In this thesis, three perspectives on the justification of intellectual property rights are investigated in the light of conflicting socioeconomic human rights. This is done by using a comparative method, where the perspectives chosen are reviewed through the lense of rights as legitimate claims, as well as accessibility of rights. The purpose is to review as to how the ownership of ideas and inventions can be justified in relation to the socioeconomic challenges faced in many parts of the world. The principal research question is: How can intellectual property rights be justified and how can it be evaluated against the backdrop of socioeconomic rights and moral obligations? To answer this question, I posed three sub-questions: First, how are intellectual property rights justified in the existing research chosen as an entry point for this thesis? Drawn from this, how can the justification of intellectual property rights be understood as a moral concern in a socioeconomically unequal world? Taking a cue from this, what questions need to be answered to better understand the transnational moral obligations linked to intellectual property rights? By reviewing the perspectives presented on the justification of intellectual property rights, I make three concluding statements ​— intellectual property rights cannot be justified in cases where they affect other individuals’ socioeconomic rights negatively; excessive benefits gained for creators is not morally reasonable; and the unequal distribution of power and opportunities in relation to transnational moral responsibilities need to be recognised.

As a result of the profound influence of theories of collective action such as The Tragedy of the Commons, The Prisonerâ s Dilemma Game, and The Logic of Collective Action, policy analysts have recommended external management, either by government control or market participation, as the most efficient option to govern common pool resources. However, due to the repeated failure of the external intervention, a new alternative has been considered, the common property rights. Due to their long term interaction with the resources, local users have developed mechanisms, rules, and institutions that can be used to favor the sustainable management of the resources. Recognizing these benefits in places where the government has nationalized the resources, it has started a process of decentralization of property rights of natural resources to local users. The purpose of this paper is twofold, to analyze the potential benefits that a common property right regime has in the management of the environmental resources, and to evaluate which are the key factors for this arrangement to succeed. In this endeavor, the case of the Irrigation systems in Philippines is presented. / Master of Public and International Affairs

Les négociations de l’Uruguay Round ont été l’occasion d’introduire la propriété intellectuelle dans le cadre du GATT avec la conclusion de l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (ADPIC) et l’application du système renforcé de règlement des différends de l’OMC aux différends découlant de ce nouvel accord. La présente thèse vise à analyser comment ce système administré par l’ORD organise, traite et règle les différends relatifs au respect des obligations découlant de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. La question est d’une grande importance en raison des singularités de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. Les études menées tout au long de cette thèse ont permis de faire état des règles et procédures encadrant le règlement des différends ADPIC ; de révéler certaines spécificités, en ce qui concerne le type de plaintes pouvant être portées devant l’ORD, et certaines difficultés spécifiques soulevées par l’application de son système de rétorsion à l’Accord sur les ADPIC ; de mettre en avant le rôle central que joue l’ORD, lequel s’est révélé crédible et efficace, non seulement en traitant les différends ADPIC par le truchement des Groupes spéciaux et l’Organe d’appel, mais encore en contribuant à en régler un nombre appréciable au stade des consultations ; et enfin de souligner la manière prudente dont ont fait preuve les Groupes spéciaux et l’Organe d’appel dans leur mission. / The Uruguay Round negotiations gave an opportunity to include intellectual property within the GATT framework, with the conclusion of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the application of the reinforced system of the WTO dispute settlement to disputes deriving from this new agreement. The present thesis aims at analyzing how this system, managed by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) organizes, drafts and rules disputes related to the respect of the obligations born of the TRIPS Agreement. The question is of great importance because of the TRIPS Agreement singularities. The studies undertaken throughout this thesis help report on the rules and procedures framing the TRIPS disputes settlement ; reveal some specificities, with regard to the type of complaints which can be brought before the DSB, and some specific difficulties generated by the application of the DSB retaliation system to the TRIPS Agreement ; highlight the central role that plays the DSB, which appeared trustworthy and effective, not only in dealing with TRIPS disputes through the establishment of panels and the Appellate Body, but also in contributing to the settlement of a significant number of disputes at the consultation stage ; and finally underline how the panels and the Appellate Body precautiously lead their own mission.

Why do militaries intervene in politics in some countries and not in others? Existing theories of civil-military relations do not adequately explain military politics around the world. This dissertation provides an alternative, political-economy explanation and argues that strength of property rights instituted by a state shapes the degree of civilian supremacy over its military. I show that secure property rights induce efficient allocation of resources and contribute to sustained economic growth, which helps accommodate group interests and increases trust among them. This helps create consensus among individuals and groups on the institutions of the state, which increases the legitimacy of the state and the credibility of its institutions. High levels of legitimacy and credibility of civilian institutions enable the state to make policy decisions independent of the military, thereby reducing the ability of the military to intervene in politics. Secure property rights also constrain the arbitrary behavior of the state to politicize the military and inspire the state to uphold merit-based, professional norms in the armed forces, which prevent spillover of social cleavages into the ranks of the military. This reinforces military professionalism and helps reduce the disposition of the military to intervene in politics. Finally, secure property rights provide incentives to the groups to uphold existing institutions and pursue their interests through the markets. As a result, groups refrain from “knocking on the door” of the military to secure their interests, which reduces the opportunity for the military to intervene in politics.

El profesor Henry Chesbrough, da origen a “Open Innovation” (OI por sus siglas en inglés) a principios del presente milenio. Él afirma que “La innovación abierta es un paradigma que parte de la suposición de que las empresas pueden y deben utilizar ideas externas, así como vías internas y externas de acceso al mercado, con el fin de desarrollar su negocio” (Chesbrough, 2011, p. 126). La base de OI y los derechos de propiedad intelectual(DPI) en distintas áreas juegan un rol fundamental. Bican, Guderian & Ringbeck (2017), afirman que existe un efecto desactivador de la innovación. Sobre todo, en paises en vías de desarrollo. Debido a que existe una brecha para impulsar I+D+i desde el estado como promotor junto a las universidades. Además, “Las empresas deben organizar sus procesos de innovación para estar más abiertas a ideas y conocimientos externos” (Chesbrough, 2011). En Perú, y otros países de Latinoamérica, falta desarrollar políticas orientadas al desarrollo de innovación abierta. Según CEPAL (2018), el principal motivo de desconexión entre los ciudadanos y el estado, es la incapacidad de las instituciones públicas para satisfacer las demandas crecientes y cambiantes de la sociedad. Además, existen otros desafíos socioeconómicos y la necesidad de repensar las instituciones para darles mejor respuesta a las demandas de la sociedad. En el presente trabajo, estudiaremos los posibles factores de éxito de gestión de OI y DPI, la influencia de las TICs y la generacion de un ecosistema Hyper-colaborativo, para crear valor y promover un mayor bienestar en la población. / Professor Henry Chesbrough gives rise to "Open Innovation" (OI) at the beginning of this millennium. He states that "Open innovation is a paradigm that starts from the assumption that companies can and should use external ideas, as well as internal and external ways of accessing the market, in order to develop their business" (Chesbrough, 2011, p. 126). The basis of OI and intellectual property rights (IPR) in different areas play a fundamental role. Bican, Guderian&Ringbeck (2017), state that there is a deactivating effect of innovation. Above all, in developing countries. Because there is a gap to promote R & D & I from the state as a promoter with universities. In addition, "Companies must organize their innovation processes to be more open to external ideas and knowledge" (Chesbrough, 2011). In Peru, and other Latin American countries, there is a need to develop policies aimed at developing open innovation. According to ECLAC (2018), the main reason for disconnection between citizens and the state is the inability of public institutions to meet the growing and changing demands of society. In addition, there are other socio-economic challenges and the need to rethink institutions to better respond to society's demands. In this paper, we will study the possible success factors of OI and DPI management, the influence of ICTs and the generation of a Hyper-collaborative ecosystem, to create value and promote greater well-being in the population.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第18759号 / 経博第510号 / 新制||経||273(附属図書館) / 31710 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 章久, 教授 三野 和雄, 教授 矢野 誠 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

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A large number of firms around the world are family firms. Many of these family firms are involved in internationalization strategies. Despite the breadth of knowledge on the internationalization of large family firms, not enough attention has been paid to some of the aspects of internationalization. Specifically, the literature is scarce with respect to understanding the mechanisms that may help or harm family firms in their internationalization strategies and the impact of these strategies on firm performance. In my dissertation, I use property rights theory to argue that family firms are able to minimize their negotiating and policing costs, allowing them to benefit from internationalization, but not in all environments. I add to the literature by further finding that family firms internationalize more in environments that have lower levels of legal and political, physical, and intellectual property rights. Also, I find that family firms experience higher performance in environments that have lower levels of property rights protection. Therefore, this dissertation creates various avenues for future research, and provides more evidence toward the superiority of family firms in some, but not all environments.

The tremendous spreading of multimedia via Internet motivates the watermarking as a new promising technology for copyright protection. This work is concerned with the design and development of novel algorithms in the spatial and transform domains for robust and secure watermarking of coloured images. These algorithms are adaptive, content-dependent and compatible with the Human Visual System (HVS). The host channels have the ability to host a large information payload. Furthermore, it has enough capacity to accept multiple watermarks. Abstract This work achieves several contributions in the area of coloured images watermarking. The most challenging problem is to get a robust algorithm that can overcome geometric attacks, which is solved in this work. Also, the search for a very secure algorithm has been achieved via using double secret keys. In addition, the problem of multiple claims of ownership is solved here using an unusual approach. Furthermore, this work differentiates between terms, which are usually confusing the researchers and lead to misunderstanding in most of the previous algorithms. One of the drawbacks in most of the previous algorithms is that the watermark consists of a small numbers of bits without strict meaning. This work overcomes this weakness III in using meaningful images and text with large amounts of data. Contrary to what is found in literature, this work shows that the green-channel is better than the blue-channel to host the watermarks. A more general and comprehensive test bed besides a broad band of performance evaluation is used to fairly judge the algorithms.

The major themes of this thesis are the impact of Intellectual Property (IP) systems on foreign direct investment spillovers and bilateral FDI flows. This thesis consists of three empirical studies. The first study integrates in the existing theoretical frameworks the distinct effect of the public IP enforcement element of IP systems on FDI horizontal spillovers. By employing a meta-analysis approach and the ordered probit model estimation technique, it finds that the strength of public IP enforcement in a host country has a positive effect on FDI horizontal spillovers but it dampens the positive effect of IP law protection on FDI horizontal spillovers when it becomes too strong. The second empirical study examines the impact of IP systems on FDI vertical spillovers. This study employs a similar conceptual and empirical approach and finds that the strength of public IP enforcement has a positive effect on FDI vertical spilloversbut a negative moderating effect on the relationship between the strength of IP law protection and FDI vertical spillovers. In the third empirical study, a gravity model is applied to test the effect of IP systems on bilateral FDI flows in OECD countries. Using the Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood, it finds both the strength of IP law protection and the strength of public IP enforcement to have a positive effect on bilateral FDI flows. The broad implication of these findings is that countries should strengthen both their IP law protection and enforcement but apply appropriate measures to mitigate the negative effect resulted from excessive IP protection.