L'élaboration d'un revêtement submicronique est réalisée par électrodéposition de nanoparticules de silice (EPD = ElectrophoreticDeposition). Cette approche permet de contrôler l'épaisseur des dépôts, qui est un paramètre à ajuster pour élaborer un revêtement sélectif absorbeur de type capteur photothermique. La nature du revêtement recherché est un co-dépôt de silice et de carbone. Pour la compréhension et le contrôle des mécanismes de dépôt par EPD, le dépôt de silice seule est étudié. Deux systèmes ont été investigués : de la silice déposée sur du wafer de silicium ou sur du platine, notés respectivement SiO2/Si et SiO2/Pt. Une suspension colloïdale commerciale, le Ludox® HS-40, est utilisée pour permettre la dilution de sols stables de nanoparticules de silice monodisperses (12 nm de diamètre), chargées négativement. Un EPD anodique est réalisé en milieu aqueux grâce à ce sol.Le potentiel, la concentration initiale en nanoparticules et la durée de dépôt ont été explorés. Lorsque le potentiel appliqué est trop élevé, le phénomène d'électrolyse de l'eau est observé. Plus particulièrement, le système à base de platine se trouve limité par ce phénomène à partir d'un potentiel de +2V. La forte conductivité de ce substrat favorise le phénomène de dégagement gazeux. Ce bullage subséquent, dégrade la cohésion du revêtement. Néanmoins, l'application d'un potentiel inférieur au potentiel d'électrolyse de l'eau permet de bonnes conditions de dépôt. Des phénomènes similaires ont également été observés avec le système SiO2/Si. Les propriétés semi-conductrices du wafer de silicium permettent cependant d'appliquer des potentiels plus élevés (jusqu'à +40 V), en limitant le phénomène d'électrolyse. L'optimisation des conditions de dépôt sur ces deux systèmes ont permis d'obtenir des conditions expérimentales de dépôt compatibles avec l'objectif fixé, à savoir : un potentiel de +1 V pour le système SiO2/Pt et de +3 ou +30 V pour le système SiO2/Si, une concentration comprise entre 1 et 10 %mass, et une durée de dépôt de 1h.Dans les conditions optimales définies précédemment, les propriétés physico-chimiques de la suspension initiale ont été modifiées par l'ajout d'un co-solvant (EtOH), d'un sel (Na2SO4) ou d'un polymère (PAA out PVA) afin d'étudier l'influence du milieu dispersant, de la conductivité de la suspension ou du potentiel zêta des nanoparticules sur l'épaisseur des dépôts. Ces ajouts ont permis d'augmenter l'épaisseur des revêtements, notamment pour le système SiO2(EtOH)/Pt et les systèmes à base de PAA. L'ajout d'un composé carboné (PVA, PAA) dans la suspension a également été étudié afin d'obtenir après calcination (500°C) un revêtement présentant des caractéristiques intéressantes pour l'application envisagée. Les revêtements de type SiO2(PAA)/Pt présentent une certaine sélectivité optique. Toutefois les valeurs du ratio alpha/epsilon restent inférieures à 7, ce qui est plus faible que les valeurs obtenues pour le même type de système, avec des procédés sol-gel classiques. / The development of a submicron coating was carried out by electrophoretic deposition (EPD)of silica nanoparticles. This approach allows controlling the thickness of the deposits which is a parameter to adjust to develop a selective absorber coating dedicated to a photothermal sensor. The composition of the desired coating is a co-deposition of silica and carbon. For the understanding and the control of EPD deposition mechanisms, silica deposit is first studied. Two systems were investigated: silica deposited on a silicon wafer or platinum substrate, respectively noted SiO2/Si and SiO2/Pt. A commercial colloidal suspension, Ludox® HS-40, is used to realize stable diluted sols of monodispersed silica nanoparticles (12 nm diameter), negatively charged. Anodic EPD is performed in aqueous medium from this sol.The applied potential, the initial concentration of nanoparticles and the deposition time are investigated. When the applied potential is too high, the water electrolysis phenomenon occurs. More particularly, the platinum-based system is limited by this phenomenon, from a potential of +2 V. The high conductivity of this substrate promotes gassing phenomenon. This subsequent bubbling degrades the cohesion of the coating. However, an applied potential lower than the electrolysis potential gives some good deposition conditions. Similar phenomena were also observed with SiO2/Si system. However, the semiconductor properties of the silicon wafer enable to apply higher potential (up to +40 V) by reducing the phenomenon of electrolysis. Optimizations of the deposition conditions on these two systems have yielded experimental deposition conditions consistent with the objective, namely: a potential of +1 V to SiO2/Pt system and of +3 and +30 V for SiO2/Si system, a concentration between 1 and 10 %mass, and a deposition time of 1 hour.Under optimum conditions defined above, the physicochemical properties of the initial suspension are modified by adding a co-solvent (EtOH), a salt (Na2SO4) or a polymer (PAA or PVA) in order to study the influence of the dispersing medium, the conductivity of the suspension or the zeta potential of the nanoparticles on the thickness of the deposits. These additions have increased the thicknesses of coatings, especially for SiO2(EtOH)/Pt system and systems based on PAA. The addition of some carbon compounds (PVA or PAA) in the suspension was also studied to obtain after calcinations (500 °C) a coating with interesting characteristics for the intended application. Coating obtained with SiO2(PAA)/Pt system exhibit a significant optical selectivity. However, the value of the alpha/epsilon ratio remains below 7, which is lower than the values obtained for the same type of system with conventional sol-gel processes.

No description available.

En synthèse organique, la recherche de nouveaux catalyseurs est un point crucial pour améliorer les conditions réactionnelles et découvrir de nouvelles réactions, particulièrement en chimie de l’or. Pour contribuer à ce développement, nous nous sommes intéressés à la nature du contre-ion, dont dépend la réactivité du catalyseur d’or, avec les polyoxométallates. Ces polyanions, de par leur nature intrinsèque, ont permis d’obtenir de nouveaux catalyseurs efficaces, polyvalents, multi-fonctionnels et hétérogènes, et applicables à un grand nombre de réactions catalysées à l’or.Nous avons aussi étudié un autre paramètre essentiel de la composition d’un catalyseur d’or : le ligand. Notre intérêt s’est porté sur les ligands carbènes N-hétérocycliques (NHC), dont la modularité de leurs propriétés électronique et stérique confère à l’or d’importantes activités. Nous avons ainsi développé différents types de NHC, en les fonctionnalisant pour les rendre acteurs de la réactivité, ou encore en leur attribuant de nouveaux groupements très encombrant pour influencer la réactivité et la sélectivité. / In organic synthesis, the research of new catalysts is an essential issue to improve reactional conditions and to discover new reactions, especially in gold chemistry. To contribute to this development, we were interested in the nature of the counter-ion, which impact the reactivity of the gold catalyst, with the polyoxometalates. These polyanions, thanks to their nature, allowed to obtain new efficient, polyvalent, multi-functional and heterogeneous catalysts, which could be applied to a wide scope of gold catalyzed reactions.We also studied another essential parameter of the composition of gold catalysts: the ligand. We focused our attention on the N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), whose modularity of their electronic and steric properties confer important activities to gold catalysts. Thus we developed different kind of NHC, by functionalizing them so they can be involved in the reactivity, or by attributing them very bulky groups to influence the reactivity and selectivity.

Dans cette thèse, la définition du SERS en tant que biocapteur a été testée et une nouvelle approche a été développée. Ainsi, concernant la quantification, il est montré que le SERS peut-être un outil très efficace. Concernant la sélectivité, la qualité spectrale a été améliorée. Une excellente limite de détection associée à l’approche statistique et dynamique permet une très bonne sensibilité (inférieure au nanomolaire). Cette approche permet également une grande reproductibilité du capteur dans le temps. Ainsi, alors que le SERS ne réponds pas forcément bien aux caractéristiques d’un capteur dans son approche classique, dans notre cas le couplage entre un substrat de nanoparticules d’or non fonctionnalisées associé à un système microfluidique, le tout monté sur un microscope confocal pour des études temporelles dynamiques analysées statistiquement a contribué à définir le SERS comme un biocapteur efficace. / In this thesis, the definition of SERS as a biosensor has been tested and a new approach developed for. Also, in terms of quantification, it has been shown that SERS can be an efficient tool. Concerning the selectivity, the spectral quality was improved. A low limit of detection associated to the statistical and dynamic approach allows a very good sensitivity (under the nanomolar). This approach also enables a high reproducibility in time of the sensor. Thus, as low as SERS does not well answer to the sensor capabilities in a classical approach, in our case the coupling between a non-functionalized GNPs substrate coupled with a microfluidic chip, all mounted on a confocal microscope for temporal dynamic studies statistically analyzed has contributed to define SERS as an efficient biosensor.

Abstract The objective of this thesis was to determine the effects of design, operational and furnish quality parameters on pressure screen and hydrocyclone performance. The general contradictory interrelationships between capacity and selectivity in pressure screening and cleaning are commonly recognized, but deep understanding of the effects of design, operational and furnish quality parameters on the state of operation is missing. As separation selectivity is closely dependent on thickening and pulp passage, an operation curve for separation was applied and its application further developed to examine the parameters affecting pressure screen and hydrocyclone separation. New information was found on the geometry of the screen plate, furnish quality parameters in pressure screen fibre fractionation, and the hydrocyclone separation of fibres, sand and gases. The capacity increases achieved by changes in the wire screen plate geometry were found to be achieved at the cost of separation selectivity in probability screening. The capacity of the screen plate was affected by the flow on the screen plate and through it. The hydraulic resistance both in the forward and reverse flow directions was found to be of great importance for the capacity of the screen plate. Previously unreported knowledge was found regarding the effects of wire width, height and shape. Pressure screening capacity was found to decrease with increasing fibre length, fibre network strength and flocculation. Pressure screen fibre fractionation selectivity was increased by broadening of the fibre length distribution of the feed furnish. The furnish properties also affected the separation selectivity of fibres, sand and gases in the hydrocyclone. An increase in fibre network strength reduced the separation selectivity of the hydrocyclone separation of fibres and sand. Any increase in the specific surface area, and especially in the amount of fines, was found to make gas removal more challenging. It was concluded that a broader range of the specific surface distribution can increase the selectivity of fibre fractionation in the hydrocyclone. Knowledge of the general effects of design, operational and furnish quality parameters on the performance of pressure screen and hydrocyclone separation was deepened as a result of this work, which provides a framework for studying these effects further in pursuit of the general objective of maximizing capacity and selectivity while minimizing energy and investment costs.

L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier l'influence de la texture poreuse et de l'acidité des catalyseurs d'hydrocraquage, sur l'activité et la sélectivité en distillats moyens. Dans notre étude, nous avons envisagé deux approches : d'une part la préparation des catalyseurs à partir de la zéolithe Y à texture poreuse optimisée, et d'autre part à partir d'une silice mésoporeuse de type MCM-48. Dans la première approche, l'optimisation de la texture poreuse a été réalisée par un traitement post synthèse de dessilication d'une zéolithe Y commerciale (CBV760). Les propriétés physico-chimiques des matériaux résultants ont été évaluées par différentes techniques de caractérisation. L'évaluation de ces matériaux en hydrocraquage de molécules modèles montre une très nette amélioration de la sélectivité en coupe moyenne par rapport à un catalyseur de référence à texture poreuse non optimisée. Dans la seconde approche, nos efforts ont été dirigés vers l'optimisation de l'acidité des solides de type MCM-48. Pour cela une méthode de greffage post-synthèse d'alumine à la surface de ce solide a été envisagée, conduisant à l'obtention d'une acidité suffisante pour la réaction d'hydrocraquage. L'évaluation catalytique de ces matériaux montre qu'ils sont des catalyseurs performants en hydrocraquage et en hydroisomérisation / The objective of this thesis was to prepare hydrocracking catalysts for heavy feedstocks with improved selectivity into middle distillates. In this study we followed two strategies: on the one hand the preparation of catalysts based on a zeolite Y with enhanced porosity, and on the other hand using a mesostructured silica (MCM-48). In the first approach, the optimization of the porous texture was realized by desilication of zeolite Y ( CBV760) in alkaline medium. Physico-chemical properties of obtained materials were investigated by various characterization techniques. The evaluation of these materials in the hydrocracking of model molecules shows a clear improvement of the selectivity into middle distillate with regards catalysts. In the second approach, our efforts were oriented towards the optimization of the acidity of MCM-48 type materials. To achieve this goal, an alumina layer was grafted on the surface of this material, generating an adequate acidity for the hydrocracking reaction. The catalytic evaluation of these materials shows a high selectivity inti middle distillates.

Reaction rate data at 50oC was generated in a batch reactor over a wide range of initial concentrations in the reaction mixture. In each case the reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium. Equilibrium conversion data clearly indicated that it is important to consider the non-ideality of the system. The NRTL activity model proved to be the most suitable model to calculate the activity based equilibrium constant, as the percentage standard deviation of the equilibrium constant calculated in this manner was only 7.6% for all the different experiments as opposed to 17.8% when the equilibrium constant was based on concentration. The NRTL parameters used were obtained from Gmehling&Onken (1977) who determined the parameters from vapour liquid equilibrium. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics proposed by Song et al. (1998) and Pöpken et al. (2000) provided an excellent representation of the reaction rate over a wide concentration range with an AARE of 6% and 5% respectively. It was shown that when the NRTL activities were used in the rate expression that a power law model provided a similarly accurate prediction of the reaction rate (AARE = 4.1%). When the Eley-Rideal reaction expression (in terms of the adsorption of methanol and water) was used, a slight improvement was achieved (AARE = 2.4%). As both the Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal models require separate experiments for the measurement of adsorption constants, it seems that the activity based power law model should be the kinetic expression of choice. It can be concluded that a two parameter activity based rate expression predicts the reaction rate with similar accuracy as the multi-parameter adsorption models. This indicates that it is not necessary to know the concentration on the resin surface (adsorption models) or in the resin gel (absorption models) when describing the reaction rate as long as the bulk liquid phase activities can be adequately described. / Dissertation (MEng (Chemical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

No description available.

Protein kinases are important regulatory enzymes in signal transduction and in cell regulation. Understanding inhibition mechanisms of kinases is important for the further development of new therapies for cancer and inflammatory diseases. I have developed a statistical approach based on the Mantel test to find the relationship between the shapes of ATP binding sites and their affinities for inhibitors. My shape-based dendrogram shows clustering of the kinases based on similarity in shape. I investigate the pocket in terms of conservation of surrounding amino acids and atoms in order to identify the key determinants of ligand binding. I find that the most conserved regions are the main chain atoms in the hinge region and I show that the tetrahydropyran ring of staurosporine causes induced-fit of the glycine rich loop. I apply multiple linear regression to select distances measured between the distinctive parts of residues which correlate with the binding constants. This method allows me to understand the importance of the size of the gatekeeper residue and the closure between the first glycine of the GXGXXG motif and the aspartate of the DFG loop, which act together to promote tight binding to staurosporine. I also find that the greater the number of hydrogen bonds made by the kinase around the methylamine group of staurosporine, the tighter the binding to staurosporine. The website I have developed allows a better understanding of cross reactivity and may be useful for narrowing down the options for a synthetic strategy to design kinase inhibitors.

Administrative justice is traditionally considered as the main alternative to the criminal justice system when a certain illegality is decriminalized or not enforced by criminal justice institutions (e.g. the regulation of elite deviance, urban disorder, mental health, etc.). This doctoral thesis studies how the conflicts related to immigration are being managed in the largest administrative tribunal in Canada: the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB). It asks how exactly does immigration justice, and administrative law more broadly, constitute an alternative to criminal justice in terms of social reaction, and what kinds of challenges does this alternative present for the study of social control. This research takes a qualitative approach based on documentary analysis and long-term ethnographic fieldwork conducted at the IRB between 2007 and 2009. It uses its own theoretical framework building on post-structural perspectives, including Bourdieu’s constructivist structuralism, governmentality and nodal governance studies, left realism and political economy of punishment. In the empirical part of the thesis, I present some of the characteristics of the legal translation of conflicts in immigration law, including the forms and logics of punishment involved and how immigration law is practiced at the tribunal. I argue that administrative adjudication and punishment differ substantially from criminal law regimes and I question the idea of criminalization (of immigration) as a category capable of nuancing the complexity of administrative forms of social reaction. Instead, I suggest that we should take these forms of punitive social reaction as they are, and study how they operate along, beyond and in addition to criminal law. I propose an integrated conception of the penal complex which works as a mobile (kinetic sculpture) and includes the criminal law realm, but also other normative systems that configure ‘less’ prominent locations of punishment playing an increasing role in social reaction. I conclude by proposing a new reading of selectivity of justice and penal policies, and consequently, a new agenda for criminology and criminologists. In this new agenda, the penal complex should be taken as a totality in order to promote broader and combined propositions for law reform and resistance to punitiveness.