Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Liandra Peres Caldasso.pdf: 1522757 bytes, checksum: 09da3cd6391ae01473128031e0f60dd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Artisanal fisheries are suffering a decline in most coastal areas in Brazil and in the world, which leads to ecological problems, such as the subtraction or even extinction of particular fish species, and to social problems, since fishermen no longer have their main source of livelihood. In Brazil, state intervention has not been sufficient to overcome these difficulties. Therefore, in order to face the crisis in the fisheries sector, an alternative form of management of common property resources arises in the literature. Intellectuals who study this issue have accepted shared management (collective management or co-management) as the best institutional arrangement alternative to avoid the perverse effects of over-exploitation. In this sense, the present work has as its main objective to analyse the shared management form implemented in the estuary of Lagoa dos Patos/Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) through the creation of the Lagoa dos Patos Forum, in 1996. Since this management alternative is based on the relevant role played by the managing bodies and users of such resources, we decided to use the contributions of theoretical analysis on common property resources, focusing on shared management, as we believe that this form of co-management can contribute to the efficient and sustainable use of fishery resources. / A pesca artesanal encontra-se em decl?nio na maior parte das zonas costeiras do Brasil e do mundo, levando a problemas ecol?gicos com a subtra??o ou mesmo a extin??o de determinadas esp?cies de pescado e a problemas sociais, j? que os pescadores n?o disp?em de seu principal meio de subsist?ncia. No Brasil, a interven??o estatal n?o foi suficiente para superar essas dificuldades. Assim, diante da crise no setor pesqueiro, surge na literatura que trata dos recursos de propriedade comum, uma forma alternativa de manejo para esses recursos. A forma de gest?o compartilhada (gest?o coletiva ou co-gest?o), tem sido aceita por intelectuais que se dedicam ao tema, como a melhor alternativa de arranjo institucional para evitar os efeitos perversos da sobre-explora??o. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal, analisar as forma de gest?o compartilhada implementada no estu?rio da Lagoa dos Patos/RS por meio da cria??o do F?rum da Lagoa dos Patos em 1996. Tendo em vista que essa alternativa de manejo fundamenta-se pelo relevante papel desempenhado pelos ?rg?os gestores e usu?rios de tais recursos, optou-se por utilizar as contribui??es da an?lise te?rica sobre recursos de propriedade comum, enfocando na gest?o compartilhada, acredita-se que essa forma de co-gest?o possa contribuir para o uso eficiente e sustent?vel dos recursos pesqueiros.

The diploma thesis Property disputes of the fifties in the 16th century in České Budějovice handles property disputes, disputes over honor and payments records within the years 1550 - 1560 deposited in the State District Archive in České Budějovice. Emphasis is placed on analysis of the city code Urban Rights of Brikcí from Licko. Attention was paid mainly to the property rights of the citizens in the standard and in practice. The practical part of the work focused on the analysis of individual disputes and the behavior of the citizens in specific cases with an emphasis on the use of the Code.

Sustainable development of global marine resources has been the focus of various United Nations' agencies and coastal nations since World War II. As capture fisheries resources have come under pressure and perhaps reached their sustainable limit concern has been expressed over the ability to continue to meet the protein needs of expanding populations. One potentially significant contributor to addressing the food needs of the world is marine farming (mariculture). The expansion of marine farming in developing countries has been well-addressed in the literature, but marine farming in developed countries has received less attention. The traditional biophysical requirements of marine farming (sheltered clean water of appropriate depth) have led to conflicts with other users of the coastal environment. In the developed countries in particular, suitable sites are contested places of consumption (recreation, tourism) as well as production (capture fisheries). Moreover, the adjacent terrestrial land and water uses can significantly affect acceptability of marine farming. The avoidance of conflicts and the achievement of sustainable development in such settings are largely dependent on the systems of governance. In developed countries, these are often articulated through planning regimes and associated 'rights'. The global terrestrial planning response in the first two thirds of the 20th Century was dominated by a modernist approach to planning. In the later stages, a post-modern challenge coincided with the rise of neo-liberalism in many developed countries. Planning in New Zealand has shown a similar pattern. The extent to which modern, postmodern and neo-liberal approaches might have been manifest in the marine environment, especially with regard to marine farming, has received little attention. In most developed countries there has been an institutional separation between terrestrial and marine administrative agencies that has resulted in conflict between these agencies and between the regimes they work within and help create. Integrated Coastal Management emerged as a response to this situation and had become the dominant planning regime for coastal resources by the last decade of the 20th Century. It was largely uncritically promoted and accepted, especially by United Nations and coastal state government agencies. These themes provide the broad theoretical and practical context for this thesis. Since the 1970s, there has been a revolutionary break in New Zealand's resource management from a centralized command and control style of modernist planning to a neo-liberal, planning regime characterised by elements of modernism and postmodernism. Concurrently it has revamped, but failed to integrate, coastal and fisheries management and planning. Ironically, each of the resulting primary marine resource management statutes (the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) and the Fisheries Act 1983/1996 (FA83/96)) is considered to implement a world-leading model. Marine farming lies at the interface between the regimes created by these and preceding Acts and the nature of the regimes is explored in relation to marine farming. The development of the regimes and the rationale for them is set out with the aid of Scott's (1989, 2000b) axial model of the characteristics of a property right. The thesis groups the development of the New Zealand planning regimes for marine farming into four era: pre-modern (1866-1964), proto-modern (1964-1971), modern (1971-1991), and transitional (1991-2001). The evolution of the industry is shown largely to follow a generalized model of the industry in developed countries. This suggests that the nature of the property rights available for marine farming in New Zealand is not of great significance in the general development of the industry. The planning regime, however, significantly affects the spatial pattern of development of the industry. An analysis of provisions for marine farms in various plans suggests quite different planning 'styles' and approaches have been adopted in different parts of the country at different times. A Geographic Information System of all individual marine farms in New Zealand is developed to the stage where it can be combined with other data to investigate the spatial patterns that have evolved in New Zealand. A typology of patterns of farm arrangement in relation to other farms is apparent from the resultant mapped information. These patterns are shown to represent the outcomes of a combination of competing rights and the responses of and to the contemporaneous planning regimes. The consequences of adopting different styles of planning are apparent. This macro-level research is extended to the micro-level by an exploration of variables affecting the individual farmer's locational decisions. A national postal questionnaire survey of marine farm owners yielded 148 usable responses (32% response rate). Inferential statistical analytical tools were used to test the significance of relationships between particular variables. Multivariate analyses were used to cluster the respondents and the variables and to search for latent factors. These analyses supported field interview findings with regard to the importance of particular variables, especially planning regimes in directing the location and nature of marine farming. The results enabled development of a descriptive model for exploring and comparing the quality of different means of acquiring marine space for marine farming. The analyses also confirmed that significant changes were occurring within the structure of the industry. Analysis of the field interviews, maps, policy documents, Environment Court decisions and other secondary material shows the major capture fishing companies are increasingly dominating the industry. There was a notable presence of a category of 'entrepreneur site developers' exploiting the neo-liberal nature of the planning regimes of the 1990s to open up new areas for marine farming on scales unprecedented in the rest of the world. The consequent race for space has met with stiff resistance from the capture fishing industry, but more especially from the recreational sector. This has led to significant transaction costs. The Government response, a partial moratorium on marine farm development in November 2001, is shown to emulate the modernist command and control style of planning of twenty years earlier and to signal a failure of neo-liberal ideology to meet the needs of the industry and the public at large.

在資源有限，欲望無窮的情況下，分工合作與交易是人類為求生存必然採取的經濟活動。Buchanan(1975)認為若要達到交換的利益，即須有財產權(property right)的保障。新制度經濟學者認為，財產權的本質是一種排他性的權利，而政府基於其暴力潛能，在保護財產權方面，具有相對優勢，而成了保護財產權的組織。我國憲法第十五條規定：「人民之生存權、工作權及財產權，應予保障。」，明白指出保障人民財產權是政府的必要任務之一。 我國土地登記制度依民法第七百五十八條及第七百五十九條規定，正是政府界定財產權之後，於土地市場自行運作下，為執行保障財產權之輔助制度或正式規則。基於財產權保障之重要性，究竟土地登記制度如何保障不動產財產權？發揮什麼樣的功能？在什麼情況下，財產權會受到侵害？土地登記制度應如何有效保障財產權？值得進一步研究。 本研究以檢討現行土地登記制度保障財產權之功能，促使其能更有效保障財產權為研究目標，首先探討土地登記制度對財產權保障之基本理念，及該制度於財產權保障之執行機制及所發揮之功能，再藉由過去土地登記制度於財產權保障上之變遷，發掘財產權保障之課題，並輔以實務上所發生危害財產權之具體個案，分析危害財產權之原因，最後得到以下結論：登記要件主義、總登記、土地權利變更登記及土地登記絕對效力等機制具有確定產權、維護及保障交易安全，減少耗租行為、提供投資誘因、降低交易成本(transaction cost)，促成交易達成，進而提高經濟效益之積極功能。此外，限制登記、實質審查、異議案件列管、權利書狀之設置、更正登記、塗銷登記及損害賠償等機制能防免侵害財產權事件之發生或彌補因執行不力對權利人所造成之侵害，具有保障財產權之消極功能。 土地登記制度雖具有上述保障財產權之功能，但仍有未臻完善之空間，例如在正式規則方面，規定不明確或缺乏規定、缺乏協商機制及忽略解決問題所採用手段之交互性質(reciprocal nature)及未考量對整體經濟效益之影響，是對財產權保障不完全之主要因素。而在執行機制方面，登記審查人員自身效用函數、衡量及監督成本、其他制度之執行及與土地登記制度聯繫之緊密程度，則為影響執行機制對財產權保障之重要因素。故本研究建議在正式規則方面，應建立協商機制並注意交互性質問題及規定之明確性；在執行機制方面，建議運用代理理論(Principal-Agent Theory)之誘因機制及採用電腦科技及網路聯結，以提升土地登記制度保障財產權之功能。以上建議，期能提供政府未來改進土地登記制度，增進其對不動產財產權保障功能之參考。

This thesis deals with appropriate legislation concerning common utilities, such as infra-structural facilities and natural resources, which can regulate construction, maintenance, use and financing. Appropriate legislation can be viewed in the two main perspectives, effi-ciency and equity, and the thesis concerns primarily on efficiency. The purpose is to develop an analytical model, which can be used to facilitate structured assessments concerning the management of common utilities. The problem field concerned is of great complexity, and the model is therefore to be viewed as a support for decision-making, not as an instrument capable of delivering ready-made solutions. To structure the problem area it’s divided into three parts, the social, physical and institu-tional environments. The social environment is concerned with factors, such as group size and amount of trust and social capital, which can influence the feasibility of co-operation. The analysis leads to a classification of three social groups: Close-knit, loosely-knit and anonymous. The physical environment is concerned with characteristics of utilities, which influences need for, and feasibility of, co-operation. Rivalry of use and excludability are identified as important factors in this aspect. By combining them six types of goods can be identified: Private goods, club goods, common pool resources, toll goods, public goods and local pub-lic goods. The institutional environment is concerned with rules, which can control the use of com-mon utilities. Two concepts are identified as pivotal: property rights regimes and decision-making procedures. There are four property rights regimes: Individual rights, group rights, public rights (limited and unlimited) and no rights. Furthermore there are three decision-making procedures: Market regulation, group decision-making and public decision-making. A fourth possibility is no decision making-forum. By linking together social groups and types of goods a matrix is obtained in which each square represents a unique combination of social and physical environment. In this analyti-cal framework it is analysed which combinations of property rights regimes and decision-making procedures that are best suited to each square. In the end, Swedish legislation on roads, water and sewerage installations and aesthetic design of buildings is analysed with aid of the analytical model. / QC 20100825

No description available.

The Republic of China¡¦s Legislative Yuan approved International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the Enforcement Act of the two international human right covenants on March 31 th , 2009. The President promulgated the Enforcement Act of the two international human right covenants on April 22 th , 2009, and ratified the two international human right covenants on May 14th, 2009. Subsequently, the President ordered the Executive branch to promptly formulate a complete set of relevant legislative framework to domesticate the two international human right covenants. Such move symbolizes that the government has taken a significant step forward on the human right issues. Presently, the government should comprehensively review all the laws, regulations, administrative ordinances, and administrative measures for the protection and deepening of human rights especially after the ratification of the two international human right covenants. Under the contemporary trend of embracing human rights, democratic states have incorporated alien into their national fundamental rights protection system. Within the scope of protection, aliens enjoy the same fundamental human rights as that of the country¡¦s nationals, and are equally protected under the constitution. However, aliens are different from nationals in certain regards. Therefore, on the issues of the suffrage, social welfare, and economic human rights, discrimination toward aliens are permissible under the two international human right covenants and the constitutions of each state. However, according to constitutional equal protection theory, discrimination on aliens could not be premised on prejudice, unless there is a legitimate purpose and reasonably distinguishable criteria. Under international human rights development in the 20th century, international norms likewise influence the rights enjoyed by aliens and the treatments to alien in a state, in addition to limits stipulated by constitution and the laws of the state. The research purpose of this thesis is to discuss if the rights enjoyed by aliens and the treatment of aliens in our state conform with the two international human right covenants and consistent with the equal protection principle under the ROC constitution. In addition to the category of alien, there is a distinct set of laws and regulations that apply to people from the Mainland, Hong Kong, and Macau in Republic of China (Taiwan). To appreciate a macro picture, the scope of the article will include aliens, people from the Mainland, Hong Kong, and Macau, and identify the legal status of each category of people in Republic of China (Taiwan). Based on the aforementioned research purpose, the thesis will firstly introduce the contents of the two international human right covenants and the constitutions of each state in order to understand the fundamental human rights that aliens enjoy. The thesis will also illustrate the discriminations permitted by the constitution of each state and the two international human right covenants, and refer to the legislative and judicial practice of each state, to analyze and identify reasonable discrimination criteria and judicial review standards for aliens in each state. Based upon the above criteria, the article will proceed to survey and discuss the relevant applicable regulations to aliens, people from the Mainland, Hong Kong, and Macau in Republic of China (Taiwan), and also review the multi-track legislative model. I will explore the existing norms and describe their inconsistencies with the two international human right covenants or their violations of the equal protection principle under the Constitution, and make recommendations for the legislators to amend the relevant legislations accordingly.

<p>Den här uppsatsen syftar till att utreda vilket lands lag som blir tillämplig vid en internationell tvist gällande utomobligatoriska förpliktelser vid immaterialrättsintrång, särskilt vid upphovsrättsintrång. Tyngdpunkten ligger i de problem som uppstår då någon gör sig skyldig till ett upphovsrättsintrång med relation till flera länder.</p><p>Utgångspunkten är Rom II-förordningen och dess åttonde artikel. I artikeln stadgas det att tillämplig lag för en utomobligatorisk förpliktelse som har sin grund i ett immaterialrättsintrång skall vara lagen i det land där skydd görs gällande.</p><p>Vad innebär då uttrycket ”där skydd görs gällande”? När det gäller registrerade rättigheter, såsom patent och varumärken, innebär artikeln att tillämplig lag ska var lagen i det land där rättigheten är registrerad. Det går dock inte att tillämpa samma princip på oregistrerade rättigheter. När det gäller oregistrerade rättigheter ska istället lagen i det land där intrånget skett vara tillämplig.</p><p>Upphovsrätt är en sådan oregistrerad rättighet som, enligt svensk rätt, uppstår så fort verket är färdigt och har uppnått en viss verkshöjd. Det här synsättet görs även gällande i de flesta andra länder i världen då upphovsrätten i mångt och mycket bygger på Bernkonventionens lydelse från 1886.</p><p>Svårigheten som domstolarna kommer att ställas inför är då någon gör sig skyldig till ett upphovsrättsintrång med relation till flera länder. Eftersom skyddet görs gällande i det land där intrånget skett blir frågan om vilket lands lag som ska vara tillämplig i dessa fall.</p><p>Domstolarna kommer att behöva ta ställning och i den här uppsatsen framställs en del förslag till möjliga lösningar.</p><p>Uppsatsen diskuterar även om reglerna i artikel 8 Rom II-förordningen är de bästa då det gäller upphovsrättsintrång generellt.</p> / <p>This essay aims to investigate which national law that is applicable to an international dispute concerning non-contractual obligations in international property rights (IPR) violations, particularly in copyright infringement. The emphasis lies on the problems that arise when someone is found guilty of copyright infringement with a connection to several countries.</p><p>The starting point is the Rome II-regulation and its eighth article. The article states that the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising from an infringement of an intellectual property right shall be the law of the country for which protection is claimed.</p><p>What does then the phrase “for which protection is claimed” mean? In the case of registered rights, such as patents and trademarks, the article implies that the applicable law shall be the law of the country where they are registered. It is not possible however to apply the same principle to unregistered rights. In the case of unregistered rights it is instead the law of the country where the violation occurred that shall be applied.</p><p>Copyright is an unregistered right which, according to Swedish law, appears as soon as the work is finished and has reached a certain level of originality. This approach is also applicable in most other countries of the world where copyright law is largely based on the Berne Convention from 1886.</p><p>The difficulty that courts will face is when someone is claimed guilty of a copyright infringement with a connection to several countries. Given that protection is claimed in the country where the violation occurred, the question will be of which national law that should be applied in these cases.</p><p>The courts will have to take a position and this paper presents some possible solutions. The essay also discusses if the rules of article 8 of the Rome II-regulation are the best applicable rules in the case of copyright infringement in general.</p>

Den här uppsatsen syftar till att utreda vilket lands lag som blir tillämplig vid en internationell tvist gällande utomobligatoriska förpliktelser vid immaterialrättsintrång, särskilt vid upphovsrättsintrång. Tyngdpunkten ligger i de problem som uppstår då någon gör sig skyldig till ett upphovsrättsintrång med relation till flera länder. Utgångspunkten är Rom II-förordningen och dess åttonde artikel. I artikeln stadgas det att tillämplig lag för en utomobligatorisk förpliktelse som har sin grund i ett immaterialrättsintrång skall vara lagen i det land där skydd görs gällande. Vad innebär då uttrycket ”där skydd görs gällande”? När det gäller registrerade rättigheter, såsom patent och varumärken, innebär artikeln att tillämplig lag ska var lagen i det land där rättigheten är registrerad. Det går dock inte att tillämpa samma princip på oregistrerade rättigheter. När det gäller oregistrerade rättigheter ska istället lagen i det land där intrånget skett vara tillämplig. Upphovsrätt är en sådan oregistrerad rättighet som, enligt svensk rätt, uppstår så fort verket är färdigt och har uppnått en viss verkshöjd. Det här synsättet görs även gällande i de flesta andra länder i världen då upphovsrätten i mångt och mycket bygger på Bernkonventionens lydelse från 1886. Svårigheten som domstolarna kommer att ställas inför är då någon gör sig skyldig till ett upphovsrättsintrång med relation till flera länder. Eftersom skyddet görs gällande i det land där intrånget skett blir frågan om vilket lands lag som ska vara tillämplig i dessa fall. Domstolarna kommer att behöva ta ställning och i den här uppsatsen framställs en del förslag till möjliga lösningar. Uppsatsen diskuterar även om reglerna i artikel 8 Rom II-förordningen är de bästa då det gäller upphovsrättsintrång generellt. / This essay aims to investigate which national law that is applicable to an international dispute concerning non-contractual obligations in international property rights (IPR) violations, particularly in copyright infringement. The emphasis lies on the problems that arise when someone is found guilty of copyright infringement with a connection to several countries. The starting point is the Rome II-regulation and its eighth article. The article states that the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising from an infringement of an intellectual property right shall be the law of the country for which protection is claimed. What does then the phrase “for which protection is claimed” mean? In the case of registered rights, such as patents and trademarks, the article implies that the applicable law shall be the law of the country where they are registered. It is not possible however to apply the same principle to unregistered rights. In the case of unregistered rights it is instead the law of the country where the violation occurred that shall be applied. Copyright is an unregistered right which, according to Swedish law, appears as soon as the work is finished and has reached a certain level of originality. This approach is also applicable in most other countries of the world where copyright law is largely based on the Berne Convention from 1886. The difficulty that courts will face is when someone is claimed guilty of a copyright infringement with a connection to several countries. Given that protection is claimed in the country where the violation occurred, the question will be of which national law that should be applied in these cases. The courts will have to take a position and this paper presents some possible solutions. The essay also discusses if the rules of article 8 of the Rome II-regulation are the best applicable rules in the case of copyright infringement in general.

Nuosavybės teisių į miesto žemę atkūrimo darbai teisiškai buvo sureglamentuoti tik 2002 m. patikslinus įstatymą. Nuo to laiko piliečiams ne tik suteikiami nuosavybėn žemės sklypai prie pastatų ar nauji žemės sklypai individualiai statybai, bet ir grąžinama natūra laisva (neužstatyta) miesto žemė. Bendras žemės plotas, į kurį prašoma atkurti nuosavybės teises Panevėžio mieste – 2482 ha. Iki 2009 m. pradžios Panevėžio mieste atkurtos nuosavybės teisės į 43,6 proc. pretendentų prašymuose nurodyto ploto. Grąžinta natūra 134 ha žemės. 2009 m. pradžioje dar nebuvo suteikta nuosavybėn žemės sklypai 703 asmenims. Esant tokiems žemės reformos tempams, visus žemės reformos darbus Panevėžio mieste bus galima užbaigti tik per 11 metų. Siekiant šį procesą paspartinti, siūloma: miesto savivaldybei rengti daugiau detaliųjų planų, kuriuose suformuojami kompensavimui skirti žemės sklypai; sudaryti sąlygas už miesto žemę gauti žemės sklypus kaimo vietovėje, – ne tik žemės ūkio paskirties žemėje, bet ir miškų ūkio paskirties žemėje. / Reestablishment of urban real property rights legally were regulated in 2002, when legal act was corrected. From that time, the citizens are not only granted for ownership of land parcels near buildings or new land parcels for individual construction, but restored free natural urban land. General land plot, for which is applied to reestablish property rights in Panevezys city is 2482 ha. Till the beginning of 2009, reestablished property rights to the 43.6 percent from all applied land plot. Restored 134 ha of free natural land. In the beginning of 2009 the property rights were not reestablished to 703 citizens. According to the situation all the land reform in Panevezys will finish after 11 years. The way to solve this problem faster, we suggest municipality, to do more detail plans of creation land parcels for compensation, to create conditions for citizens to get a rural land and forest land in accordance of urban land.