Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gava.pdf: 2580144 bytes, checksum: 2b675f4390fa8d89b4456506b7cf8a9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / In this thesis, the basic research of Chase and Simon (1973) is questioned, and we seek new results by analyzing the errors of experts and beginners chess players in experiments to reproduce chess positions. Chess players with different levels of expertise participated in the study. The results were analyzed by a Brazilian grandmaster, and quantitative analysis was performed with the use of statistical methods data mining. The results challenge significantly, the current theories of expertise, memory and decision making in this area, because the present theory predicts piece on square encoding, in which players can recognize the strategic situation reproducing it faithfully, but commit several errors that the theory can¿t explain. The current theory can¿t fully explain the encoding used by players to register a board. The errors of intermediary players preserved fragments of the strategic situation, although they have committed a series of errors in the reconstruction of the positions. The encoding of chunks therefore includes more information than that predicted by current theories. Currently, research on perception, trial and decision is heavily concentrated on the idea of 'pattern recognition'. Based on the results of this research, we explore a change of perspective. The idea of 'pattern recognition' presupposes that the processing of relevant information is on 'patterns' (or data) that exist independently of any interpretation. We propose that the theory suggests the vision of decision-making via the recognition of experience. / As políticas de desenvolvimento no Brasil têm sido primordialmente organizadas por tradição centralista, privilegiando territórios com capacidades de retorno mais altas aos investimentos. Resulta uma ocupação fragmentada do território brasileiro e a desigualdade nas condições de vida de locais que não apresentam riquezas a serem exploradas ou uma posição privilegiada à logística produtiva de grande porte. A estrutura produtiva continua fortemente embasada na agricultura de larga escala e o parque industrial extremamente concentrado. Na discussão proposta, busquei contribuir para a superação das desigualdades da sociedade brasileira ao incorporar, na lógica do pensamento e da prática desenvolvimentista nacional, maior participação da população na dinâmica de desenvolvimento, quando sugiro o conceito de autodeterminação local. Nele, torna-se fundamental o papel do ator social, sustentado por sua legitimação frente ao sistema de atores e pela identidade local, cuja ação localmente autodeterminada pode vir a representar um alento à parte expressiva dos pequenos municípios de economias pouco dinâmicas. Realizada mediante ênfase qualitativa, priorizando dados coletados por entrevistas e observação, a pesquisa teve por objeto de estudo a relação entre a dinâmica social local e o desenvolvimento econômico e social de São Roque de Minas. Este município foi a principal fonte de observação e análise de um movimento que levou à criação de uma cooperativa de crédito que veio substituir a última agência bancária que deixou a cidade no contexto das desregulamentações e privatizações do início da década de 1990. Pela cooperativa foi possível dirigir um processo de desenvolvimento local, que apesar de trazer evidências de rompimentos com a prática dominante de desenvolvimento, passou a se expressar de modo continuísta. Pois, se representou um esforço de descentralização no planejamento e execução do desenvolvimento local, priorizando atividades produtivas com política de crédito facilitada, levando a uma maior endogeneização do sistema de decisões, acabou promovendo uma rearticulação produtiva típica de um capitalismo periférico, e não uma revolução burguesa. Limitando esse desenvolvimento ser mais amplo e sustentável a todas as camadas sociais deste espaço, pois é reincidente a priorização de investimentos em processos já dinâmicos e rentáveis ao capital, coincidentes com os interesses da burguesia local, que se afirma conforme o projeto acumula o retorno dos excedentes. Apesar do paradoxo Rompimento-Continuísmo, percebi, nesta cidade, avanços nas formas de impulso ao desenvolvimento local, embora o Estado deva reafirmar sua importância para a ampliação de condições e oportunidades produtivas além do que se predispõe fazer os agentes privados. Destaco a força da participação das pessoas em domínios antes dedicados exclusivamente ao Estado ¿ as política públicas de desenvolvimento ¿ cabendo aos atores político-administrativos das três esferas a ação conjunta no processo. Propus que esta iniciativa de desenvolvimento fosse entendida como uma autodeterminação local, ação coletiva da própria comunidade que se manifesta em condições de carência ou estagnação econômica, combinando esforços de interesse pessoal com outros de ordem social, que se relacionam e são sustentados pelo nível de identidade local existente entre os atores envolvidos. E que será força de transformação na medida em que estiver sustentada por interesses locais.

Neste trabalho vamos introduzir duas generalizações do conceito de cohomologia local formal, o qual chamaremos de cohomologia local formal e Cech-cohomologia local formal, ambas definidas por um par de ideais. Estudaremos seu comportamento em diversos aspectos, tais como anulamento e não anulamento, artinianissidade, finitude, relações comadualidade de Matlis,entre outros. Para isto, uilizaremos o conceito da cohomologia local definida por um par de ideais, introduzido em [50]. Estudaremos também o anel de endomorfismo da cohomologia local definida por um par de ideais e analisaremos quando a dualidadede Matlis de certos módulos de cohomologia local definidos por um par de ideais são módulos Cohen-Macaulay. / In this work we will introduce two generalizations of the concept of formal local cohomology, called formal local cohomology and Cech formal local cohomolgy, both defined by a pair of ideals. We study their behavior in several aspects, such as vanishing and non vanishing, artinianness, finiteness, relations with Matlis dual, and others. Forth is purpose, we use the concept of local cohomology defined by a pair of ideals, introduced in [50]. Also, we analyze the endomorphism ring of the local cohomology defined by a pair of ideal and when the Matlis dual of certain local cohomology defined by a pair of ideals are Cohen-Macaulaymodules.

Neste trabalho vamos introduzir duas generalizações do conceito de cohomologia local formal, o qual chamaremos de cohomologia local formal e Cech-cohomologia local formal, ambas definidas por um par de ideais. Estudaremos seu comportamento em diversos aspectos, tais como anulamento e não anulamento, artinianissidade, finitude, relações comadualidade de Matlis,entre outros. Para isto, uilizaremos o conceito da cohomologia local definida por um par de ideais, introduzido em [50]. Estudaremos também o anel de endomorfismo da cohomologia local definida por um par de ideais e analisaremos quando a dualidadede Matlis de certos módulos de cohomologia local definidos por um par de ideais são módulos Cohen-Macaulay. / In this work we will introduce two generalizations of the concept of formal local cohomology, called formal local cohomology and Cech formal local cohomolgy, both defined by a pair of ideals. We study their behavior in several aspects, such as vanishing and non vanishing, artinianness, finiteness, relations with Matlis dual, and others. Forth is purpose, we use the concept of local cohomology defined by a pair of ideals, introduced in [50]. Also, we analyze the endomorphism ring of the local cohomology defined by a pair of ideal and when the Matlis dual of certain local cohomology defined by a pair of ideals are Cohen-Macaulaymodules.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1964 S54 / Master of Science

The local economic information base for the UK does not meet the demand for local economic indicators emerging from the private and public sectors. This thesis identifies an 'information gap' between the need for and provision of local economic indicators in the public and private sectors. The existence of this 'gap' emerges in the literature review. Empirical evidence of the gap is provided by the thesis' postal survey (which investigates the use of local economic information in forecasting). The dearth of local economic indicators is then confirmed in the analysis of guided interviews with practitioners. The literature review and practitioner interviews identify a rising need for local economic indicators over the last decade. The increased political significance of local space has led to a growth in the need for information at this scale from the public sector. Organisational restructuring and the privatisation of utilities has also led an increase in demand from the private sector for local economic information. This need has been compounded by deficiencies in those local economic indicators which are currently available, in terms of quality, organisation and accessibility. The literature suggests that standardisation of the criteria for organising local economic indicators into a database would greatly assist the organisations that seek this information. However, no such set of criteria has been forthcoming. The thesis therefore incorporates a feasibility study which focuses on the establishment of a standardised local economic database. The research findings steer suggestions for its development, and local economic indicators for the Local Authority District (LAD) ofLuton are collected and organised into a database as a case study. The methodology is documented, and can be reproduced to develop a similar database for any other LAD in the UK.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning and Design / Master / Master of Urban Design

Prof. W.J. Schurink

Magister Legum - LLM / The unemployment rate in South Africa is alarmingly high. In the year 2018, the unemployment rate was recorded at 27.2%. Many people are forced to do desperate, and even dangerous things in order to sustain themselves. This includes people going into landfills to collect recyclable materials to sell and look for a meal. Collecting and retailing recyclable waste has become an informal source of income for thousands of people in South Africa. Waste pickers are individuals whose survival largely depends on collecting, sorting and selling recyclable waste. Waste pickers are defined as people who “collect, sort and sell reusable and recyclable materials”. They embark on waste picking as a means of survival. Given the fact that informal waste management is not regulated by the government, waste pickers are left vulnerable to exploitation and hazardous working environments. Waste pickers are denied access to landfills by either private companies, where municipalities have outsourced this function, or by municipalities themselves. Depending on the management of the landfill, waste pickers could also potentially be faced with crime on landfills with gangsters robbing them of their recyclables and/or hard earned money.

Cette thèse aborde la question de la gouvernance locale dans le secteur de l’éducation au Mali. Elle propose une analyse économique des mécanismes par lesquels les autorités publiques impliquent les acteurs locaux (collectivités territoriales, communautés, services décentralisés et déconcentrés de l’État, ONG…) dans la gestion et la prestation de services publics (éducation). Elle est structurée en trois chapitres, avec comme cadre d’analyse l’économie de l’éducation, l’économie du développement et l’économie institutionnelle. Le premier chapitre donne un aperçu du système éducatif malien à travers quelques indicateurs clés (taux brut de scolarisation, taux net de scolarisation, etc.) et caractéristiques majeures dont les inégalités d’accès. Il mesure également le poids du secteur de l’éducation dans l’économie malienne en termes de dépenses publiques et analyse quantitativement et qualitativement l’offre éducative avant d’identifier les facteurs qui influencent la demande d’éducation des familles.Le deuxième chapitre clarifie le concept de la gouvernance locale et son évolution notamment dans le secteur de l’éducation. Il analyse la gestion du système éducatif malien entre réforme et transfert de compétences et de responsabilités ainsi que les mécanismes de coordination et de coopération entre tous les acteurs. Il décrypte les logiques d’approbation de la gouvernance de l’éducation au niveau local grâce à une étude de terrain menée auprès des acteurs locaux dans la région de Kayes, de Koulikoro, de Ségou, de Sikasso et le district de Bamako.Le troisième chapitre analyse les enjeux et les défis de la gouvernance locale comme stratégie de développement éducatif. Il apporte une contribution à la problématique de la gouvernance de l’éducation par les acteurs locaux, tant en matière d’offre éducative que de scolarisation des élèves au cours de la période 2004-2011. Ensuite, à travers une application économétrique des données de panel, il évalue les effets de l’amélioration de l’offre scolaire sur l’évolution des effectifs. Enfin, ce chapitre évalue le développement de l’éducation au niveau local (région) à travers l’indice de développement éducatif (IDE).Au terme de notre réflexion, nous considérons que la gouvernance locale est un atout pour améliorer certains indicateurs éducatifs, notamment le taux d’accès, le taux de scolarisation, le taux de rétention scolaire, la couverture scolaire du pays etc. Pour autant, à elle seule, la gouvernance locale ne saurait satisfaire ou relever tous les défis éducatifs, tant dans leur dimension quantitative que dans leur dimension qualitative. / This thesis tackles the question of the local governance on the sector of the education in Mali. She propose an economic analysis of the mechanisms by which the public authorities imply the local actors (territorial collectivities, communities, services decentralized and decentralized by the state, the NGO) in the management and the offer of public services (education), while making a contribution of the problems of the local governance of the education. It is structured in three chapters, whit as frame of analysis the economy of the education, the economy of the development and the institutional economy.The first chapter gives to an overview of the Malian education system through some key indicators (rough rate of schooling, rate net schooling…) and its major characteristics of which inequalities of access. It also measure the weight of the sector of the education in the Malian economy in terms of educational public spending and analyzes quantitatively and qualitatively the educational offer before identifying the factors which influence the request for education of the families.The second chapter clarifies concept of the local governance and its evolution in particular in the sector education. It analyzes the management of the Malian education system between reform and transfer of competence and of responsibilities with the local actors, the mechanisms of coordination’s and cooperation’s. It deciphers the logics of approval of the governance of the education at the local level thanks to a study of ground led in the region of Kayes, Koulikoro, Segou, Sikasso and the district of Bamako near the local actors. The third chapter analyzes the stakes and the challenge of the governance local as strategy of educational development. He makes contribution to the problems of the governance of education by the local actors. It analyzes the contribution of those to the improvement of the educational offer and the schooling of the children during the period 2004-2011. Then, through an econometric application of the given of panel, it estimates the effects of the improvement of the school offer on the evolution of children. Lastly, this chapter evaluates the development of education at the local level through the index of educational development (IDE). In the term of our reflection, we consider that the local governance is an asset to improve certain educational indicators, in particular the rate of access, the rate of schooling, the school rate of retention, the school cover of country etc. for as much, it only the local governance could not satisfy or take up all the educational challenges, as well in their quantitative dimension as in their qualitative dimension.

Introdução: Este estudo prospectivo, randomizado, duplo-cego investigou, em valvopatas, alterações hemodinâmicas durante o tratamento odontológico com o uso do anestésico local contendo adrenalina e sem a mesma. Métodos: O estudo foi conduzido na Unidade de Odontologia do Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (Brasil 2004-2005). Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos através de tabela de números aleatórios: LSA (lidocaína a 2% sem adrenalina, n= 31, 42.2 ± 10.3 anos) e LCA (lidocaína a 2% com adrenalina 1:100.000, n= 28, 40.3 ± 10.9 anos). O volume anestésico foi registrado. Um monitor multiparamétrico DIXTAL (São Paulo- Brasil) registrou os valores da pressão arterial sistêmica, freqüência cardíaca, saturação de oxigênio e traçado eletrocardiográfico. Registrou-se também o volume anestésico aplicado em cada procedimento realizado. Resultados: 22 homens e 37 mulheres foram incluídos. Valores da pressão arterial sistêmica, freqüência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio, antes, durante e após administração da anestesia local não mostraram diferenças estatísticas entre os dois grupos (P > 0.05). Arritmias observadas em alguns pacientes antes do início do tratamento odontológico não sofreram alterações de morfologia ou gravidade após injeção anestésica. Relatos de dor durante a realização do procedimento odontológico foram mais freqüentes no grupo LSA com conseqüente aumento no volume de anestésico local administrado. Conclusão: lidocaína 2% com adrenalina 1:100.000 mostrou maior eficácia anestésica em comparação com a lidocaína 2% sem adrenalina sem causar alterações hemodinâmicas em pacientes portadores de valvopatias. / Introduction: This prospective, randomized double-blinded study investigated hemodynamic changes in valvular cardiac patients during dental treatment with the use of a local anesthesia containing epinephrine. Methods: The study was conducted in the Dental Department of the Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil 2004- 2005). Patients were allocated into two groups through an aleatory numbered table: PL (plain 2% lidocaine, n= 31) and LE (2% lidocaine with 1:100.000 epinephrine, n= 28). The anesthetic amount was registered. DIXTAL monitor (São Paulo- Brazil) captured blood pressure, heart rate, oxygenation and electrocardiogram records. Results: 22 men and 37 women were included (LE age 40.3 ± 10.9 and PL age 42.2 ± 10.3). Blood pressure, heart rate and pulse oximetry values before, during and after local anesthesia injection did not show any difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Any arrhythmias observed in some patients prior to dental anesthesia did not suffer alterations of shape or gravity after it. Complains of pain during dental procedure were more often in the PL group with a higher amount of local anesthesia needed. Conclusion: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100.000 showed a superior anesthetic efficiency without leading to hemodynamics changes in patients with cardiac valvular compromise.