNPq / No presente trabalho duas classes de problemas são abordadas. Primeiramente, são apresentados estudos computacionais sobre o modelo O(n) de spins na rede quadrada, e em seguida apresentamos novas soluções exatas para a dinâmica de bolhas na célula de Hele-Shaw. O estudo do modelo O(n) é feito utilizando sua representação em laços (cadeias fechadas), a qual é obtida a partir de uma expansão para altas temperaturas. Nesse representação, a função de partição do modelo possui uma expansão diagramática em que cada termo depende do número e comprimento total de laços e do número de (auto)interseções entre esses laços. Propriedades críticas do modelo de laços O(n) são obtidas através de conceitos oriundos da teoria de percolação. Para executar as simulações Monte Carlo, usamos o eficiente algoritmo WORM, o qual realiza atualizações locais através do movimento da extremidade de uma cadeia aberta denominada de verme e não sofre com o problema de "critical slowing down". Para implementar esse algoritmo de forma eficiente para o modelo O(n) na rede quadrada, fazemos uso de um nova estrutura de dados conhecida como listas satélites. Apresentamos estimativas para o ponto crítico do modelo para vários valores de n no intervalo de 0 < n ≤ 2. Usamos as estatísticas de laços e vermes para extrair, respectivamente, os expoentes críticos térmicos e magnéticos do modelo. No estudo de dinâmica de interfaces, apresentamos uma solução exata bastante geral para um arranjo periódico de bolhas movendo-se com velocidade constante ao longo de uma célula de Hele-Shaw. Usando a periodicidade da solução, o domínio relevante do problema pode ser reduzido a uma célula unitária que contém uma única bolha. Nenhuma imposição de simetria sobre forma da bolha é feita, de modo que a solução é capaz de produzir bolhas completamente assimétricas. Nossa solução é obtida por métodos de transformações conformes entre domínios duplamente conexos, onde utilizamos a transformação de Schwarz-Christoffel generalizada para essa classe de domínios. / In this thesis two classes of problems are discussed. First, we present computational studies of the O(n) spin model on the square lattice and determine its critical properties, whereas in the second part of the thesis we present new exact solutions for bubble dynamics in a Hele-Shaw cell. The O(n) model is investigated by using its loop representation which is obtained from a high-temperature expansion of the original model. In this representation, the partition function admits an diagrammatic expansion in which each term depends on the number and total length of loops (closed graphs) as well as on the number of intersections between these loops. Critical properties of the O(n) model are obtained by employing concepts from percolation theory. To perform Monte Carlo simulations of the model, we use the WORM algorithm, which is an efficient algorithm that performs local updates through the motion of one of the ends (called head) of an open chain (called worm) and hence does not suffer from “critical slowing down”. To implement this algorithm efficiently for the O(n) model on the square lattice, we make use of a new data structure known as a satellite list. We present estimates for the critical point of the model for various values of n in the range 0 < n ≤ 2. We use the statistics about the loops and the worm to extract the thermal and magnetic critical exponents of the model, respectively. In our study about interface dynamics, we present a rather general exact solution for a periodic array of bubbles moving with constant velocity in a Hele-Shaw cell. Using the periodicity of the solution, the relevant domain of the problem can be reduced to a unit cell containing a single bubble. No symmetry requirement is imposed on the bubble shape, so that the solution is capable of generating completely asymmetrical bubbles. Our solution is obtained by using conformal mappings between doubly-connected domains and employing the generalized Schwarz-Christoffel formula for this class of domains.

Nos últimos anos têm sido desenvolvidos modelos de regressão beta, que têm uma variedade de aplicações práticas como, por exemplo, a modelagem de taxas, razões ou proporções. No entanto, é comum que dados na forma de proporções apresentem zeros e/ou uns, o que não permite admitir que os dados provêm de uma distribuição contínua. Nesta tese, são propostas, distribuições de mistura entre uma distribuição beta e uma distribuição de Bernoulli, degenerada em zero e degenerada em um para modelar dados observados nos intervalos [0, 1], [0, 1) e (0, 1], respectivamente. As distribuições propostas são inflacionadas no sentido de que a massa de probabilidade em zero e/ou um excede o que é permitido pela distribuição beta. Propriedades dessas distribuições são estudadas, métodos de estimação por máxima verossimilhança e momentos condicionais são comparados. Aplicações a vários conjuntos de dados reais são examinadas. Desenvolvemos também modelos de regressão beta inflacionados assumindo que a distribuição da variável resposta é beta inflacionada. Estudamos estimação por máxima verossimilhança. Derivamos expressões em forma fechada para o vetor escore, a matriz de informação de Fisher e sua inversa. Discutimos estimação intervalar para diferentes quantidades populacionais (parâmetros de regressão, parâmetro de precisão) e testes de hipóteses assintóticos. Derivamos expressões para o viés de segunda ordem dos estimadores de máxima verossimilhança dos parâmetros, possibilitando a obtenção de estimadores corrigidos que são mais precisos que os não corrigidos em amostras finitas. Finalmente, desenvolvemos técnicas de diagnóstico para os modelos de regressão beta inflacionados, sendo adotado o método de influência local baseado na curvatura normal conforme. Ilustramos a teoria desenvolvida em um conjuntos de dados reais. / The last years have seen new developments in the theory of beta regression models, which are useful for modelling random variables that assume values in the standard unit interval such as proportions, rates and fractions. In many situations, the dependent variable contains zeros and/or ones. In such cases, continuous distributions are not suitable for modeling this kind of data. In this thesis we propose mixed continuous-discrete distributions to model data observed on the intervals [0, 1],[0, 1) and (0, 1]. The proposed distributions are inflated beta distributions in the sense that the probability mass at 0 and/or 1 exceeds what is expected for the beta distribution. Properties of the inflated beta distributions are given. Estimation based on maximum likelihood and conditional moments is discussed and compared. Empirical applications using real data set are provided. Further, we develop inflated beta regression models in which the underlying assumption is that the response follows an inflated beta law. Estimation is performed by maximum likelihood. We provide closed-form expressions for the score function, Fishers information matrix and its inverse. Interval estimation for different population quantities (such as regression parameters, precision parameter, mean response) is discussed and tests of hypotheses on the regression parameters can be performed using asymptotic tests. We also derive the second order biases of the maximum likelihood estimators and use them to define bias-adjusted estimators. The numerical results show that bias reduction can be effective in finite samples. We also develop a set of diagnostic techniques that can be employed to identify departures from the postulated model and influential observations. To that end, we adopt the local influence approach based in the conformal normal curvature. Finally, we consider empirical examples to illustrate the theory developed.

General ideas in the conformal bootstrap program are covered. Both numerical and analytical approaches to the bootstrap equation are reviewed to show how it can be manipulated in different ways. Further analytical approaches are studied for theories with defects. We consider the three-dimensional CFT at the corresponding WF fixed point in the O(N) \phi^4 model with a co-dimension two, monodromy defect. Anomalous dimensions for bulk- and defect-local fields as well as one of the OPE coefficients are found to the first loop order. Implications of inserting this defect and constraints that arises from symmetries of the theory are investigated.

On a compris ces dernières années que certaines mesures d'intrications sont un outil efficace pour la compréhension et la caractérisation de phases nouvelles et exotiques de la matière, en particulier lorsque les méthodes traditionnelles basées sur l'identification d'un paramètre d'ordre sont insuffisantes. Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de quelques systèmes quantiques à basse dimension où un telle approche s'avère fructueuse. Parmi ces mesures, l'entropie d'intrication, définie via une bipartition du système quantique, est probablement la plus populaire, surtout à une dimension. Celle-ci est habituellement très difficile à calculer en dimension supérieure, mais nous montrons ici que le calcul se simplifie drastiquement pour une classe particulière de fonctions d'ondes, nommées d'après Rokhsar et Kivelson. L'entropie d'intrication peut en effet s'exprimer comme une entropie de Shannon relative à la distribution de probabilité générée par les composantes de la fonction d'onde du fondamental d'un autre système quantique, cette fois-ci unidimensionnel. Cette réduction dimensionnelle nous permet d'étudier l'entropie aussi bien par des méthodes numériques (fermions libres, diagonalisations exactes, ...) qu'analytiques (théories conformes). Nous argumentons aussi que cette approche permet d'accéder facilement à certaines caractéristiques subtiles et universelles d'une fonction d'onde donnée en général.Une autre partie de cette thèse est consacrée aux trempes quantiques locales dans des systèmes critiques unidimensionnels. Nous insisterons particulièrement sur une quantité appelée écho de Loschmidt, qui est le recouvrement entre la fonction d'onde avant la trempe et la fonction d'onde à temps t après la trempe. En exploitant la commensurabilité du spectre de la théorie conforme, nous montrons que l'évolution temporelle doit être périodique, et peut même être souvent obtenue analytiquement. Inspiré par ces résultats, nous étudions aussi la contribution de fréquence nulle à l'écho de Loschmidt après la trempe. Celle-ci s'exprime comme un simple produit scalaire -- que nous nommons fidélité bipartie -- et est une quantité intéressante en elle-même. Malgré sa simplicité, son comportement se trouve être très similaire à celui de l'entropie d'intrication. Pour un système critique unidimensionnel en particulier, notre fidélité décroît algébriquement avec la taille du système, un comportement rappelant la célèbre catastrophe d'Anderson. L'exposant est universel et relié à la charge centrale de la théorie conforme sous-jacente. / In recent years, it has been understood that entanglement measures can be useful tools for the understanding and characterization of new and exotic phases of matter, especially when the study of order parameters alone proves insufficient. This thesis is devoted to the study of a few low-dimensional quantum systems where this is the case. Among these measures, the entanglement entropy, defined through a bipartition of the quantum system, has been perhaps one of the most heavily studied, especially in one dimension. Such a quantity is usually very difficult to compute in dimension larger than one, but we show that for a particular class of wave functions, named after Rokhsar and Kivelson, the entanglement entropy of an infinite cylinder cut into two parts simplifies considerably. It can be expressed as the Shannon entropy of the probability distribution resulting from the ground-state wave function of a one-dimensional quantum system. This dimensional reduction allows for a detailed numerical study (free fermion, exact diagonalizations, \ldots) as well as an analytic treatment, using conformal field theory (CFT) techniques. We also argue that this approach can give an easy access to some refined universal features of a given wave function in general.Another part of this thesis deals with the study of local quantum quenches in one-dimensional critical systems. The emphasis is put on the Loschmidt echo, the overlap between the wave function before the quench and the wave function at time t after the quench. Because of the commensurability of the CFT spectrum, the time evolution turns out to be periodic, and can be obtained analytically in various cases. Inspired by these results, we also study the zero-frequency contribution to the Loschmidt echo after such a quench. It can be expressed as a simple overlap -- which we name bipartite fidelity -- and can be studied in its own right. We show that despite its simple definition, it mimics the behavior of the entanglement entropy very well. In particular when the one-dimensional system is critical, this fidelity decays algebraically with the system size, reminiscent of Anderson's celebrated orthogonality catastrophe. The exponent is universal and related to the central charge of the underlying CFT.

L'objectif de ce travail est de décrire des modélisations des points de vue et des changements de points de vue d'images d'un objet planaire dans les algèbres de Clifford conformes. Nous généralisons le modèle conforme de l'espace euclidien à travers une famille à deux paramètres d'horosphère, chacune d'entre elles étant plongée dans un espace vectoriel réel de dimension 4 muni d'une métrique équivalente à la métrique de Minkowski. Nous décrivons par la suite deux approches pour mettre en œuvre ces modèles conformes généralisés pour les représentations d'images. L'idée de base est d'encoder les distorsions perspectives de l'objet causées par la variation du paramètre de latitude de la caméra au travers des paramètres d'une horosphère. La première approche consiste à considérer les horosphères de l'espace de Minkowski de dimension 4 pour encoder les points de vue. Les changements de points de vue sont alors linéarisés à travers un groupe de transformations linéaires et conformes de cet espace. Cette approche est ensuite généralisée en décrivant les points de vue à travers les objets d'un groupoïde dont les morphismes sont des diagrammes commutatifs qui représentent les changements de points de vue. Ainsi, une image conforme est décrite par une application définie sur une horosphère à deux paramètres. L'action du groupoïde sur l'ensemble des images conformes nous conduit à associer à tout objet planaire l'orbite de toutes ses images conformes obtenues à partir de tous les points de vue. / Our purpose in this work is to introduce representations of image viewpoints and viewpoint changes of a planar object in conformal Clifford algebras. Our important preliminary contribution is a generalization of the conformal model of the Euclidean space through a two-parameter family of horospheres. Each one of these is embedded into a real vector space of dimension 4 equipped with a metric equivalent to the Minkowski metric. We describe two approaches that make use of these generalized conformal models for image representations. These are based on modelings of perspective distortions of the object caused by a variation of the latitude angle of the camera. First, we model the image viewpoints by the horospheres of the Minkowski space of dimension 4. In this setting, the viewpoint changes are linearized through a group of linear conformal transformations of this space. This approach is generalized by describing the viewpoints through the objects of a groupoid whose morphisms are commutative diagrams that model the viewpoint changes. A conformal image is then described as a map defined on a horosphere. The action of the groupoid on the set of conformal images leads us to associate with every planar object the orbit of its conformal images from all viewpoints.

In this project we review the method of using c-extremization and computing anomalies to obtain AdS/CFT theories. We start with a quick introduction to CFT's and AdS/CFT correspondence which gives us the tools to later understand the 2D N= (2,0) SCFT and its gravity duals in particular AdS_5xS^5 and AdS_7xS^4 compactified on Riemann surfaces.

L’étude réalisée dans cette thèse porte sur les phénomènes critiques classiques et quantiques. En effet, les phénomènes critiques et les transitions de phases sont devenus des sujets fondamentaux en physique statistique moderne et en théorie des champs et nous proposons dans cette thèse d’étudier certains modèles qui présentent un comportement critique, à la fois à l’équilibre et hors de l’équilibre. Dans la première partie de la thèse, certaines propriétés du modèle de dimères à deux dimensions sont étudiées. Ce modèle a été largement étudié dans les communautés de physique statistique et de mathématiques et un grand nombre d’applications en physique de la matière condensée existent. Ici, nous proposons de mettre l’accent sur des solutions exactes du modèle et d’utiliser l’invariance conforme afin d’avoir une compréhension profonde de ce modèle en présence de monomères et/ou en présence de bords. Les mêmes types d’outils sont ensuite utilisés pour explorer un autre phénomène important apparaissant dans les modèles de dimères et de chaînes de spin : le cercle arctique. Le but étant de trouver une description adéquate en termes de théorie des champs de ce phénomène, en utilisant des calculs exacts ainsi que de l’analyse asymptotique. La deuxième partie de la thèse concerne les phénomènes critiques hors de l’équilibre dans le contexte des modèles de croissance d’interfaces. Ce domaine de recherche est très important de nos jours, principalement en raison de la découverte de l’équation Kardar-Parisi-Zhang et de ses relations avec les ensembles de matrices aléatoires. La phénoménologie de ces modèles en présence des bords est analysée via des solutions exactes et des simulations numériques, on montre alors que des comportements surprenants apparaissent proches des bords / The study carried in this thesis concerns classical and quantum critical phenomena. Indeed, critical behaviors and phase transitions are fundamental topics in modern statistical physics and field theory and we propose in this thesis to study some models which exhibit such behaviors both at equilibrium and out of equilibrium. In the first part of the thesis, some properties of the two-dimensional dimer model are studied. This model has been studied extensively in the statistical physics and mathematical communities and a lot of applications in condensed matter physics exist. Here we propose to focus on exact solutions of the model and conformal invariance in order to have a deep understanding of this model in presence of monomers, and/or boundaries. The same kind of tools are then used to explore another important phenomenon appearing in dimer models and spin chains: the arctic circle. The goal was to find a proper field theoretical description of this phenomenon using exact solutions and asymptotic analysis. The second part of the thesis concerns out of equilibrium critical phenomena in the context of interface growth models. This field of research is very important nowadays, mainly because of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation and its relations with random matrix ensembles. The phenomenology of these models in presence of boundaries is studied via exact solutions and numerical simulations, we show that surprising behaviors appear close to the boundaries

[pt] Esta dissertação visa mostrar que a construção de alguns mapas, chamados mapas conformes, pode ser expressa por funções complexas e essa relação será mostrada ao longo do texto. Inicialmente são apresentadas as coordenadas esféricas utilizadas por geógrafos e matemáticos e a construção de um mapeamento da esfera terrestre no plano, projeção estereográfica. Nas seções seguintes, são apresentadas: definições e propriedades das funções complexas com ênfase em suas interpretações geométricas; alguns mapas gerados pelas funções exponencial, logarítmica e trigonométricas complexas; a relação entre função exponencial e o Mapa de Mercator; algumas características de uma função elíptica; a relação entre uma função elíptica e o Mapa Pierce Quincuncial. / [en] This master thesis aims to show that the construction of some maps, called conformal maps, can be expressed by complex functions and this relation will be shown through the text. First it will be presented the spherical coordinates used for geographers and mathematicians, and the construction of a mapping of the terrestrial sphere in the plane, stereographic projection. In the following sections, they are presented: Definitions and properties of complex functions with emphasis on their geometric interpretations; Some maps generated by the exponential, logarithmic and complex trigonometric functions; The relationship between exponential function and the Mercator Map; Some characteristics of an elliptical function; The relationship between an elliptical function and the Quincuncial Pierce Map.

<p>Dans ce travail nous abordons deux problèmes non résolus en Probabilité appliquée. Nous les approchons tous deux sous un angle nouveau, en utilisant des outils aussi variés que les chaînes de Markov, les mouvements Browniens, les transformations de Schwarz-Christoffel, les processus de Poisson et la théorie des temps d'arrêts optimaux. <p><p>Problème de la ruine pour N joueurs<p><p>Le problème de la ruine pour $N$ joueurs est un problème célèbre dont la solution pour $N=2$ est connue depuis longtemps. Nous l'abordons premièrement en toute généralité, en le modélisant comme un problème d'absorption pour une chaîne de Markov. Nous obtenons les distributions associées à ce problème et nous décrivons un algorithme (appelé {it folding algorithm}) permettant de diminuer considérablement le nombre d'opérations nécessaires à une résolution complète. Cette étude nous permet de mettre en avant un certain nombres de relations de récurrence satisfaites par les probabilités de ruines associées à chaque état de la chaîne de Markov. Nous étudions ensuite une version asymptotique du problème de la ruine pour 3 joueurs. Nous utilisons les propriétés d'invariance des mouvements Browniens par transformations conformes pour décrire une résolution de ce problème via les transformations de Schwarz-Christoffel. Cette méthode dépasse le cadre strict du problème de la ruine pour 3 joueurs et s'applique à d'autres problèmes de temps d'atteinte d'un bord par un mouvement Brownien. <p><p>Problème de Robbins<p><p>Ce problème s'inscrit dans le cadre de la théorie des temps d'arrêts optimaux. C'est un problème d'analyse séquentielle dans lequel un observateur examine $n$ variables aléatoires indépendantes de manière séquentielle et doit en sélectionner exactement une sans rappel. L'objectif est de déterminer une stratégie qui permette de minimiser le rang moyen de l'observation sélectionnée. <p><p> Nous décrivons un modèle alternatif de ce problème, dans lequel le décideur observe un nombre aléatoire d'arrivées distribuées suivant un processus de Poisson homogène sur un horizon fixe $t$. Nous prouvons l'existence d'une stratégie optimale pour chaque horizon, et nous montrons que la fonction de perte associée à cette stratégie est uniformément continue sur $R$. Nous décrivons une fonction de perte restreinte qui permet d'obtenir une estimation de la valeur asymptotique du problème, et nous obtenons la valeur asymptotique associée à des stratégies spécifiques. Nous obtenons ensuite une équation intégro-diffférentielle sur la fonction de perte associée à la stratégie optimale. Finalement nous étudions les valeurs asymptotiques du problème et nous les comparons à celles du problème en temps discret. Nous concluons cette thèse en décrivant des stratégies spécifiques qui permettent d'obtenir des estimations sur le comportement asymptotique de la fonction de perte. <p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished