策略一辭可說是管理學界最常被提及的字彙，然一般對於策略的認知大多是「想像一個可能的未來下，針對產業情境與自身條件下所擘畫的一系列作為與活動」，許多研究便是在此認知下去探討、驗證各種可能的競爭優勢來源，或者針對特定的產業情境歸納出應該採用的策略。本研究則試圖還給策略在組織上的客觀意義即「每ㄧ個組織無論其採用的管理方式為何，皆會有一個內嵌於組織的策略」，並將研究的重點著重在利用過往學者所建立的理論，建立一個更有效的架構與系統以便讓策略的思考與決策更為多元與容易。在本研究中我們提出了一個「策略思考架構」並透過簡易的資訊工具設計一「策略思考輔助系統」。在思考架構的設計上我們將策略的內涵以經營模式來表述，並將架構劃分為競爭優勢理論、企業主的經驗直覺以及外在環境等面向，並且透過策略思考輔助系統，來輔助企業主將如此複雜的面向作一統整的思考。透過個案的訪查整理與實務的個案演練可以發現一個簡單易用的思架構以及輔助資訊的提供，確實可以使得企業主延伸出較廣的思維以及更嚴謹的策略邏輯，並可以有效快速的對於外在的環境變動或者趨勢下整理出較為周詳的企業決策。

<p>During my time as a student of education I have learnt that it is my responsibility, as a teacher, to adjust the ways in which I teach to the needs, abilities, experiences, and thoughts of each individual child. What I have not yet gained much knowledge on is how to go about finding the children’s thoughts.</p><p>In this thesis I investigate the interview as a method of finding out how sixth graders think about their mathematics education. Four children were interviewed. In addition to these inter-views, as a means of giving a broader perspective to and a greater understanding of the chil-dren’s answers, one math lesson was filmed and the math teacher was interview on two sepa-rate occasions.</p><p>What I found was that a number of factors seemed to influence the children’s thoughts and answers, and that their answers were most likely not always a mirror of their thoughts. From this follows that we, as teachers, must be careful and not assume that we know about a child’s thoughts when, in fact, what we know is what the child chooses to communicate about his or her thoughts. I also found that the children seemed unaccustomed to speaking about mathe-matics in the way that I wanted them to. One reason for this seemed to be the way in which their teacher organized the lessons.</p>

<p>This examination paper is the final part of the three years long engineering education in industrial engineering and management, with focus on logistics and leadership, at the school of engineering in Jönköping.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the material flow method that is used at the time on an anonymous company and to study which opportunities and problems the company has while trying to become more efficient in its internal material flow process from the storage to the production area.</p><p>The current material flow system that the company uses from the storage to the production area is usable and the production is working with this system. The company sees potential in developing and becoming more efficient in the time used for material handling.  The tied up capital in the storages and the use of the floor area that is used, do also have potential in becoming more efficient according to the company.</p><p>The current material flow system from the storage to the production area was studied and mapped. Even the flow within the chosen production cell was studied. After these studies three possible vision opportunities were developed. The three vision opportunities were all focused on using batches in the production that were formed into the exact quantities needed to produce an order. How this kitting should be done was the difference between the vision opportunities.     </p><p>A simulation of the production with material kitted into the exact quantities required in the production cell where made, to see what possible gains and which losses that could occur with this new way of material handling. The results from this simulation and the knowledge that was given were among others the identification of a bottleneck in the production and diverse problems that could complicate a kitting of material. Further positive and negative effects of kitting are also reflected over in the report.</p><p>The simulation contributed, as said earlier, to the identification of a bottleneck in the production, but also to the discovery of how the order-batches from the customers have to be synchronized with the purchase-batches and the production-batches at the company. These results in relation to the theory part about kitting have lead forward to our suggestions of change and possible further work for the company and are seen under the final discussion part. These suggestions treat co-operation with suppliers’ synchronization of different batches and possible layout changes.</p>

Though artificial intelligence scientists frequently use words such as "belief" and "desire" when describing the computational capacities of their programs and computers, they have completely ignored the philosophical and psychological theories of belief and desire. Hence, their explanations of computational capacities which use these terms are frequently little better than folk-psychological explanations. Conversely, though philosophers and psychologists attempt to couch their theories of belief and desire in computational terms, they have consistently misunderstood the notions of computation and computational semantics. Hence, their theories of such attitudes are frequently inadequate. A computational theory of propositional attitudes (belief and desire) is presented here. It is argued that the theory of propositional attitudes put forth by philosophers and psychologists entails that propositional attitudes are a kind of abstract data type. This refined computational view of propositional attitudes bridges the gap between artificial intelligence, philosophy and psychology. Lastly, it is argued that this theory of propositional attitudes has consequences for meta-processing and consciousness in computers.

This dissertation explores why, how, and to whom rhetorical criticism was taught in the four most noteworthy locations of a systematic rhetorical criticism instruction up to the end of the twentieth century: the schools of Isocrates, Plato, and Aristotle in ancient Greece and the twentieth-century speech communication discipline in the United States. The study shows that Isocrates, Plato, and Aristotle had clearly recognized the analysis of public speeches (and by extension the analysis of other symbolically mediated influence) as constituting a symbolic capital of the highest order and the core of their intellectual and pedagogical interest in the art of the word or rhetoric. It was precisely their recognition of rhetorical criticism's intellectual worth that prompted the three master teachers to reserve a systematic instruction in rhetorical criticism for Athens' future leaders. By contrast, the twentieth-century speech communication discipline found itself caught between a goal to teach production-oriented public speaking courses and a goal to function as a modern research discipline. Neither twentieth-century objective valued and supported rhetorical criticism as speech communication's intellectual foundation and as an advanced form of listening, reading, seeing, and thinking in which all members of the modern mass education system are entitled to receive an easily accessible, systematic, and explicit training. Both in ancient Greece and in the twentieth-century United States a systematic instruction in the analysis of symbolically mediated influence was made available to some but not others.

This study examines the use of Studio Thinking's Studio Habits of Mind (Hetland, Winner, Veenema & Sheridan, 2007) as a framework for curriculum design. In order to compare the ideas with other current art education theories, I conduct a literature review that identifies types of thinking accessed in the visual arts classroom. Through the comparison of Hetland et. al.'s Habits of Mind with those cited by current researchers, I discuss the relevance of the Studio Habits of Mind and propose an additional Habit of Mind: Investigate. In order to explore the use of these Habits as a framework for curriculum design, I design several lessons for a local after-school program using an objectives-based lesson template. The difficulty of applying this framework to an existing template indicates the need for a new unit/lesson plan template formatted specifically to a mind-centered approach. I present my design for a new unit template, lesson template and examples. The findings of this research point to a move in art education towards a mind-centered approach in the visual arts classroom and the use of a mind-centered template for unit and lesson planning.

This article describes a library workshop for freshman hospitality management students enrolled at New York City College of Technology, CUNY, which features a focus on critical thinking. An active learning experience uses an element of surprise. Students evaluate the website of a bankrupt company where information about the company’s situation is hidden or not present. When the instructor guides the class to find unbiased information from newspapers, many students begin to think critically about sources.

Problema: Meno formų, vizualinių ženklų gausa šiandien liete užliejusi mūsų kultūrinę ir socialinę erdvę. Ji tampa natūralia, įprasta erdve šiuolaikiniams jaunuoliams, kurie jos dėka formuojasi estetines, menines nuostatas bei požiūrį į dailę apskritai. Šiame vizualine raiška gausiai pritvindytame pasaulyje vienodu pajėgumu su išties vertingais, reikšmingais meniniais atradimais drauge sugyvena kičas, pseudomenas, komercinius tikslus turintys kūriniai. Todėl gebėjimas atskirti vertingus objektus nuo vienadienių, beverčių, gebėjimas orientuotis daugiasluoksnėje ir daugiaprasmėje dailės reiškinių terpėje šiuolaikiniam jaunuoliui tampa labai svarbus. Kad mokinio interesas kultūrai, dailei nesudužtų į erzacinių meno pakaitalų sienas ir jis būtų pajėgus pats spręsti jam kylančias kultūrines, vertybines dilemas ir taptų aktyviu kultūros puoselėjimo, kūrimo dalyviu, reikia formuoti mokinių kritinį mąstymą. Darbo naujumą sudaro tai, kad įvertintas dailės kūrinių interpretavimo poveikis mokinių kritiniam mąstymui. Sukurtas dailės kūrinių interpretavimo modelis gali būti naudingas kuriant programas ir dailės istorijos mokyme. Tyrimo tikslas - atskleisti interpretacijos metodo įtaką dailės srovių pažinime, ugdant kritinį mąstymą. Tyrimo hipotezė: XI – XII klasių kritinis mąstymas bus ugdomas bei formuojamas efektyviau, jei į dailės istorijos mokymo procesą bus įtrauktas kūrinių interpretavimas. Tyrimo objektas - interpretacijos įtaka XI – XII klasių moksleivių kritinio mąstymo sklaidai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Problem: The abundance of art forms and visual symbols has flooded today’s cultural and social space. It is becoming a natural and familiar space for modern youth to form their aesthetic, artistic, and overall attitude of arts. In this world amply filled with visual expression, such art forms as kitsch, pseudo-art, and commercial production live side by side with the truly valuable and significant art discoveries. For this reason, the youngster’s ability to distinguish valuable objects from the temporary irrelevant ones, his orientation in multilayered and polysemantic medium of artistic phenomena becomes utterly important. In order to prevent the students’ interest in culture and arts from collapsing into walls of cheap art surrogates, to support their endeavors in solving cultural and moral issues, in order for them to actively create and nourish the culture, their critical thinking has to be formed. The novelty of this work lies in evaluation of the effect of interpretation of works of art on critical thinking of the students. This art interpretation model might be useful in designing art history study programs. The aim of the research is to disclose the effect of art interpretation on cognition of art movements by improving critical thinking abilities. The hypothesis of the research: the critical thinking abilities of 11th and 12th grade students will be formed and improved more efficiently if interpretation of works of art is implemented into art history study process... [to full text]

This thesis reports on a qualitative case study that explores the perceptions of seven elementary school teachers on the concept of media educational practices in the classroom. This study explores the opinions of selected elementary school teachers concerning media educational practices in the elementary classrooms. These perspectives may assist learners to explore their self-identities, develop critical thinking, express and practice creativity, represent their social position, and foster critical consciousness. The study participants included seven elementary school teachers who have adopted various modes of media educational practices in their teaching praxis utilizing technology and their conceptualizations of media education. One primary research question was addressed: What are elementary school teachers’ understandings of critical media education in the classroom? Three sub-questions have been used to inform the primary research question in three categories of contexts, processes, and outcomes. Through data collected by a semi-structured interviewing method, this study describes and analyzes personal teaching experiences of elementary teachers to provide a deeper understanding of the context of media education, the instructional process for developing critical thinking and creative expression, and the criteria for measuring competencies in media education outcomes. This research highlights teachers’ perspectives on the successes and challenges associated with their efforts to implement media literacy into school curricula; and on the importance of cross-curricular integration of media educational practices in elementary classrooms. The findings of this study provide insights into the importance of cross-curricular integration of media educational practices associated with critical thinking and creative expressions in elementary classrooms. These practices play a significant role for both students and teachers in becoming change agents in a dynamic teaching and learning environment that promotes critical thinking, creativity, and positive transformation for self and community.

It is imperative to prepare South African learners to participate and function confidently within the context of a rapidly changing world. The curriculum of the South African Education System emphasises the significance of optimising learners‟ cognitive development as early as pre-school age to enable them to become creative and critical citizens who lead purposeful lives in a safe and prejudice-free environment. Despite continuous efforts by educators to optimise cognitive development, recently executed research studies indicate that cognitive development has not been adequately optimised in South African schools. This study was undertaken to establish the cognitive development level (cognitive and meta-cognitive skills and strategies, cognitive functions and non-intellective factors) of Grade R-learners and to determine the effect of an intervention programme, the Cognitive Enhancement Programme for Pre-schoolers (CEPP), on their cognitive development. By means of a literature study, I investigated whether, to what extent the cognitive development of Grade R-learners was taking place, and established which cognitive and meta-cognitive thinking skills and strategies, cognitive functions and non-intellective factors are required for effective cognitive development among Grade R-learners. In addition to this, the role of mediation for optimising cognitive development was investigated. A concurrent embedded mixed methods design was conducted in the implementation of the research. Intervention research within a quasi-experimental research design was applied. The data collection by means of a quantitative strategy (quasi-experimental research) and qualitative strategy (observation study) was executed simultaneously. By means of convenient sampling, one Grade R-class with twenty learners was subjected to a pre-test to establish their cognitive developmental level. The test results as well as the observations conducted during the pre-test revealed that the learners experienced problems related to their cognitive development. Ten of the twenty learners were then divided purposively based on their test performance into two experimental groups, Experimental Group A and Experimental Group B consisting of five participants each. Experimental group A and Experimental Group B took part in the CEPP intervention based on the principles of mediation on a rotational basis over a period of twelve weeks, during which intentional attempts were made to optimise their cognitive development. Both groups completed a post-test and delayed post-test (retention) to determine the effect of the CEPP intervention on their cognitive development. In addition to the test results, observations in the form of structured running and anecdotal records and reflective notes were utilised to understand the nature and quality of the cognitive development of the learners better. Furthermore, the effect of the intervention on their cognitive development was established. The cognitive development of Grade R-learners who participated in this study was optimised, which is a clear indication that cognitive capacity can be optimised when instruction is based on the principles of mediation / PhD, Teaching and Learning, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012