This study examined the affects of desiccation during and after cold storage on the physiology, growth, and marketability of bare-root Acer platanoides (Norway maple), Crataegus phaenopyrum (Washington hawthorn) and Prunus x yedoensis (Yoshino cherry). Histological examination of Acer and Crataegus stems was also conducted. Maple and cherry trees were transplanted into pine bark-filled containers and subjected to mist or non-mist treatments. Xylem water potential increased (became less negative) for misted maple and cherry trees. Water potential increased for non-misted maple and decreased for non-misted cherry trees. Maple and hawthorn seedlings were subjected to cold storage durations of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks and storage treatments: whole plant covered, shoots exposed, roots exposed and whole plant exposed. Shoot (Ψ_s) and root (Ψ_r) water potentials for all treatments and both species decreased during storage. For maple, (Ψ_s) and (Ψ_r) of the exposed shoot treatment were the same as the whole plant covered treatment. In contrast, hawthorn (Ψ_s) and (Ψ_r) of the exposed shoot treatment were lower (more negative) than for the whole plant covered treatment. Root hydraulic conductivity was the same for both species and decreased with increased storage duration and for treatments with exposed roots. For the root covered treatments, maple root growth potential (RGP) increased while hawthorn RGP decreased with increased cold storage duration. RGP for both species remained low throughout storage for treatments exposing roots. Days to bud break for Acer and Crataegus seedlings decreased with increased storage time for the whole plant covered treatments but increased for both species when stored with exposed roots. Maple marketability, percent of trees with ≤ 10% shoot dieback, for root covered treatments was high for most storage durations. Hawthorn marketability was generally low except for the whole plant covered treatment during the first six weeks of storage. There was a high positive correlation between RGP and marketability for both maple and hawthorn. Histological examination revealed that Acer stems had a highly suberized periderm, and a uniform cuticle with few disruptions. Periderm suberization of Crataegus stems was variable and extensive peridermal cracking was evident. Cuticle wax decreased with increasing distance from the stem apex for both species. Collectively, results indicated that hawthorn stems had more pathways for water loss than maple shoots. While protection of roots of all bare-root stock is important, desiccation sensitive species such as Washington hawthorn require both root and shoot protection during storage and at transplanting to minimize water loss. / Ph. D.

When using timber for construction purposes it is important to know its strength. One way to do this is by sorting the boards into strength classes that are defined by European standards.  A commonly used method for strength grading is based on dynamic excitation in the longitudinal direction of the board to obtain an average dynamic longitudinal modulus of elasticity (MOE). This in turn correlates with the bending strength of the board in such a way that it can be used as an indicating property (IP) to bending strength. The use of MOE as an IP has proven to give the highest coefficient of determination (R2) to both bending and tensile strength in boards. Through the research described in this thesis, one might find that both reducing the length of a board to half its initial length and by removing the part containing the lowest local MOE in edgewise bending provided similar results, the axial dynamic MOE remaining within a 1% tolerance whereas the lowest IP based on local MOE in edgewise bending increased by 6–7%.

<p>With the use of a process-orientated ecosystem model andmeasurements conducted at different Swedish coniferous forestsites, abiotic and biotic interactions between tree and soilwere identified and related to governing factors. Two differentmodelling approaches to describe soil temperatures at two sitesincluding hydrological transects were tested (I). The approachin which both canopy and soil were considered proved to be amore flexible tool to describe soil temperatures, especiallyduring snow-free winter periods. Five sites along a climatetransect covering Sweden were used to describe soil carbon poolchanges during an 80-year period simulation (II). The dynamicmodelling approach, with a feedback between abiotic and bioticsub-models, was successful in describing simplified patterns offorest stand dynamics and furthermore in differentiatingbetween climate and nitrogen availability factors. The largereffect of nitrogen availability compared to climate on soilcarbon pool changes was clearly shown.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>SPAC; soil surface energy balance; Norwayspruce; canopy; LAI; climate; nitrogen; CoupModel</p>

Ecologization of agriculture and forestry directly and indirectly influences the environment, water, air, and landscape. Thus, analysis of organic forestry activities, evaluation and forecast are of scientific, ecological and political significance. Weed control and the resulting organic farming and forestry issues have attracted greater attention to the use of physical methods in weed control, because this weed control method is effective and does not leave chemical residues neither in the soil, nor in water. One of the physical methods is thermal weed control method, which contrary to the other weed control methods, leaves only dead biomass, preventing self-sowing of weed seeds in the soil, destroys some of the pests and disinfects the surface layer of soil (Upadhyaya et al, 2007). Meanwhile, as an alternative to seed treatment, various physical methods are also used (Lynikienė, 2006). However, the effect of some of the techniques on seed-born fungi are not explained, optimal exposures of the effects are unidentified (Clear et al., 2002). One of the possibilities to reduce the infestation of seeds by fungi - their thermal destruction. / Žemės ir miškų ūkio ekologizavimas tiesiogiai ir netiesiogiai veikia aplinką, vandenį, orą, landšaftą. Todėl ekologinės veiklos miškų ūkyje analizė, įvertinimas ir prognozė turi mokslinę, ekologinę ir politinę reikšmę (Diepenbrock, 1996). Piktžolių naikinimas ir ekologinės žemės bei miškų ūkių problemos paskatino atkreipti dėmesį į fizikinių metodų naudojimo piktžolių kontrolei svarbą, nes šis piktžolių naikinimo metodas yra efektyvus, nepaliekantis cheminių medžiagų likučių nei dirvožemyje, nei vandenyje. Vienas iš fizikinių metodų ir yra terminis piktžolių naikinimo būdas, kuris, skirtingai nuo kitų piktžolių kontrolės būdų, palieka tik negyvą jų biomasę, neleisdamas piktžolių sėkloms pasisėti dirvoje, sunaikina kai kuriuos kenkėjus ir dezinfekuoja paviršinį dirvožemio sluoksnį (Upadhyaya, 2012). Kaip alternatyva sėkloms beicuoti taip pat naudojami įvairūs fizikiniai metodai (Lynikienė, 2006). Kai kurių metodų poveikis sėklomis plintantiems mikromicetams nenustatytas, nenustatytos ir šių poveikių optimalios ekspozicijos (Clear et al., 2002). Viena iš galimybių sumažinti sėklų užterštumą mikromicetais – jų naikinimas termiškai.

This paper examines the mechanisms of “successful” communication in matters of political leaders’ability to gain public trust and credibility during large scale crises. Even though political actors andother stakeholders tend to be very proactive to promote their views, news media also play an activeand important role in framing public policy issues and crises.1 Thus, this thesis involves both politicalactors and media in the context of framing and crisis communication. Their interrelation and itsimportance for explaining successful crisis communication is demonstrated by producing a case studyof the Norwegian government’s communication efforts during and after the terrorist attack in Osloand the island of Utöya 22/7 2011. This paper argues and demonstrates that the active use ofpositive frames, that are cultural congruent and resonate with the media shaping, is a necessity tocreate a favorable context for winning praise and support in times of crisis. In line with previousresearch, framing strategies in crisis communication is demonstrated to be central to the crisisresponse and determines whether a responsible stakeholder is able to create momentum, maintainand even gain increased public support or not.

Baigiamojo darbo tikslas - išsiaiškinti ar bendrovės idėja teikti įdarbinimo paslaugas Lietuvos piliečiams Norvegijoje būtų reali, perspektyvi, o svarbiausia – pelninga veikla. Teorinėje darbo dalyje analizuojami - paslaugų marketingo ypatumai, paslaugų marketingo strategijos, paslaugų marketingo veiksmų planas, internacionalizacijos aiškinimai, skverbimosi i užsienio rinkas fazės. Analitinėje baigiamojo darbo dalyje atlikti tyrimai ir rezultatai - išanalizuota Norvegijos makroaplinka, šalies ekonominė aplinka, nedarbas ir infliacija, socialinė – kultūrinė aplinka, politinė-teisinė aplinka, istirta Norvegijos darbo rinka ir jos poreikiai, išanalizuoti bedarbystės rodikliai, socialinė sistema. Gauti rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad Norvegijos darbo rinka yra tinkama teikti įdarbinimo paslaugas Lietuvos piliečiams ir veikla būtų populiari bei pelninga. Projektinėje darbo dalyje suformuoti tokie sprendimai - suformuluota įmonės misija, tikslai ir paslaugų pobūdis, tikslinės rinkos apibrėžimas, konkurencinės aplinkos ištyrimas, rėmimo priemonių parinkimas, darbdavių ir darbuotojų lūkesčiai, apklausos metodas, finansinė analizė, išlaidų prognozės, valdymo įrankiai, sunkumai ir rizika, finansinių prognozių prielaidos, lūžio taško įvertinimas. / This master paper tries to give a firm idea of implementing such a plan. Referring to different literature and information on the web sites the paper analyses basic elements of macro environment of Norway market (economical, political, social and geographical elements). Studies in detail the Norwegian labour market characteristics, the need of this market and the unemployment rates, also the issues related with recruitment process (recruitment selection, recognition of qualification, etc.). The paper presents in detail the requirements for foreign nationals seeking to work in this country, informs about social security and tax systems existing in this country. While describing the marketing strategy the main analysis focuses on the future nature of the services building and the target market. The paper analyzes possible support measures of such an activity and the expectations of employers and employees while working in Norway. Finally the financial aspect of this activity are touched and the question of financial implementation and the ratio of supply frequency and the price ratio is established.

Background: Using telemedicine to provide health services for seafarers represents a special case of intersectoral co-operation.Since 2006, several North Sea drilling platforms and internationally operating Norwegian merchant ships have usedonboard telemedicine equipment continuously. Experience gained through this new technology has improvedintersectoral co-operation regarding seafarers’ health care. Aim: This study aimed to analyze the need for intersectoral co-operation and networking in maritime medicine by usingtelemedicine equipment at sea. Various Norwegian maritime organizations and institutions participated in the study. Methods: I conducted a qualitative descriptive survey using a Web-organized interactive interview technique, a new mode ofinteraction based on a semi-structured interview guide for data collection. After conducting exploratory personalinterviews in October 2006, I developed a Web-based questionnaire comprising 53 questions. Participants receivedan e-mail invitation containing an online link to an Internet-based questionnaire. Individuals unable to use the Webbasedlink could return the completed questionnaire as an e-mail attachment. I collected data between April and June2007 and evaluated some questions according to the principles of content analysis and others with simple quantitative analysis, e.g., frequency and distribution. Results: Among 33 persons contacted, 31 (94%) agreed to participate in the study. Respondents represented 11 variousmaritime organizations and companies. Fourteen worked as maritime officers, nine as maritime managers, and eightas medical professionals. Importantly, fourteen respondents (45%) had demonstrated practical working experiencewith telemedicine at sea. According to content analysis, the following categories were developed: communicationandevidence-based telemedicine; maritime e-health standardization and knowledge management; improvingtelemedicine quality management; organizational, technical, and medical competences and intersectoral approach;technical standardization and networking; and communication and information. Four main categories illuminated theparticipants’ demands, i.e., information, communication, standardization, and centralization, and led to thedevelopment of national e-health policy and strategy to support the Norwegian maritime e-health society vianetworking and intersectoral co-operation. Conclusions: Intersectoral co-operation in maritime telemedicine requires interorganizational networking in order to introduceeffective and compatible international maritime e-health standards for seafarers’ healthcare. The Norwegian Centrefor Maritime Medicine (NCMM), a Centre of Excellence in maritime medical research, will participate importantlyin this process. The study also showed that a Web-based survey in maritime research offers an easily managedresearch tool that quickly yields a very good overview of a special situation. / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-50-4</p>

Destination marketing organisations (DMO) är ett fenomen som går att studera utifrån flera aspekter. Vi valde att utgå från DMO positionering och distribution av turismprodukter vilket skapade frågeställningen: Hur förmedlas Norge som en nationell destination? Organisationen är komplex, och detta arbetets syfte är därför att få en ökad förståelse för DMOs arbete utifrån en egenskapad modell, DMOs framställningsprocess av en destination. En deduktiv ansats har används i studien, där teorierna DMO, platsmarkandsföring, kommersialisering samt destination image har behandlats. Dessa teorier har sedan applicerats på ett verkligt fenomen, som i detta fall har varit Norges DMO, Innovasjon Norge.   Arbetets empiriska material har samlats in från en mail intervju med Andreas Ørjasæter Solhaug på Innovasjon Norge. Även en semiotisk bildanalys har genomförts, där bilder i den officiella broschyr Innovasjon Norge publicerat år 2014 till den svenska marknaden studerats. Utifrån semiotik har en bildanalys genomförts med hjälp av ett kodningsschema samt en kodningsmanual som skapats. De värden Innovasjon Norge önskar att platsmarknadsföra och kommersialisera ut, har jämförts med de värden som faktiskt kommersialiseras ut till den svenska marknaden. Utifrån detta har sedan en slutsats dragits kring vilka indikationer som finns för den destination image potentiella besökare i Sverige har inför Norge. Då det i huvudsak är natur och aktiveter kopplade till naturen som kommersialiseras ut, visar detta en indikation på att de svenska besökarna också ser Norge som en destination som främst har naturupplevelser av olika slag att erbjuda.

Magistro baigiamąjame darbe tiriamas biohumuso poveikis paprastųjų eglių (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sėjinukų augimui atvirame grunte. Tyrimo objektas - vienerių metų paprastosios eglės sėjinukai. Tyrimų tikslas: nustatyti ekologiškos organinės trąšos - biohumuso įtaką paprastosios eglės sėjinukų augimui, vystymuisi, išlikimui, išeigai iš ploto vieneto, ekonominiam efektyvumui. Tyrimo metodai. Loginė mokslinės literatūros apžvalga, apskaitos aikštelių ir duomenų statistinio apdorojimo metodai. Darbo uždaviniai. Nustatyti biohumuso įtaką paprastosios eglės vienmečių sėjinukų augimui ir vystymuisi. Įvertinti vermikomposto įtaką sėjinukų išlikimui ir išeigai iš ploto vieneto. Atlikti biohumuso panaudojimo ekonominį įvertinimą. Darbo rezultatai. Paprastosios eglės vienamečių sėjinukų antžeminės dalies augimą, iš šešių tirtų biohumuso normų, labiausiai įtakojo 20 t/ha norma. Ji esmingai padidino sėjinukų aukštį, spyglių skaičių ir jų ilgį, o jos poveikis sėjinukų skersmeniui, šoninių ūglių skaičiui bei jų ilgiui, šoninių pumpurų skaičiui buvo analogiškas kaip ir mineralinių trąšų. Lyginant sėjinukų šaknų sistemas, biohumuso 10, 20 ir 30 t/ha normos patikimai padidino eglaičių pagrindinės šaknies ilgį (labiausiai – 20 t/ha), o pirmos eilės šoninių šaknų skaičių teigiamai įtakojo tik biohumuso 20 t/ha norma, palyginti su mineralinėmis trąšomis. Efektyviausiai sėjinukų bendrąją, antžeminės dalies ir šaknų masę padidino biohumuso 20 t/ha norma. Be to, biohumusas labiau skatino... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The effect of biohumus on the growth of the seedling of Norway spruce in the open soil is researched in this master thesis. The object of the research – the one year old seedling of Norway spruce. Research aim is to test the influence of biohumus on the growth, development, survival, amount of the seedling of Norway spruce from 1 hectare and its economikcal effect. Research methods. The review of logical scientific literature, the methods of statistic analysis of the data of the examined areas. Research objectives. To define the influence of biohumus on the growth and development of one year old seedling. To assess the influence of vermicompost on the seedling survival and harvest from one hectare. To perform the economical evaluation of the use of biohumus. Research results. The growth of a year old seedling from the six tested norms with biohumus was mostly influenced by 20 t/ha norm. It eesentially encreased the height of the seedling, the number and length of the needles. Its effect on the widh of the seedling, the number of the side branches, their length and the amount of the side buds was equivalent to the mineral fertilizers. By comparising the systems of the roots, the norms of biohumus 10, 20 and 30, evidentally encreased the length of the main roots of the Norway spruce (mostly 20 t/ha). However, the number of the side roots of the first row was positively effected only by the 20 t/ha norm if compared to the mineral fertilizers. The whole weight of the... [to full text]

This thesis investigates the development of the present-day linguistic hegemonies within Italy and Norway as products of ongoing linguistic ‘wars of position’. Language activist movements have been key actors in these struggles, and this study seeks to address how such movements have operated in attempts to translate their linguistic ideologies into de facto language policy through mechanisms such as political agitation, propaganda and the use of language in public spaces. It also reveals which other extra-linguistic values and ideologies have become associated with or allied to these linguistic causes in recent years, how these ideologies have affected language policy, and whether such ideological alliances have been representative of language users’ ideologies. The study is informed by an innovative methodological framework combining the theories and metaphors of Antonio Gramsci (including hegemony and wars of position as well as his linguistic writings) with the theories of Stein Rokkan on cultural-political cleavage structures and the relationships between centres and peripheries. These constructs and relationships are thereafter documented as ideologically defining strands running through the history of the movements studied, through reference to activist periodicals and party newspapers. In Italy, the focus of the research is on the Lega Nord (Northern League), a far-right populist autonomist political movement. The Lega has sought to legitimise its imagination of a northern nation (‘Padania’) by portraying the dialects of northern Italy as minority languages, emphasising the hegemonic relationship between the Italian national language and northern dialects. The movement has also used this perception of northern dialects as peripheral and suppressed by Italian to bolster its depiction of ‘Padania’ as a wealthy periphery allegedly held back by central and southern Italy. Although this campaign has achieved some successes in increased visibility of dialects in public spaces, dialects largely remain restricted to ‘low’-status domains. In Norway, the thesis devotes special attention to the post-war efforts of the counter-hegemonic campaign for the Nynorsk standard of Norwegian, which was devised as a common denominator for Norwegian dialects, as opposed to the hegemonic standard Bokmål, which is a Norwegianisation of written Danish. In opposing the challenges of globalisation and centralisation, the Nynorsk movement has retained a radical character and is generally associated with a left-wing variant of nationalism, a key part of the Norwegian cultural cleavage structure. The social argumentation of the Nynorsk movement was instrumental in its successful promotion of dialects, now seen as an unstigmatised means of spoken communication in all social contexts.