Cette étude a pour objet de démontrer la possibilité d'existence de droits sur des choses de genre, c'est-à-dire sur des choses définies de manière générale et d'exposer ensuite ses implications. Cette hypothèse est traditionnellement écartée par la théorie des biens, qui n'admet l'existence de droits de propriété et de droits réels que sur des choses individuellement déterminées. Le principe d'une réservation de choses génériquement déterminées est pourtant concevable et mérite, dans ces conditions, être reconnu. Les conséquences principales de cette reconnaissance sont au nombre de deux. Les droits sur choses de genre présentent tout d'abord la particularité de pouvoir survivre à la confusion de la chose qui constitue leur assiette. Ils présentent également la particularité plus remarquable de pouvoir, dans un assez grand nombre d'hypothèses, survivre à la disparition matérielle ou juridique de la chose qui en constitue l'objet. / The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of existence of rights over generic things, i.e things whose constitution is determined in consideration of generic features, and to present its implications. Property law has, historically, never admitted the fact that a right could be established on things other than those which are individually determined, and can be refered to as "this" thing. Rights over generic things are, nevertheless, a reality and therefore deserved to be recognized. They have two main characteristics. First of all, they have the ability to survive the mixing of their object with other identical things. They can also, in a rather important number of cases, survive the material or juridical loss of their object.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaLSS.pdf: 759220 bytes, checksum: 308e02f29cc9d4810b34a103310bb515 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-27 / This dissertation analyses the Brazilian housing policy of today s, focusing on the programmes in the socalled Social Interest Housing Subsystem in order to discuss to what extent the government has been able to grant housing constitutional rights in the country. The discussion is about housing policy and the principles in the country s Constitution regarding the role of housing as a social right, a right that must be granted by the state. This refers to land rent theory to understand the relationship between capital and property and the reasons why, under capitalism, housing becomes a commodity in the market. Then, it discusses the national housing policy, which emphasizes land ownership through financing, that is, via market, a process that excludes all low income population. In the conclusion, it is clear that, although government programmes cover extensively at least potentially the national territory as well as social group, subsidized housing programmes cannot be implemented in the city due to land prices because subsidy is too low. In this way, the law that grants housing rights to all Brazilian citizens is violated / O presente trabalho analisa a Pol?tica Nacional de Habita??o do atual governo enfocando os programas inseridos no Subsistema de Habita??o de Interesse Social com o fim de identificar a garantia do direito ? moradia no Brasil, considerando que este ? um direito constitucionalmente assegurado. Relaciona a pol?tica habitacional aos princ?pios que regem a Constitui??o Federal uma vez que a moradia foi inserida no rol dos direitos sociais atrav?s da Emenda Constitucional n.? 26/00, e a partir da? passa a ser de observ?ncia obrigat?ria em um Estado social de direito. Trata da teoria da renda da terra para compreender a rela??o capital/propriedade e o porqu? de no modo de produ??o capitalista, o valor de uso da habita??o transformase em valor de troca e desta forma, passa a ser uma mercadoria sujeita ?s leis de mercado. Identifica que o modelo estrutural da Pol?tica Nacional de Habita??o d? ?nfase ? aquisi??o de propriedade cujo acesso se d? atrav?s de financiamentos, ou seja, via mercado, e esse mecanismo n?o atende ? popula??o de baixa renda, ainda que haja respaldo legal. Conclui que muito embora os programas analisados cubram todo o territ?rio nacional, os programas de habita??o subsidiada n?o podem ser implementados no meio urbano porque o valor do subs?dio ? muito baixo. Constata que estes programas n?o atingem as grandes cidades por conta de uma caracter?stica pr?pria do mercado de terras, podendo ser implementados somente em pequenas cidades ou nas zonas rurais, onde a terra tem pouco valor. Por conseq??ncia, identifica o descumprimento da lei pelos entes da federa??o e pelos poderes constitu?dos e, conseq?entemente, a viola??o do direito humano fundamental ? moradia do cidad?o pobre

Cette thèse s’attache à contribuer aux débats actuels quant aux possibles avantages des marchés de l’eau. De par les changements économiques et une croissante instabilité climatique, bon nombre de régions arides à travers le monde doivent reconsidérer leur stratégie de gestion de leurs ressources hydrologiques. Une préférence substantielle envers des mécanismes de réallocation plus flexible telle que les marchés de l’eau y est portée pour limiter le stress hydrique. Bien qu’efficients en théorie, ces instruments sont aussi très coûteux, autant dans leurs mises en place que dans leur maintenance, à cause principalement des possibles externalités que des transferts d’eau peuvent induire. Ces coûts de transaction limitent l’efficacité des marchés de l’eau en comparaison à une situation de concurrence pure et parfaite et peuvent être plus dommageables qu’une gestion centralisée. Ainsi, toutes analyses d’une décentralisation de la gestion des ressources en eau doivent prendre en compte ces coûts de transaction. A ce titre, le travail présenté ici étudie les causes sous-jacentes à ces coûts de transactions et adapte un outil déjà largement utilisé dans le cadre du commerce international : les équations de gravité. L’application de ce modèle aux marchés de l’eau en Californie permet de mettre en évidence et de mesurer l’importance de ces coûts de transactions dans le développement de tels instruments de gestion de l’eau. / This dissertation aims at contributing to the ongoing debate about the potential effectiveness of water markets. With the ongoing economic changes and the growing versatility of water resources due to climate changes, many arid regions around the world need to reconsider their strategy of managing their hydrological resources. Interests among policy makers are leaning toward flexible reallocation mechanisms such as water markets to cope with water shortages. While efficient in theory, such instruments are also very costly to establish and to maintain because of the potential externalities that transferring water may cause. These so-called transaction costs limit the effectiveness of water markets in comparison to the situation of perfect competition and can induce a more detrimental outcome than a centralized management. Therefore, any decentralized solutions to manage the scarce water resources must account for the transaction costs of running such alternatives. In that respect, this work focuses on studying the underlying causes of these transaction costs and adapts a tool widely used in the international trade economics: the gravity equations. Through that way, importance of these transaction costs for the development of effective water markets is reasserted. More importantly, a theoretical and empirical model is developed to measure the magnitude of the different frictions in reallocating water through decentralized managements in the case of California.

Dès la fin du dix-huitième siècle, des voix s’élèvent pour défendre la cause des femmes et dénoncer les inégalités dont elles sont victimes par rapport aux hommes au sein de la société britannique. On peut songer, notamment, à Mary Wollstonecraft dont le célèbre pamphlet, très controversé intitulé : A Vindication of the Rights of Woman est publié en 1792. Néanmoins, si les arguments avancés par Mary Wollstonecraft ont eu une influence certaine, on ne saurait parler à la fin du dix-huitième siècle, de naissance du mouvement féministe en Grande-Bretagne. Ainsi, ce n’est que vers les années 1850-1860, dans le contexte de la Révolution Industrielle et des bouleversements qu’elle engendre au niveau de la société, que se constitue, progressivement le mouvement féministe, en tant que tel. Cette thèse a pour objet de retracer et d’analyser le cheminement qui a conduit à l’émergence du mouvement féministe en Grande-Bretagne sachant que le terme féministe appliqué à cette période pose un certain nombre de problèmes. Il s’agira également de mettre en lumière certains aspects du mouvement féministe auxquels la recherche s’est souvent moins intéressée et notamment, la contribution active de certains hommes au combat mené par les féministes pour la reconnaissance des droits des femmes en matière de droit de propriété pour les femmes mariées et de droit de vote, la question de la filiation entre la première génération de militantes féministes et les suffragettes sera aussi l'objet d'une étude approfondie. / In the eighteenth century, certain women took their pen and resolved to expose the inequalities they were confronted with as women, within British society. The most famous one is probably Mary Wollstonecraft whose controversial pamphlet entitled : A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was published in 1792. However, this new awareness did not result at least in the eighteenth century, in the emergence of an organized feminist movement. How did feminist consciousnesss gradually give rise to concrete actions, leading to the emergence of an organized feminist movement? In fact, it was only around 1850-1860, within the context of the Industrial Revolution, and its consequences on British society as a whole, that an organized feminist movement gradually took shape in Great-Britain. We should nevertheless bear in mind the problematic nature of the term feminist as applied to this period.The object of this dissertation will be to identify and examine the various stages that led to the emergence of an organized feminist movement, while enhancing some of its specific aspects such as, partnership between men and women or the issue of the links between suffragists and suffragettes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Cette recherche de doctorat étudie la relation entre la gestion informelle des risques de subsistance et l’allocation des terres agricoles. La gestion informelle des risques de subsistance est analysée ici comme explication potentielle de l'échec des politiques foncières de marché, et de la persistance de modes d'échanges `non-marchands'. En particulier, nous montrons que la vision bipolaire de l'allocation des terres opposant marchand et non-marchand n'est pas toujours pertinente pour l'analyse de la gestion des risques dans les pratiques foncières. Deux hypothèses sont analysées: en l'absence de moyens d'assurance publique ou privée, la terre prend une valeur de sécurité sociale qui peut détourner les ménages de la vente et leur faire préférer des transferts non-marchands ou temporaires, protégeant mieux la valeur assurance de la terre. Ensuite, des pratiques foncières hybrides, ni purement marchandes ni non-marchandes, se développent pour combiner la gestion des risques de subsistance avec d'autres motivations économiques. Ces hypothèses sont étudiées dans deux contextes: au Vietnam d'abord où les ménages les plus stables ou ceux subissant des chocs sévères vendent leur terre. En Thailande ensuite où, grâce à des données collectées sur le terrain, nous confirmons le rôle des stratégies de gestion des risques de subsistance dans l'activité ralentie des marchés de vente, et identifions ces fameuses pratiques foncières hybrides (ici des locations déguisées) . En conclusion, le développement de la protection (privée ou publique) des moyens de subsistance pourrait jouer un rôle privilégié dans l'évolution des modes d'allocation foncière. / This PhD research proposes to study the relationship between informal risk-coping strategies and the nature of land allocation. Informal risk-coping mechanisms are studied here as one potential factor in the failure of land market reforms and the persistence of `non-market' exchange -gifts or free loans. In particular, we show that the bipolar view of land tenure, which opposes `customary' to `market' transfers, does not adequately approach informal risk-coping motivations in land transfers. Two hypotheses are analysed: first, in the absence of insurance markets and public social protection, land has a `safety net' function and households do not sell land but prefer other types of transfers (which retain part of the land's `safety net' function). Secondly, informal risk-coping leads households to participate to hybrid forms of transfers (neither market nor non-market) allowing to combine risk-coping motives with other types of economic necessities. Those two hypotheses are then looked at empirically in two case studies: in Vietnam, where households sell their land only if they are economically stable or have suffered income shocks (distress sales); and in Thailand, where a survey has been done among permanent rural-urban migrants. This surveyconfirms that informal risk-coping slows down land sale markets and sustains transfers such as free-loans. Finally, the Thai data identify traditional risk-sharing institutions in the allocation of land, especially through intra-family free-loans or `disguised rentals'. As a main conclusion, insurance and public protection policies could have a key role in the evaluation of land allocation systems in Thailand and Vietnam.

A presente dissertação aborda a temática do condomínio edilício, examinando questões importantes e elementares deste especial instituto jurídico, e do condômino com reiterado comportamento antissocial. Para tanto, exige-se uma robusta análise do direito de propriedade e da função social, como seu elemento transformador, na medida em que esta, ao lado da peculiar estrutura jurídica do condomínio edilício, que conjuga áreas de propriedade exclusiva com áreas de propriedade comum, somada ao próprio ordenamento jurídico pátrio, impõe ao titular de unidade autônoma o cumprimento de deveres de observância obrigatória, não só para com os demais condôminos, mas principalmente em favor de toda coletividade. Tais deveres, uma vez descumpridos, ensejam a aplicação de medidas jurídicas sancionatórias gradativas em face do infrator, a iniciar por penas pecuniárias, até final expulsão da seara condominial, que poderá ocorrer na medida em que sejam reiteradas as atividades nocivas por ele desempenhadas, gerando incompatibilidade de convivência com os demais condôminos, e na hipótese de as multas aplicadas mostrarem-se inócuas como meio de interrompê-las. A expulsão do condômino antissocial do condomínio edilício pode afigurar-se, a princípio, uma radical sanção, contudo extremamente necessária como último recurso não só para a manutenção do equilíbrio psíquico, econômico e social na copropriedade, mas para assegurar a função social que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro impõe ao direito proprietário, no qual também está inserida a propriedade em unidade autônoma condominial. / This dissertation addresses the theme of condominium building, examining important issues and this legal institute special elementary, and condominium member with repeated antisocial behavior. Therefore, it requires a robust analysis of property rights and social function, as its transforming element, insofar as the social function, along with the peculiar legal structure of the condominium building, which combines exclusive proprietary areas with common property areas, in addition to its own legal system, imposes on the holder of the autonomous unit compliance with mandatory observance duties, not only with the other joint owners, but mostly in favor of the whole collectivity. Once breached such duties, it inspires the application of piecemeal legal sanctions measures in face of the offender, that starts from monetary penalties until the final expulsion of the harvest condominium, which may occur as the harmful activities are repeated by him performed, generating coexistence incompatibility with the other condominium members, and assuming that the fines shows up innocuous as a way to stop them. The expulsion of antisocial condominium member from the condominium building can seem, at first, a radical penalty, but extremely necessary as a last resort not only to maintain psychic equilibrium, social and economical in co-ownership, but to ensure the social function that the Brazilian legal system imposes on the proprietary right, which is also inserted into the stand-alone unit condominium property

Uma das características mais marcantes da propriedade intelectual é a tensão existente entre interesses público e privado. Na seara das patentes, essa tensão se torna ainda mais evidente quando o objeto da propriedade privada é essencial à consecução de objetivos sociais, como é o claro caso dos medicamentos. Concebida para fomentar a inovação, oferecendo um crescente número de soluções aos problemas enfrentados pela sociedade, a patente deve servir de incentivo à atividade inventiva. Isso ocorre por meio do período de exclusividade concedido ao inventor, durante o qual somente ele está autorizado a explorar comercialmente o produto de seus esforços. Quando se trata de bens essenciais à manutenção da vida dos indivíduos, entretanto, a análise se torna mais complexa. Preços monopolísticos podem impedir o acesso a determinadas drogas e inviabilizar políticas de saúde pública, por exemplo. É o custo social de um sistema de proteção fundado no monopólio de exploração. A ausência de incentivos, entretanto, leva à ausência de investimentos em produtos inovadores (veja-se o claro exemplo das doenças negligenciadas), o que, por sua vez, também gera um custo social. Existe equilíbrio possível a essa equação? Ao regular como o conhecimento é compartilhado, e ao estabelecer limites ao que se pode (e não se pode) fazer com os produtos desse conhecimento, a propriedade intelectual assume papel central no debate que busca compreender a relação entre direito e desenvolvimento. É buscando contribuir para essa reflexão que a presente tese foi concebida. Pretende-se demonstrar que quando se olha para o desenvolvimento de forma integrada, o progresso econômico por si só deixa de ser suficiente para atender às necessidades de crescimento das nações. Logo, as justificativas econômicas ao sistema de proteção patentário também deixam de ser suficientes para, por si só, atenderem aos anseios de desenvolvimento dos mais variados países. O trabalho encontra-se estruturado em quatro capítulos principais. O primeiro apresenta o ambiente internacional no qual se dá, majoritariamente, a produção normativa em matéria de propriedade intelectual; bem como a trajetória que moldou o atual quadro brasileiro em matéria de patentes e acesso a medicamentos. O segundo capítulo analisa as principais teorias que justificam o sistema de patentes, bem como aquelas que evidenciam suas fragilidades, além de discutir alternativas possíveis de fomento à inovação. O terceiro capítulo, por sua vez, estabelece o conceito de desenvolvimento que pauta a análise central proposta pela tese e o quarto e último capítulo traça um desenho da realidade da indústria farmacêutica no Brasil, no qual fica evidenciado que a produção de novos conhecimentos, passíveis de gerar inovação na área da saúde, é uma das grandes fragilidades nacionais. Sob a ótica de uma concepção integrada de desenvolvimento, conclui-se que a atual estrutura normativa patentária, por não oferecer alternativas ao monopólio como fomento à inovação, é mais prejudicial do que benéfica ao desenvolvimento do país, sendo necessário conceber modelos alternativos de proteção que possam coexistir com o modelo vigente. / One of the most noteworthy features of intellectual property rights is the existing tension between public and private interests. Particularly in the field of patents, such tension becomes even more evident when the object of private property is key to the achievement of social goals, as is the clear case of medicines. Conceived to foster innovation and offer society an ever-increasing number of solutions to everyday problems, patents must function as real incentives to creative activity. This is feasible because for a limited period of time, the inventor is the sole detainer of the commercial rights to explore his invention. When goods are, as in the case of drugs, essential to people\'s lives, the analysis becomes much more complex. Monopolistic prices may hinder access to certain drugs and, thus, make public health policies more difficult. Based on monopoly rights, this protection system has social costs. Lack of economic incentives, on the other hand, may lead to shortage of investments in innovative products (see the case of neglected diseases, for instance), which also generates social cost. Is it possible to strike balance to this equation? By regulating how knowledge is shared, and by establishing limits to what can and cannot be done to knowledge products, intellectual property rights take on a key role in the debate that seeks to understand the relationship between law and development. This dissertation aims at contributing to such discussion, by primarily demonstrating that when development is conceived in a holistic manner, economic progress in itself no longer suffices nations. Thus, the economic rationale used for the patent system also ceases to fulfill development goals in a significantly increasing number of countries. The dissertation is divided into four main parts. Chapter one portrays the international environment in which most intellectual property issues are regulated, as well as the historical and political routes that led to the current Brazilian legal framework of patents and access to medicines. Chapter two analyses the main legal and economic theories that justify the existence of the patent system, as well as those that evidence its shortcomings. It further presents and discusses existing alternative options that may encourage innovation in this area. Chapter three establishes the concept of development that is central to the dissertation\'s main analysis, while chapter four tells the story of pharmaceutical production in Brazil. The central line traced through the dissertation makes it then possible to demonstrate how national knowledge production that may lead to pharmaceutical innovations is one of the country\'s main limitations. The use of a holistic view of development leads to the conclusion that the current patent framework is, in fact, inadequate and produces more damage than benefits to the development of Brazil, to the extent that it does not offer alternative solutions to monopoly power. Different incentive models that can coexist with the current system are, in this sense, desiderata.

Esta tese investiga como as estruturas de governança se delimitam e a alocação de direitos de propriedade ocorre mediante uma oportunidade de captura de valor. A análise aplicada ao sistema agroindustrial (SAG) da carne bovina voltado às exportações para a União Europeia em relação ao SAG-típico (mercado) é utilizada como base empírica. Buscou-se na economia de custos de transação e teoria de direitos de propriedade os elementos para avançar no conceito de sistemas agroindustriais e subsistemas estritamente coordenados (SSEC). Ao teorizar a relação entre a qualidade do ambiente institucional e a tolerância organizacional, esta tese contribui ao avançar com os mecanismos de proteção de direitos de propriedade e ajuda a explicar a eminência dos SSEC. Buscou-se identificar as regularidades observadas dos agentes que atuam nessas transações - ativos específicos investidos, grau de recorrência, grau de conhecimento e capacidade de adaptação - internas e para o mercado externo e compará-las. Esta análise delimita as diferenças institucionais, os agentes coordenadores dos diferentes sistemas estritamente coordenados e as fronteiras de um SAG-típico e um SSEC voltado para as exportações e outro voltado para o mercado interno de qualidade. Por meio de três estudos de casos com as maiores indústrias de processamento brasileiras estudou-se a coordenação com o pecuarista e os sistemas que cada uma delas apresenta. Entre as regularidades dos estudos de caso e contribuições, concluiu-se que a eminência dos SSECs-qualidade para o mercado interno decorre do choque institucional que levou a criação do SSEC-exportador para a EU e o processo de aprendizagem organizacional. Isto permitiu explorar o grau de tolerância organizacional dos arranjos dessas empresas. Agregando a primeira metodologia, a pesquisa quantitativa junto aos pecuaristas foi realizada com o objetivo de validar as variáveis que discriminam os SSECs exportador e da qualidade em relação ao SAG-típico no sistema da carne bovina. / This thesis investigates how governance structure are constituted and property rights allocated when faces a new opportunity to capture value is observed. The research is applied to beef cattle agribusiness system (SAG) coordinated to attend European Union imports contrasting with the typical SAG (Brazilian Market). Based on transaction costs economics and property rights theory elements we advance on SAG and strictly coordinated subsystems (SCSS). Theorizing about the relation institutional environment quality and organizational tolerance. This thesis contributes with the protection mechanisms of property rights and helps to explain the eminence of SCSSs. Searching to identify the regularities observed between agents and compare these transactions (specific assets, recurrence, knowledge, adaptation capacity). This analysis permits to delineate institutional differences, coordinator agents from different SCSSs and their frontiers of a typical SAG x SSEC-exporter to UE or quality. Though three case studies with the major Brazilian processing companies, it was studied the coordination with producers and the systems that each one have. The regularities presented on the case studies and the contributions, it can be concluded that the eminence of SCSS-quality to the internal market was a consequence of the institutional chock that leads the creation of the SCSS to UE and the organizational learning process. This allowed to explore the concept of organizational tolerance of this arrangements. Aggregated to the first methodology, a quantitative research with producers was done to validate the variables that distinguishes the SCSSs -exporter and quality one in relation of the typical in beef cattle system.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une réponse à la question: Est-ce que les politiques de renforcement des droits de propriété intellectuelle telles que les TRIPS peuvent être bénéfiques aux pays en développement et leurs perspectives de rattrapage économique.?Pour répondre à cette question, on s’intéresse à la dynamique technologique sous-jacente au processus de rattrapage économique. Le premier chapitre propose une revisite empirique et analytique du modele de “catching-up and falling behind” de Verspagen (1991) qui se focalise sur l’étude du rôle des dynamiques d’innovation et d’imitation dans le processus de rattrapage économique. On trouve que même si la dynamique d’innovation est importante pour le rattrapage, la dynamique d’imitation se révèle nécessaire pour s’assurer que les pays en développement puissent développer leurs capacités qui leur permettront de prospérer. L’efficacité de la dynamique d’imitation est conditionnée par les caractéristiques du pays qui détermine sa capacité d’apprentissage (“Learning Capability”).Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur la compréhension du fonctionnement des transferts de technologie entre les pays développés et les pays en développement. On s’intéresse aux mécanismes derrières les deux canaux de transferts principaux, le commerce international et les IDE, qui sont les canaux les plus étudiés dans la littérature. On déduit de ce chapitre la richesse et la complexité de ces mécanismes.Dans le troisième chapitre, on développe un modèle à base d’agents (ABM) pour représenter ces interactions Nord-Sud et leur complexité, avec une approche évolutionniste. Le modèle de base permet en particulier l’étude du mécanisme de transfert par la mobilité (locale) des travailleurs, un canal très peu étudié dans la littérature. Ceci nous permet d’étudier l’impact que les IDE peuvent avoir sur le développement et le rattrapage. On trouve que si les IDE des pays développés vers les pays en développement peuvent, sous certaines conditions, encourager les transferts de technologie et permettre ainsi le rattrapage, il y a tout de même des effets négatifs potentiels sur les industries locales, en particulier dans les pays les plus en retard.Le dernier chapitre propose une extension du modèle qui introduit les brevets et nous permet ainsi de répondre à la question principale. On observe que si les brevets permettent d’inciter les firmes du Nord à diffuser leur technologie et facilité le rattrapage, ces firmes demanderaient un e parfaite application des lois sur la propriété intellectuelle, ce qui serait trop sévère sur les firmes locales car cela bloquerait les imitations et surtout entraverait les efforts d’innovation de ces firmes, tout en procurant un bénéfice limité pour les firmes du Nord. / The objective of this thesis is to propose an answer to the question: Can intellectual property rights policies such as TRIPS be beneficial for developing countries and their catching-up process?To answer this question, we first look at the technological dynamics behind the catching-up process. The first chapter thus provides an empirical and analytical update on the catching-up and falling behind model by Verspagen (1991), which focuses on studying the role of the innovation and imitation dynamics in the catching up process. Mainly, we find that while the innovation dynamic is important for the catching-up process, the imitation dynamic is necessary to ensure that countries build solid capabilities that will enable them to prosper. The efficiency of the imitation dynamics is dependent on policy factors that make up the learning capability of firms and ensure firms succeed assimilating knowledge.The second chapter focuses on understanding the way those technological transfers from developed to developing countries can occur, we focus on studying the mechanisms behind two main channels, that is international trade and FDIs, which represent the main form of North-South interactions studied in the literature. From this chapter we conclude that there is a rich diversity of complex mechanisms.In the third chapter, we thus build an agent-based model (ABM) to represent those North-South interactions and their complexities, with an evolutionary economics approach. The model allows us to study a particular mechanism: transfers through the local labour mobility, a channel seldom discussed in the literature. This allows us to study the impact FDI may have on development and catching-up outcomes. We find that while FDI from developed countries can, under the right conditions, encourage technological transfers and thus catching up, there are potential negative effects on local industries, in particular in countries largely behind.The final chapter proposes an extension of the model that introduces patents, in order to answer the main question. We find that while patents help motivate northern firms to disclose their technology and thus facilitate development, those firms would require a perfect level of enforcement that will be too harsh on local firms, block imitations and also severely hinder the southern firms’ innovative efforts, while generating limited gains for northern firms.

in English Fine Arts and other types of Visual Arts Copyright This dissertation deals with copyright law with a special focus on fine art and modern forms of contemporary visual art. The introduction describes in brief the copyright, especially its inclusion in the law system, the definition of basic principles and sources of law. Further it concentrates on personal and property authors' rights in its specific forms. The next chapter deals thoroughly with the legal definition of fine art, including both its traditional and modern forms. The following part summarizes the means of legal protection of fine art, by both private and public actions. The fifth chapter presents a legal and philosophical reflection on the protection of art in public space, street art and graffiti, the unique art forms that come often into conflict with the third parties' rights. The sixth chapter is a follow-up to the previous and addresses the legal regulation of urban art (street art and graffiti) in France. The seventh chapter analyses the well-known cases related to copyright disputes in Czech legal environment. The next part is focused on copyright and its concept in France, the historical and philosophical context, the definition of copyright and the obligatory conditions of protection. This chapter also contains a...