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Recent research approaches in semantics based video content analysis require shot boundary detection as the first step to divide video sequences into sections. Furthermore, with the advances in networking and computing capability, efficient retrieval of multimedia data has become an important issue. Content-based retrieval technologies have been widely implemented to protect intellectual property rights (IPR). In addition, automatic recognition of highlights from videos is a fundamental and challenging problem for content-based indexing and retrieval applications. In this thesis, a paradigm is proposed to segment, retrieve and interpret digital videos. Five algorithms are presented to solve the video segmentation task. Firstly, a simple shot cut detection algorithm is designed for real-time implementation. Secondly, a systematic method is proposed for shot detection using content-based rules and FSM (finite state machine). Thirdly, the shot detection is implemented using local and global indicators. Fourthly, a context awareness approach is proposed to detect shot boundaries. Fifthly, a fuzzy logic method is implemented for shot detection. Furthermore, a novel analysis approach is presented for the detection of video copies. It is robust to complicated distortions and capable of locating the copy of segments inside original videos. Then, iv objects and events are extracted from MPEG Sequences for Video Highlights Indexing and Retrieval. Finally, a human fighting detection algorithm is proposed for movie annotation.

為有效促進土地使用、環境保護及引導都市發展，美國形成所謂「成長管理運動」，藉以提昇整體土地效用，並符合隨時代變遷而呈現多樣化的土地開發行為。然在土地使用規劃與管制的執行中，常涉及個別土地所有權人的財產權範圍與社會公經濟外部性間的考量；就土地使用規劃與管制對整體土地利用價值而言，可有所提升並降低開發所產生的負外部性；但就個別而言，當土地受到一定程度上之限制時，將會影響土地所有權人於土地所能從事的經濟活動、土地使用及其交易價值，且多重的管制往往導致土地所有權人權益因此受到限縮或喪失，是以為求合理的私有財產權保障，也相對興起了「私有財產權運動」，以尋求管制下的公平對待。 就社會整體而言，負面外部性的降低與正面外部性的營造有其必要，但更嚴格的管制也意味著人民私有財產權的重新界定，從而在土地使用規則與管制的執行上，產生了成長管理運動與私有財產權運動兩種不同面向的思潮與措施。是以本研究欲就成長管理運動與私有財產權運動之理念執行，以實證分析影響美國州政府採行成長管理運動或私有財產權運動之因素，期望藉由此兩種運動的執行理念與探討，作為我國執行土地使用規劃與管制對土地財產權界定與重新界定之參考與借鏡。 / In order to promote efficient land use and protect environment as well as lead urban development, the Growth Management Movement has emerged in USA. However, the implementation of land use planning and control will unavoidable affect the domain of private property rights and the public interests in terms of externality. Although land use planning and control can reduce the negative externality of land development, the limitation on private land will attenuate private property rights and result in the loss of landowners’ property rights and land value. The Private Property Rights Movement arises so as to pursue a reasonable protection of property rights and to have an equal treatment under land use control. From the society viewpoint, land use control is employed to modify the market failure so as to reduce the negative externality and increase positive externality, but the implementation of tighter land use control means that the landowners’ property rights are redefined and attenuated. That how far is too far is always a controversy and lead to the emergence of two opposite movements i.e. the Growth Management Movement and The Private Property Rights Movement. This study intends to investigate the concept of and to analyze the influence factors of both movements so as to use a mirror for Taiwan’s land use planning and control which assigns and reassigns the property rights of land.

Habilitacijai teikiami mokslo darbai, susiję su dviem tyrimų sritimi – autorių teisių ir kitų intelektinės nuosavybės teisių apsaugos ir gynimo teoriniais ir praktiniais aspektais. Teikiamuose mokslo darbuose, remiantis kitų valstybių, Lietuvos doktrina ir teismų praktika analizuojama ir aiškinama teisinio reguliavimo novelų esmė, pateikiamos tam tikro instituto ar dalyko fundamentalios žinios ir vertinimai. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad, ypač intelektinės nuosavybės teisės srityje, dauguma analizuotų klausimų susiję su Europos Sąjungos ar tarptautinės teisės aktų nuostatų įgyvendinimu vidaus teisėje, analizuojami šio įgyvendinimo rezultatai, nagrinėjamos atitinkamų nuostatų turinys ir taikymo galimybės, atskleidžiamos tinkamo ir netinkamo teisės taikymo atvejai, doktrininiu aiškinimu šalinamos esamos teisinio reguliavimo ar teisės taikymo spragos arba klaidos. Taip pat iškeliamos tam tikros teisės politikos formavimo, vystymo ir strategijos kryptys bei problemos, orientuojantis į racionalumo ir apsaugos funkcionalumo kriterijus. Tyrimuose didelę reikšmę turi istorinis, lyginamasis, teleologinis tyrimų metodai. Didelę reikšmę teikiamuose darbuose turi monografija apie autorių teisę, kurioje sistemiškai nagrinėjami pagrindiniai principai, šaltiniai, objektai, subjektai, asmeninės neturtinės teisės ir turtinės teisės bei jų apribojimai. Remiantis droit d‘ auteure tradicija, autorių teisės paskirtis ir pagrindinė funkcija yra reguliuoti trejopo pobūdžio interesų konfliktus ir rasti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject matter of the scientific studies comprises a study of key issues of the protection of copyright as well as enforcement of other intellectual property rights. The basic methods of study used in the works are comparative, historical and teleological. The model of legal regulation of the protection of intellectual property rights chosen is the one existing in the states of droit d’ auteur and copyright systems, and based on this model the key issues of copyright protection are analysed by way of comparing and assessing the aspects provided for in the Lithuanian legislation. Lithuania follows the droit d’ auteur system. In general, the Lithuanian copyright law does not reflect any unique tradition. The development of intellectual property rights protection in Lithuania essentially coincided with the accession to international and regional organisations and to international agreements. When Lithuania decisively implemented one of its foreign policy aims — to become a member of the European Union — the approximation of its national law to the European Union legislation commenced in the field of intellectual property law as well as in the whole legal system. The scientific monograph and the few scientific articles analyse the main aspects of the protection of copyright: main principles of copyright, legal sources, subject matter of the protections, the author or other copyright owner, contents of protection (economic rights and moral rights), limitations and exceptions... [to full text]

本文取徑經濟學的公共財概念，試圖從此一角度出發探討頻譜管理從「稀有論」轉向「公有論」的論述正當性，並釐清管理模式與財貨特性之關連。根據研究結果，頻譜資源的原始狀態雖符合公共財定義，但並非任何人所有，其財貨特性會隨著科技發展和法律制度而變動，因此「頻譜公有」的論述並未獲得專家學者支持。 儘管如此，頻譜資源在運用上需避免使用者相互干擾，因此建立一套合理的使用秩序，方能促使資源發揮效用。針對提供商業服務之頻譜，本文建議主管機關在規劃與指配上應給予使用者更多彈性，以類似出租國有地的方式，視頻譜資源為獨立客體並制訂相關法律；其次為放寬技術與用途限制，並在釋出資源後開放頻譜二次交易，讓分配效率得以提升。 長期而言，無線通訊科技將不斷演化，當干擾問題可獲得妥善解決，為追求資源使用效率，本文建議管理模式應朝開放共享的方向邁進。簡言之，「頻譜管理」任務本身就是一種公共服務，政府責無旁貸，唯有充分掌握頻譜資源的供給與需求變化，施政方針才能充分反應使用者需求。 / This research argues that the scarcity rationale could be replaced by public spectrum rationale. The research results show that although the nature of spectrum resource is public good by economic definition, it doesn’t mean the resources are owned by the public. Therefore, the ownership of resources should be clearly defined under the law to prevent users from interfering with each other. For spectrum used in private sector, the allocative efficiency is important for some valuable blocks of spectrum such as 800MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, 2600MHz. To improve allocative efficiency, the research result suggest that the government could legislate specific laws on spectrum management, while allowing users to decide how they want to make use of the resources. In the long run, wireless communication technology will keep developing. As long as signal interference can be controlled under specific conditions, spectrum sharing including common regime and license-exempt use should be adopted. A government plays the key role which not only provides management service but should also have a systematic plan for improving spectrum efficiency.

Land Ownership and Development: Evidence from Postwar Japan This paper analyzes the effect of land ownership on technology adoption and structural transformation. A large-scale land reform in postwar Japan enforced a large number of tenant farmers who were cultivating land to become owners of this land. I find that the municipalities which had many owner farmers after the land reform tended to experience a quick entry of new agricultural machines which became available after the reform. The adoption of the machines reduced the dependence on family labor, and led to a reallocation of labor from agriculture to industries and service sectors in urban centers when these sectors were growing. I also analyze the aggregate impact of labor reallocation on economic growth by using a simple growth model and micro data. I find that it increased GDP by about 12 percent of the GDP in 1974 during 1955-74. I also find a large and positive effect on agricultural productivity. Loyalty and Treason: Theory and Evidence from Japan's Land Reform A historically large-scale land reform in Japan after World War II enforced by the occupation forces redistributed a large area of farmlands to tenant farmers. The reform demolished hierarchical structures by weakening landlords' power in villages and towns. This paper investigates how the change in the social and economic structure of small communities affects electoral outcomes in the presence of clientelism. I find that there was a considerable decrease in the vote share of conservative parties in highly affected areas after the reform. I find the supporting evidence that the effect was driven by the fact that the tenant farmers who had obtained land exited from the long-term tenancy contract and became independent landowners. The effect was relatively persistent. Finally, I also find the surprising result that there was a decrease, rather than an increase, in turnout in these areas after the reform.  Geography and State Fragmentation We examine how geography affects the location of borders between sovereign states in Europe and surrounding areas from 1500 until today at the grid-cell level. This is motivated by an observation that the richest places in this region also have the highest historical border presence, suggesting a hitherto unexplored link between geography and modern development, working through state fragmentation. The raw correlations show that borders tend to be located on mountains, by rivers, closer to coasts, and in areas suitable for rainfed, but not irrigated, agriculture. Many of these patterns also hold with rigorous spatial controls. For example, cells with more rivers and more rugged terrain than their neighboring cells have higher border densities. However, the fragmenting effects of suitability for rainfed agriculture are reversed with such neighbor controls. Moreover, we find that borders are less likely to survive over time when they separate large states from small, but this size-difference effect is mitigated by, e.g., rugged terrain.

Combiner le respect du milieu et le bien-être des personnes qui vivent de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles en Amazonie est une préoccupation qui est appelée à transformer les politiques d’exploitation du territoire. Je montre dans cette étude que les gains du développement économique, la protection de l’environnement et l’amélioration du niveau de vie des populations locales sont des objectifs compatibles. Toutefois, des tensions entre les trois piliers du développement durable subsistent et nécessitent une forme de négociation pour arriver à un équilibre des coûts et bénéfices du développement. En Amazonie, cette négociation prend la forme d’un encadrement du développement par les législations gouvernementales. Ces lois clarifient les droits de propriété et établissent un système de gestion de l’exploitation des ressources forestières tant sur les terres publiques que sur les terres privées. En analysant deux cas d’exploitation de ressources issues de la forêt, soit le bois d’œuvre et la baie d’açaí, j’explique les raisons pour lesquelles les populations locales vivant de l’exploitation des diverses ressources forestières sont peu intégrées dans le processus de développement. La régulation publique s’appliquant à l’exploitation du bois tend à criminaliser les activités pratiquées par les populations locales sans apporter d’alternative autre que les plans de gestion forestière. Dans le cas de la baie d’açaí, la coexistence de la culture et de la cueillette comme systèmes de production permet aux populations locales de continuer leurs activités traditionnelles et une répartition des coûts et bénéfices du développement plus équitable entre les acteurs. / Combining respect of the environment and the well-being of people living from natural resource exploitation in the Amazon is a concern meant to transform the politics of territorial exploitation. In this study, I show that the gains of economic development, the protection of the environment and the improvement of the quality of life of local populations are compatible objectives. However, tensions remain between the three pillars of sustainable development and there is a need for negotiation in order to reach equilibrium of costs and benefits of such development. In the Amazon, this negotiation process takes the form of a framework of development through government legislation. These laws clarify property rights and establish a management system of forest resources exploitation on public and private lands. By analysing two cases of forest resources exploitation, logging and acai berry extraction, I explain the reasons why local populations, whose main source of revenue is forest resources exploitation, are little integrated in the development process. Public regulations applied to logging tend to criminalize activities practiced by local populations without providing other alternatives to forest management plan compliance. In the acai berry case, the coexistence of culture and extractive (harvesting) systems of production allows local populations to carry on with their traditional activities and the distribution of costs and benefits of development tends to be more equitable between the actors.

Legal regime applicable to land in the protected areas and protective zones The aim of my thesis is to analyse the legal regime, which is applied to the protected areas and protective zones. Both institutes can be grouped among the environment protection instruments. They are also applied to the protection of other objects (e.g., water mains, cultural monuments, electric communications), especially they are applied to the protected areas. They are universal instruments because they are used in various branches of law. To achieve the objective, which is to establish the protected areas and protective zones, limitation of property rights to the respective immovables happen. The level of regulation is not always the same. Particular limitations are various and they are contained either directly in a respective act or in a regulation, which establishes a protected area or protective zone, or they are mentioned in both legal enactments. They can be formed as restrictions of particular activities with the possibility of making an exception (there are also absolute restrictions, in this case no exceptions can be made) or as activities, which can be performed only when they are approved by a respective authority. Most often the limitations happen in the field of farming and building activities. In my...

The General civil code and the private law in Slovakia in the period 1918 - 1938 (comparison of the property rights and law of obligations) Abstract The aim of my thesis is to describe the comparison between The General civil code and the private law in Slovakia in the period 1918 - 1938. The comparison focuses on the property rights and law of obligations. The reason for my research is that nobody has dealt with the topic of this thesis. This thesis consists of the eight chapters, each of them analyzes the different field of thesis. Chapter One consists of three parts and deals with The General civil code. Part One explains the origin of The General civil code. Part Two describes the content of The General civil code and part Three is about development of The General civil code from 1811 to 1950. Chapter Two contains information about private law in Slovakia. Chapter Two is subdivided into five parts, which focuses on the source of law in Slovakia. The attempt of unification of private law in The Czechoslovakian republic is examined in chapter Three. This chapter is composed of two parts. Part One analyzes the unification of the private law in The Czechoslovakian republic and part Two describes the development of The bill, which implements the new General civil code. Chapter Four is about the definition of...