O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar qualitativa e quantitativamente, através de técnicas histológicas e histoquímicas, o córtex cerebral de ratos submetidos a uma subnutrição protéica e posterior recuperação precoce e tardia. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar submetidos às seguintes dietas nutricionais: dieta padrão - normoprotéica - \"AIN-93G\", contendo 20% de proteína (caseína) e dieta hipoprotéica - \"AIN-93G\", contendo 5% desta mesma proteína, durante os períodos experimentais de 42 e 60 dias. Os grupos experimentais foram formados por animais que desde o acasalamento até a eutanásia foram submetidos à dieta normoprotéica (grupos nutridos N42 e N60) e à dieta hipoprotéica (grupos subnutridos S42 e S60). O grupo renutrido precoce (Rp42) foi constituído por animais subnutridos que, a partir do 22º dia passaram a receber a dieta normoprotéica até 42 dias de idade; animais subnutridos que a partir do 43º dia receberam a dieta normoprotéica até 60 dias de idade, constituíram o grupo renutrido tardio (Rt60). Uma vez formado os grupos experimentais no momento do desmame (21 dias) todos os animais foram alojados e assistidos em gaiolas metabólicas. Características comportamentais e físicas foram avaliadas, bem como os seguintes aspectos morfométricos: pesos corporais e encefálicos; comprimento naso-anal, circunferência abdominal, índice de Lee (que avalia o grau de adiposidade) e as dimensões encefálicas. Para as avaliações quantitativas estruturais foram empregadas técnicas histológicas (H.E. e violeta Cresil) e histoquímica (β-Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate - NADPH) para neurônios nitrérgicos. Foram avaliados parâmetros como: número de neurônios, densidade neuronal, área neuronal e o perfil da área dos neurônios corticais e nas camadas corticais. Em linhas gerais, para os parâmetros aqui avaliados, desde o nascimento até o sacrifício inerente a cada grupo experimental (42 e 60 dias), os animais dos grupos subnutridos (S42 e S60) apresentaram valores menores do que os respectivos grupos controle (N42 e N60), exceto no índice de Lee, significativamente maior do que nos animais nutridos. Os grupos renutridos, independentemente se precoce (Rp42) ou tardio (Rt60) conseguem alguma recuperação em alguns parâmetros avaliados como peso encefálico, dimensões encefálicas e espessura cortical; porém outros como o peso corporal, e a área neuronal foram gravemente afetados. Todavia quando se observa a razão peso encefálico/peso corporal, os animais dos grupos subnutridos relativamente aos animais controles nutridos, apesar do peso corporal menor apresentam uma razão maior do que os respectivos controles, sugerindo ser o encéfalo menos afetado pela subnutrição do que o peso corporal. A subnutrição promoveu acentuada diminuição na área dos neurônios corticais e nitrérgicos, não recuperada com a renutrição, independentemente se precoce ou tardia. Portanto, conforme o proposto e com a metodologia utilizada no presente estudo pesquisa, os resultados permitem concluir que frente às condições de subnutrição, o organismo pode sofrer alterações irreparáveis dependendo do momento da vida em que ocorre, e que a renutrição pode promover recuperação ou mesmo adaptações em alguns parâmetros, preferencialmente se ocorrer em fases mais precoces. / The objective of this study was to evaluate qualitative and quantitatively, through histological and histochemical techniques, the cerebral cortex of rats subjected to protein undernutrition subsequent to early and late recovery. Were used Wistar rats fed with standard (normal) diet-\"AIN-93G\" containing 20% of protein (casein), and hypoproteic diet- \"AIN-93G\" containing 5% of casein during experimental periods of 42 and 60 days. The experimental groups were performed by animals fed with normal diet from mating to euthanasia (nourished groups N42 and N60), and to hypoproteic diet (undernourished groups S42 and S60). The early re-nourished group (Rp42) was composed by undernourished animals fed with normal diet from 22nd day, whereas late re-nourished group (Rt60) was composed by undernourished animals fed with normal diet from 43rd to 60 days of age. Once established the experimental groups at weaning (21 days), all animals were housed and assisted in metabolic cages. Physical and behavioral characteristics were examined, as well as, morphometric aspects: body and brain weight; naso-anal length, abdominal circumference, Lee index (evaluation of fat deposit), and brain measures. For quantitative evaluation, histologic techniques (H.E. and Violet Cresyl), and Histochemistry (β-Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate - NADPH) for nitrergic neurons were performed. The number of neurons, neuronal density, neuronal area and profile of cortical neurons in cortical layers area were analyzed. Animals from S42 and S60 groups shown lower average compared to respective controls (N42 and N60), except in the Lee index, that was significantly higher than in nourished animals. Were observed that re-nourished groups either early (Rp42) or late (Rt60) have recovered in some parameters evaluated such as brain weight, brain measures and cortical thickness; however other parameters like body mass, and neuronal area was highly affected. Relatively to the proportion brain weight/body mass, animals from undernourished group although exhibit low body mass, shown higher proportion than respective control nourished, thus suggesting that brain is less affected by undernutrition than body mass. The undernutrition promoted great decreasing of cortical and nitrergic neurons area; the area was not recovered by early and/or late re-nourishment. In the view of the objectives and methodology used in the present study, we can be conclude that in under-nutrition conditions the body can go through irreversible changes depending on period of occurrence; additionally, re-nourishment can promote recovery or adaptations in some parameters preferentially if occur in early phases.

Broward County, Florida is a popular tourism destination. Due to its popularity, much of the shoreline has been modified and natural habitats were replaced with infrastructure such as houses, condominiums, resorts, and restaurants. The same Broward County beaches utilized by tourists and residents are important for three species of nesting sea turtles, including the Leatherback, Dermochelys coriacea, Loggerhead, Caretta caretta, and Green, Chelonia mydas, Turtles. The Broward County Sea Turtle Conservation Program (BCSTCP) collects yearly data in order to study these endangered reptiles. Increased anthropogenic effects including further coastal development (public & private), public beach events, public beach access, as well as natural events, have caused these important nesting beaches to erode and narrow. In an effort to control this erosion damage, Broward County has performed a number of beach nourishment projects. This study found yearly fluctuations in sea turtle hatching and emergence success rates, and years of beach nourishment projects significantly decreased these rates. Yearly hatching data available from Broward County concludes that beach nourishment, as well as hurricanes and tropical storms cause decreases in sea turtle hatching and emergence success rates in Broward County. Additionally, nest depth and sea turtle size increases the hatching and emergence success rates from females that are not too large or too small that nest in Broward County.

Grunts (Haemulidae: Percoidei) represent one of the most abundant and speciose families on western North Atlantic coral reefs including 15 diverse species from the genus Haemulon. For this dissertation focusing on Haemulon, three studies were conducted to examine 1) spatio-temporal distributions of early-life stage (newly settled and early juvenile) individuals throughout the southeast mainland Florida reefscape, 2) species-specific, depth-variable distributional patterns of newly settled individuals and the potential influence of predation on the observed patterns, and 3) the effects of burying nearshore hardbottom settlement habitat and the efficacy of mitigating for the lost habitat using limestone boulder reefs. The combined results of the studies suggest that newly settled Haemulon spp. utilize shallow reef habitats (highest densities on nearshore hardbottom) with peak abundances in summer months. While newly settled individuals were never observed on natural reef habitats below 12 m depth, studies using artificial reefs (ARs) showed that new settlers were commonly recorded at depths of 21 m. Species-specific patterns of new settler depth utilization were found when replicate ARs at three sites (8 m, 12 m, and 21 m depth) were examined. Of the three most abundant species collected during fortnightly sampling of ARs, newly settled H. flavolineatum and H. aurolineatum were found at all three sites while H. striatum was found almost exclusively at the 21-m site. Comparison of caged and noncaged ARs allowed for inferences to be made regarding depth-variable predation pressure on newly settled Haemulon spp. Results (based on delta density differences between caged and noncaged ARs at each site) suggest lower predation pressure at the 8-m site, relative to the 12-m and 21-m sites. Depth-variable predation pressure may, in part, explain the distributional patterns exhibited by newly settled Haemulon spp. on the natural reef. I examined annual change in early-stage Haemulon spp. populations on nearshore hardbottom (NHB) to assess the impact of habitat burial caused by a large-scale beach nourishment. Newly settled Haemulon spp. represented the most abundant fish taxa on NHB. Populations of this life-history stage exhibited high variability among annual surveys and no direct effect of NHB burial was detected. In contrast, early juvenile individuals showed a significant decline during the annual survey corresponding with the timing of the beach construction (burial of NHB habitat). Furthermore, the beach-nourishment activities altered the entire fish assemblage structure of the NHB adjacent to the beach fill area. This change in the NHB fish assemblage structure had not returned to pre-impact conditions three years after the conclusion of the nourishment. Limestone boulder reefs deployed to mitigate for buried habitat exhibited lower newly settled Haemulon spp. abundance than NHB. Contrastingly, early juvenile abundance was higher on the boulder reefs than on the NHB. Fish assemblage structure on the boulder reefs differed substantially from the NHB for which it was intended to resemble; with more mid- and large-bodied predators present on the boulder reefs. The results suggest mitigation boulder reefs did not provide equitable settlement habitat for Haemulon spp. Based on the combined results of this dissertation, it appears that shallow reef habitats (especially NHB) represent important settlement habitat for Haemulon spp. by providing spatial refuge from predators, which were more prevalent at deeper sites. Although burial did not appear to directly cause changes to newly settled Haemulon spp. populations on the NHB, fish assemblage structure was altered. Changes in species composition and abundance can have unforeseen ecological consequences for future Haemulon spp. populations. Relative to other reef habitats, the high densities of new settlers supported by the NHB suggests this unique habitat deserves protection from future nthropogenic impacts.

En Grèce ancienne, femmes et filles de citoyens, issues généralement des élites, accomplissaient de nombreux services religieux pour leurs communautés. Ces fonctions, observées du Vème av. J.C. au II/IIIème ap. J.C. en Grèce, Etolie, Thessalie, Epire, Macédoine, îles des Cyclades et de l’Egée et littoral Est d’Asie Mineure, se construisaient et évoluaient avec leur société. Elles permettaient aux femmes de se mouvoir dans la sphère publique, en corrélation avec leur position sociale, et contribuaient à valoriser leur parentés. Beaucoup de ces services s’inscrivaient dans une sphère féminine où le sexe déterminait les rites accomplis, établissant une certaine image de la femme que les pratiques initiatiques accomplies par leurs filles, via ces services, reconduisaient. Toutefois, tous les services religieux ne se définissaient pas par rapport à ce monde féminin, mais tous se lisaient dans un ensemble subtil où il n’est pas toujours aisé d’établir les prérogatives de chaque service par rapport aux autres. Dans cet ensemble, la prêtrise était la charge la plus prestigieuse mais les autres fonctions, désignées par des termes spécifiques exprimant l’aspect principal de la charge, n’étaient pas simplement des auxiliaires ou subalternes. Les services religieux féminins formaient un ensemble complexe, diversifié mais cependant homogène et présentant une profonde cohérence. / In ancient Greece, Thessaly, Aitolia, Epiros, Macedonia, Cyclads, Aegean’s Islands and the eastern coast of Asia Minor, citizen’s wives and daughters, stem from the élite, could carry out religious functions for their people. These functions, influenced by the evolution of the society and observed from the 5th BC to the 2nd/3rd AD, were an opportunity for women to act in the public field, according to their social status, and a way to increase the value of their relatives. Many of these offices were determined by the gender and included in a women’s world. They played a part to create a greek ideal of woman, and the initiatory rites performed by their daughters contributed to carry on this image. However, all the women’s religious functions were not in this women’s world but all formed a group in which they are closely related to each other. The priestess got the most prestigious office but the others functions, usually named by a specific term which indicate its most important sight, were not just only sub-offices. All these offices were part of a complex group with some diversity and fine distinctions and it’s not easy to understand each function and its prerogatives, but this group was still homogeneous and coherent.

L’objectif de cette thèse est la détermination des causes du phénomène d'érosion marine, et la production de propositions d'orientation pour la protection de la plage de l’Almanarre. L'étude commence par la collecte et l'analyse de toutes les données disponibles, pour trouver des règles d’évolution du tombolo de Giens. Puis, le logiciel de modélisation MIKE a été appliqué pour confirmer l'hypothèse et à obtenir une meilleure connaissance de la dynamique à l’œuvre au tombolo Ouest. Ensuite, nous avons couplé des facteurs simultanément : les houles, les courants côtiers, et les transports des sédiments pour les différents régimes de houle et de vent dans MIKE 21. Enfin, la possibilité de stabiliser le tombolo Ouest est discutée pour donner des suggestions sur les choix de solutions adaptées. / The objective of this thesis is the determination of the causes of sea erosion phenomenon, and the production of policy proposals for the protection of the beach. The study begins with the collection and analysis of all available data, to find evolution rules of tombolo of Giens. Which aims to explain how the hydrodynamic processes and sediment transport occur. Then MIKE modeling software was applied to confirm the hypothesis and get a better understanding of the dynamics at work in the Western tombolo. Then, we coupled factors simultaneously: waves, coastal currents and sediment transport for different regimes of wave and wind in MIKE 21. Finally, the possibility of stabilizing the Western tombolo is discussed to give suggestions on the choice of solutions.