Dark patterns are ubiquitous in user interfaces of today. They are often created by designers to manipulate users to make decisions they didn’t intend, or perhaps even wanted, in an interface that first and foremost benefits the stakeholders – at the expense of the users. Studies have shown that the designers themselves are aware of the concept of dark patterns, but are the users aware of them? This study aims to map website users’ knowledge about Harry Brignulls definition of the concept of dark patterns, the different types of dark patterns that the concept contains, and where users encounter these dark patterns. The data was collected through an online Sunet – Survey & Report-questionnaire and analyzed through an analyzing system called IBM SPSS and Sunets-questionnaire own analyzing tools. The result showed that very few of the respondents knew what the concept of dark patterns was, but many of them recognized that they had encountered the phenomena, after it was explained to them. The result also showed that there was no connection found between knowledge about dark patterns and the different factors of age, gender, occupation, or websites visited per day. The mapping of users’ knowledge about dark patterns opened for further future research.

Industry 4.0 (I4.0) productions are complex environments driven by production data to make informed decisions affecting the events and items on the production line. This complexity can have a negative effect on the factory workers’ adoption rate of the new technology. More specifically, it can lead to the factory workers feeling passive and lacking influence over the tools used. Therefore, new UX methods and increased UX maturity are called for, to better suit the ever changing environments of I4.0 organizations. To ensure adoption, positive attitudes and intentions regarding user ownership, expertise and knowledge sharing are required. In this thesis project, participatory design (PD) methods are used to evaluate, whether PD has a positive effect on such attitudes and intentions toward new tools introduced on the production line. Five participants, employees from the I4.0 company Northvolt, were recruited to take part in a PD workshop to design a human-machine interface (HMI). The participants attitudes and intentions towards the tool were measured and explored through the PD workshop, surveys and user interviews. The outcome was also compared to the survey results on the tools already in use on the production line. The study resulted in increased positive attitudes and intentions towards user ownership, knowledge sharing and expertise concerning the HMI. Thus, the application of PD in I4.0 environments had an overall positive impact. Researchers are called to assess these effects in the long term, by allowing the participants to use the tool in a practical context overtime. / Industry 4.0 (4.0) produktioner är komplexa miljöer drivna av produktionsdata för att kunna göra informerade beslut som påverkar händelserna och produkterna på produktionslinjen. Denna komplexitet kan ha en negativ effekt på fabriksarbetarnas adoptionsfrekvens av den nya teknologin. Mer specifikt, kan det leda till att fabriksarbetarna känner passivitet och att de saknar inflytande över de digitala verktygen som används. För att bättre passa de föränderliga miljöerna i I4.0 organisationer, behövs nya User Experience (UX) metoder och ökad UX mognad. För att säkerställa adoption, positiva attityder och avsikter angående ”user ownership”, behövs expertis och kunskapsdelning. I detta examensprojekt, används ”participatory design” (PD) metoder för att evaluera om PD har en positiv effekt på sådana attityder och avsikter gentemot nya digitala verktyg introducerade på produktionslinjen. Fem deltagare, anställda från I4.0 företaget Northvolt, rekryterades för att ta del av en PD workshop för att designa ett ”human-machine interface” (HMI). Deltagarnas attityder och avsikter gentemot verktyget mättes och utforskades genom PD workshopen, enkäter och användarintervjuer. Utfallet blev jämfört med enkätresultat gällande digitala verktyg som redan används på produktionslinjen. Projektet resulterade i ökade positiva attityder och avsikter rörande user ownership, kunskapsdelning och expertis gentemot HMIt. Således, appliceringen av PD i I4.0 miljöer hade en övergripande positiv påverkan. Forskare uppmanas att bedöma dessa effekter långsiktigt, genom att tillåta deltagarna att använda det digitala verktyget i en praktiken över tid.

Sustainableefficient lighting is becoming seen as one of the mostimportant issues in the office environment In Sweden, energydemandfor lighting corresponds to 20 of the total electricity use in officebuildings 31 while lighting form on average 33 1 of the electricityconsumption in UK office buildingsThisthesis investigate how to make lighting in offices more sustainableand focus on energy efficiency, to save energy through creating guidelinesrelated to light source technologies lighting control systems and the userbehavior then apply those guidelines to an existing office throughsuggesting a new lighting designTheexisting office in this case is the ÅF company 10 th office floor locatedin Stockholm SwedenThisinvestigation methodology consist of 2 main parts literature review andProject ( study At the first part, methods used are a combination ofliterature review related to saving energy through sustainability in lightingand how light source technology lighting control systems and the effect ofuser behavior could help to create more energy efficient lighting systemsAtthe second part, methods used in the Project study analyzed throughqualitative methods through surveys in addition to quantitative methodthrough and personal observations The used methods helped to createguidelines for the new suggested lighting design for ÅF 10 th office floorpartTheResults shows that the new suggested lighting design saved up to31 96 than the current lighting situation3

BACKGROUND: High-cost healthcare users (HCUs) are patients who use disproportionate healthcare resources compared to their peers. A better understanding of their co-morbidity status, medication use, and healthcare utilization is needed to improve health interventions and policies. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to: (1) synthesize what is known about HCUs and interventions for managing them, (2) characterize how HCUs differ from non-HCUs, and (3) explore the impact of medications and whether prescribing quality contributes to differences in healthcare costs and HCU status development. METHODS: We synthesized what is known about HCUs and used the GRADE framework to evaluate the evidence for interventions designed to improve their health. We conducted retrospective population-based matched cohort and case-control studies of incident older adult HCUs using health administrative data. We examined prescribing and medication costs over the non-HCU to HCU transition period and compared them to non-HCUs. We conducted logistic regression to evaluate associations between HCU status development and the use of high-cost drugs and potentially inappropriate medications. RESULTS: HCU interventions to date have shown inconsistent effects on clinical outcomes and healthcare costs and the overall quality of evidence supporting their efficacy is low. Compared to non-HCUs, HCUs have higher rates of polypharmacy, hospitalization, and mortality. Medications are the highest healthcare cost category in the pre-HCU year and these costs rise nearly 1.7-fold in the HCU year. High-cost drug use increases significantly during the HCU transition period and 3.6% achieve HCU status based on drug costs alone. Use of several potentially inappropriate medications and high-cost drugs significantly increase the odds of HCU development. CONCLUSIONS: Medications can contribute to high-cost healthcare directly through drug costs alone or indirectly through adverse effects on health. Medication optimization interventions and policies to reduce inappropriate medication use and ensure cost-effective medication use are needed to manage high-cost healthcare and prevent HCU development. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / High-cost healthcare users (HCUs) are patients who use disproportionate healthcare resources compared to their peers. More research is needed to better understand HCUs to design interventions to improve their health outcomes and costs. In this thesis, we evaluated what previous studies have discovered about HCUs and we used Ontario’s health system data to explore whether the quality of prescribing and medication use in older adults influences their risk of becoming a HCU. We found that current interventions for HCUs have had inconsistent effects on improving health outcomes and costs. We also found two medication-related factors contributing to the risk of becoming an older adult HCU: (1) use of very expensive medications, and (2) use of potentially inappropriate medications where the risk of harm may outweigh potential benefits. Interventions and health policies to optimize the appropriate and cost-effective use of medications are needed to manage high-cost healthcare and prevent HCU development.

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An important field of research now is how smartwatches are being adopted and used in variouscultural situations. The adoption of smartwatches among Pakistani consumers is the subject ofthis study, with an emphasis on understanding the behavioral intents and usage patternsinfluenced by cultural customs and lifestyle preferences. Semi-structured interviews and qualitative questionnaires were employed in the study's qualitative research approach to extract insights from a diverse group of individuals. The research utilized qualitative methods, gathering in-depth and nuanced information from Pakistani users through semi-structured interviews and qualitative questionnaires. The data was subjected to thematic analysis, which revealed recurrent themes that provide insights into the variables impacting the adoption and sustained use ofsmartwatches.Five main themes emerged from the participants after thematic analysis. It was revealed that smartwatches were helpful in encouraging better lifestyles because they could beused as health-monitoring devices to actively control their fitness-impacting lifestyles. Users were able to smoothly incorporate technology into their fashion choices thanks to smartwatches, which wereseen as extensions of personal style. Participants praised the ease of managing tasks and notifications straight from the wrist, which facilitated effective time management. Withfeatureslike stresstracking and relaxation activities, smartwatches act as instruments for reducingstress.Participants praised smartwatches for helping them stay connected and organized whileretaining a professional demeanor. The findings were interpreted using a comprehensiveframework basedon the Affordance theory. The themes that were found reflected the perceived benefits that smartwatches are thought to provide, directing users towards activities based on thefunctionality they perceive. By illuminating the complex relationships between perceived affordances and behavioral intentions, this framework improved our knowledge of how cultural practices and lifestyle preferences interact with the adoption of technology. The results highlightthe mutually beneficial interaction between technology, culture, and personal goals whilehighlighting the roleof perceived affordances in influencing users' intents and actions. These observations offer invaluable advice for designers, academics, and stakeholders looking toimprove user experiences across various cultural contexts as smartwatches continue to reshape personal interactions with technology.

The expectations of potential users of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) reveal howusers conceptualize the technology, how they expect it to serve them and what they need from the service. Previous studies of CAVs have concentrated research on user adoption, willingness to use, pay, and future challenges of the technology. However, a few studies have explored the expectations of potentialusers of CAVs. The knowledge of the expectations of potential users is essential for service designers to understand the needs of each category of users to enhance user-level satisfaction and prioritize different alternatives for service improvements. Through a qualitative and explorative study of potential users inSweden, this study presents three categories of the expectations of potential users of CAVs: Optimistic,Pessimistic, and Contradictory expectations. The Optimistic expectations represent potential users'positive insights of what they need for CAVs to be a successful innovation. The Pessimistic expectations relate to the potential user's hope that adverse events will happen in the introduction of CAVs and thatthe service will produce negative outcomes. The Contradictory expectations are conflicting expectations that potential users have for CAVs which share both optimistic and pessimistic views. This studydiscusses the implications of the categories of the expectations of potential users for service designersand researchers. The study also proposes future recommendations for the extension of this researchwork.

Historically, table tennis blades have been subject to few changes. Apart from the introduction of a few new materials, such as carbon fibre, resulting from rule changes in the sport, the pace of change has been slow. This project is based on three cases containing potential rule changes to the regulations of the sport regarding the construction of blades. Furthermore, the sport, its user’s needs, and potential new materials to implement have been investigated, resulting in the development of a series of prototypes. A total of 21 prototypes have been used with the aim of improving the control properties of the blade, which along with speed and spin are considered the most important playing characteristics in a table tennis stroke. The overall result from user tests indicates that three of the prototypes possess interesting properties which should be investigated further, out of which two are presented in this report. These prototypes consist of a prototype where a layer of the fibrous material Vectran is included, and a prototype where a layer consists of a honeycomb structure made of the material Nomex, and a third prototype that upon request from the company has been decided to be excluded from the report. Finally, recommendations for further development of these prototypes are described. / Stommar för bordtennisracketar är en produktkategori som historiskt sett genomgått små förändringar. Bortsett från att ett antal nya material, såsom kolfiber, introducerats till följd av olika regeländringar har förändringstakten varit långsam. Detta projekt har utgått från tre projektcase innehållande potentiella regelförändringar av bordtennisens regelverk avseende bordtennisstommens tillåtna konstruktion. Här har sporten, dess användarbehov samt potentiella nya material undersökts vilka prototyper tillverkats utefter. Sammanlagt har 21 prototyper tagits fram vilka främst avser förbättra racketstommens kontrollegenskaper, vilket tillsammans med fart och skruv anses vara de viktigaste spelegenskaperna hos racketen i slagmomentet. Det sammantagna resultatet från användartesterna visar att ett antal av prototyperna besitter intressanta spelegenskaper. Av dessa har tre valts ut vilka rekommenderas att undersökas vidare, varav två presenteras i denna rapport. Detta handlar om en stomme där ett lager av fibermaterialet Vectran används, en stomme där ett lager utgörs av en honeycombstruktur av Nomex, samt en tredje stomme som på företagets önskemål beslutats att ej inkluderas i rapporten. Till sist beskrivs rekommendationer för vidare arbete med dessa koncept.