TITLE: Awareness of students selected secondary schools on the issue orthorexia AUTHOR: Bc. Karolína Janečková DEPARTMENT: Pedagogy department SUPERVISOR: PaedDr. Eva Marádová, CSc. ABSTRACT: The topic of my dissertation is orthorexia nervosa, one of the modern eating disorders, and the impact of a Czech school on its development. The aim of this dissertation is to identify what knowledge about orthorexia issues the secondary medical school students have, what is their opinion on eating disorders, and to suggest a sample lesson focusing on this problem. To prove this fact, a quantitative research through a questionnaire has been used. This research was implemented in selected secondary medical schools and grammar schools. The results clearly indicate that students do not have sufficient knowledge about orthorexia and that the difference in the knowledge of medical students at secondary schools and grammar schools is negligible, although the composition of their diet is more concerned with secondary medical school students. In view of the fact of these and other findings, a draft of a sample lesson focusing on the issue of eating disorders and orthorexia has been developed. KEY WORDS: Orthorexia nervosa, eating disorders, Health education, excessive interests in healthy diet, diets, nourishment.

Nutrição, regulação da expressão gênica e estresse oxidativo são características corresponsáveis pelo desenvolvimento e tempo de vida. Muitos animais apresentam uma relação clara entre o aumento da longevidade e a diminuição da reprodução quando submetidos a restrições alimentares. Contudo, a relação nutrição-longevidade não está completamente elucidada em organismos prioritariamente inférteis e cuja alimentação varia durante a vida adulta, tais como abelhas operárias da espécie A. mellifera. Para explorar tais questões, operárias recém-emergidas foram confinadas em gaiolas e alimentadas com uma dieta isenta de proteína (DNP), ou uma dieta rica em proteínas (DP) por sete dias. Investigamos a influência das dietas sobre: a morfologia das glândulas hipofaringeanas, o transcriptoma do corpo gorduroso, o acúmulo de dano oxidativo, a composição de hidrocarbonetos cuticulares (CHC) e a sobrevivência. Operárias do grupo DNP apresentaram menor sobrevivência e menor grau de ativação das glândulas hipofaringeanas do que operárias do grupo DP. A anotação funcional do transcriptoma de operárias do grupo DNP revelou ainda a ativação da resposta a estímulos, diferenciação, migração e desenvolvimento celular e de projeções neuronais. Todas essas são características compatíveis ao que se observa em operárias naturalmente mais velhas, como é o caso das forrageiras. A anotação funcional do transcriptoma de operárias do grupo DP revelou a ativação do metabolismo de proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos e regulação do sistema imunológico, características ligadas a operárias naturalmente jovens, como as nutridoras. Um total de 436 genes codificadores de proteínas foi apontado pelo sequenciamento em larga escala como dieta-responsivos (fold change > 2). O sequenciamento de RNAs curtos revelou três miRNAs dieta-responsivos (fold change > 2), miR-31a, miR-100 e miR-125, todos superexpressos no grupo DNP. Dentre esses 439 genes codificadores (mRNAs) e não codificadores de proteínas (miRNAs), dez foram experimentalmente validados em corpos gordurosos por RT-qPCR e quatro dos dez revelaram um perfil de expressão semelhante em cérebros frente às dietas. Juntos, nossos achados sustentam a existência de um circuito biológico integrado entre cabeça e corpo gorduroso capaz de regular os diferentes aspectos do controle da longevidade e do comportamento social. O ensaio de estresse oxidativo revelou não haver diferença entre o acúmulo de danos em cabeças nos dois grupos alimentares, talvez sinalizando a existência de uma resistência ou defesa antioxidante mais acentuada no sistema nervoso, protegendo-o. Por outro lado, observamos um nível maior de estresse oxidativo em corpos gordurosos de operárias do grupo DNP, sugerindo um déficit da resposta antioxidante, característica atrelada ao envelhecimento. Referente aos perfis de CHC, esses são similares entre operárias do grupo DP e operárias jovens (maior proporção de n-alcanos), bem como entre operárias do grupo DNP e operárias velhas (maior proporção de alcenos). Em conjunto, nossos resultados indicaram que uma dieta livre de proteínas antecipa o envelhecimento e sugerimos alguns novos marcadores do status nutricional e da progressão do desenvolvimento adulto em operárias: XP_624408.2, XP_393528.3 e XP_006561863.1, os órtólogos de CG9986, CG6058, CG2852, CG32031, CG5848 e CG9331, CG11138, CG10160, CG2674, CG5178, CG15884 e CG1322, além dos três microRNAs já citados. As alterações relacionadas ao status nutricional e envelhecimento, observadas nesse trabalho, suportam o uso de A. mellifera como um excelente organismo modelo no campo da nutrigenômica, bem como contribuem para o entendimento das modulações promovidas pela dieta no desenvolvimento adulto desse organismo. / Nutrition, oxidative stress and gene expression regulation are features responsible for development and lifespan. Many animals have a well-established relationship between an increase in longevity and a decrease in reproduction when subjected to dietary restrictions. However, the biological circuit nutrition-longevity is not fully elucidated in organisms primarily infertile and whose food consumption varies during adulthood, such as honey bee workers A. mellifera. To explore such questions, newly-emerged A. mellifera workers were confined in cages and fed a high protein diet (DP) or a protein free diet (DNP) for seven days. We analyzed the morphology of hypopharingeal glands, mRNAs and miRNAs global expression, oxidative damage, cuticular hydrocarbons profiles (CHC), and workers survival. Workers from DNP group had lower survival and lower activation of hypopharingeal glands than workers from DNP group. The functional annotation of DNP group transcriptome revealed activation of response to stimuli, cell differentiation, cell migration, cell growth and development of neuronal projections. All these biological processes are consistent with naturally older workers, such the foragers. The functional annotation of DP group transcriptome revealed activation of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and regulation of the immune system, features linked to younger workers, such nurses. Large-scale sequencing revealed that 436 protein-coding genes are diet-responsive (fold change > 2). Small RNAs sequencing revealed that three miRNAs are diet-responsive (fold change > 2), miR-31a, miR-100 and miR-125, all of them overexpressed in DNP group. Among these 439 coding (mRNA) and non-coding (miRNA) genes, 10 were validated in fatty bodies by RT-qPCR, and four of them showed a similar expression profile in brains in response to diets. Altogether, our results support the existence of an integrated biological circuit between head and fat body, which regulates different aspects of lifespan control and social behavior. Oxidative stress assay showed no difference between damage accumulation in honeybees heads from DP and DNP groups; maybe supporting the existence of a sharp resistance or antioxidant defense in the nervous system, protecting it. On the other hand, we observed a greater accumulation of oxidative stress markers in fat bodies of DNP, suggesting a deficit of antioxidant response, an aging feature. The CHC profiles are similar between DP group workers and young workers (high proportion of n-alkanes), and also similar between DNP group workers and old workers (high proportion of alkenes).Taken together, our results suggest that protein-free diet anticipates aging process and provides new markers of nutritional status and progression of workers adult development: XP_624408.2, XP_393528.3, XP_006561863.1, the orthologs of CG9986, CG6058, CG2852, CG32031, CG5848 e CG9331, CG11138, CG10160, CG2674, CG5178, CG15884 and CG1322, besides the three microRNAs already mentioned. The genetic changes related to nutritional status and aging observed in this work support the use of A. mellifera as an excellent model organism in the field of nutrigenomics and also contribute to the understanding of modulations promoted by diet on the adult development of this organism.

A cartilagem do processo condilar (PC) da mandíbula de ratos wistar é secundária e atua como sítio do crescimento mandibular. O fenômeno depende da ingestão adequada de proteínas e da ação de hormônios, entre eles a insulina. Objetivou-se correlacionar as alterações morfológicas provenientes da subnutrição protéica pré e pós-natal, da renutrição pós-natal com a detecção imunohistoquímica e a quantificação do receptor de insulina (IR) na cartilagem do PC de ratos wistar. Os grupos experimentais formaram-se animais heterogêneos (n=3) de acordo com a ração oferecida, protéica ou hipoprotéica, e com as respectivas idades, nos grupos N e S (nutridos e subnutridos com 60 dias de vida), R (renutridos do desmame até 60 dias), NN (nutridos até 100 dias) e RR (renutridos do desmame até 100 dias). Após a eutanásia, os espécimes foram processados para análise sob microscopia de luz. Cortes sagitais foram submetidos a colorações que permitiram observar o padrão celular, a matriz cartilagínea e o componente colágeno das camadas da cartilagem do PC. Cortes também foram submetidos à imunomarcação do receptor de insulina. Para se observar alteração na arquitetura tecidual do PC, realizou-se a microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Observou-se que o PC contém praticamente o mesmo número de células em proliferação na fase púbere e no adulto maduro (N=NN; p>0,05). A subnutrição determinou a diminuição significativa do número de células da camada proliferativa do PC (N≠S; p<0,05) e o restabelecimento nutricional mantido até a idade adulta não normaliza este parâmetro, de modo que o número de células permanece menor (NN≠RR; p<0,05). A densidade celular aos 100 dias é maior no grupo RR (NN≠RR; p<0,05). Quanto ao período púbere, a avaliação do colágeno demonstrou que a renutrição é capaz de prover novas áreas de desenvolvimento do componente fibroso do complexo osteocartilagíneo e aumento de espessura da camada condroblástica. Quanto à imunomarcação, todos os grupos apresentaram reatividade bastante heterogênea ao receptor de insulina, com predomínio nas camadas condroblástica e hipertrófica. O número de células imunorreativas foi menor e se equivalem estatisticamente nos grupos S e RR, enquanto que os grupos N, NN e R exibiram maior número, sendo N=R e R=NN; p<0,05. A densidade dessas células foi menor em S, N e R quando comparados ao grupo NN e não houve diferença estatística entre S, N, R e RR. O número de células do PC modifica-se pouco no período púbere, e o seu desenvolvimento normal é sensível à depleção protéica, de modo que o tecido não é capaz de responder ao restabelecimento protéico mesmo quando mantido até a idade adulta, apresentando também drástica diminuição da produção de matriz extracelular. A insulina funciona como hormônio de crescimento no PC, e o quadro apresentado em estados de subnutrição, é muito semelhante àquela condição observada no diabetes do tipo II, na qual as células se tornam resistentes à insulina. / In the mandible of wistar rats the cartilage of the condylar process (CP) is secondary and acts as a site of mandibular growth. The phenomenon depends on adequate protein intake and action of hormones, like insulina. In the present study, the morphological changes from protein malnutrition pre- and post-natal and post-natal re-nourishment were evaluated with immunohistochemical detection and quantification of insulin receptor (IR) in the cartilage of CP rats. The experimental groups were formed by heterogeneous animals (n = 3) according to the diet (protein or low protein) and age (60 or 100 days of life). Thus, the CP from animals of groups N and S (nourished and malnourished - 60 days old), R (renourished from weaning to 60 days), NN (fed up to 100 days) and RR (renourished from weaning until 100 days) were processed under light microscopy techniques. Semi-seriate sagittal sections were stained to observe the standard cellular cartilage matrix and collagen component of CP cartilage layers. Some sections were also immunolabelled with insulin receptor. The three-dimensional architecture of the CP was evaluated under electron microscopy (SEM). The CP exhibits the same number of proliferating cells at puberty (60 days) and mature phase (100 days) (N = NN; > p 0, 05). The undernutrition determine a significant decrease in the number cells present in the proliferative layers of CP (N ≠ S p <0.05). The nutritional recovery until adult phase does not normalize this parameter, with the cell number remaining lower (NN ≠ RR, p <0.05). In the adult phase, the cell density is higher in the RR (NN ≠ RR, p <0.05). When the collagen component was evaluated at puberty it was observed that re-nourishment was able to provide areas of development in the fibrous component present in the osteocartilaginous complex. The re-nourishment also increased the thickness of chondroblastic layer. All groups showed highly heterogeneous reactivity for insulin receptor, predominantly in the chondroblastic and hypertrophic layers. The number of immunoreactive cells is small and statistically equivalent in S and RR groups, while the groups N, R and NN have a great number of these cells (N = NN = R and R). The density of immunoreactive cells was lower in S, N and R than in NN. There were no statistical differences among S, N, R and RR. The number of cells in the CP is slightly altered during puberty and the normal development of CP is sensitive to protein depletion. This condition indicates that the tissues are not able to respond to the restoration of protein retained, even when maintained until the adult phase also showing a drastic decrease in the extracellular matrix production. The insulin acts like a growth hormone in the CP, and the roll of malnutrition states is very similar to that condition observed in type II diabetes, in which cells become resistant to insulin.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar qualitativa e quantitativamente, através de técnicas histológicas e histoquímicas, o córtex cerebral de ratos submetidos a uma subnutrição protéica e posterior recuperação precoce e tardia. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar submetidos às seguintes dietas nutricionais: dieta padrão - normoprotéica - \"AIN-93G\", contendo 20% de proteína (caseína) e dieta hipoprotéica - \"AIN-93G\", contendo 5% desta mesma proteína, durante os períodos experimentais de 42 e 60 dias. Os grupos experimentais foram formados por animais que desde o acasalamento até a eutanásia foram submetidos à dieta normoprotéica (grupos nutridos N42 e N60) e à dieta hipoprotéica (grupos subnutridos S42 e S60). O grupo renutrido precoce (Rp42) foi constituído por animais subnutridos que, a partir do 22º dia passaram a receber a dieta normoprotéica até 42 dias de idade; animais subnutridos que a partir do 43º dia receberam a dieta normoprotéica até 60 dias de idade, constituíram o grupo renutrido tardio (Rt60). Uma vez formado os grupos experimentais no momento do desmame (21 dias) todos os animais foram alojados e assistidos em gaiolas metabólicas. Características comportamentais e físicas foram avaliadas, bem como os seguintes aspectos morfométricos: pesos corporais e encefálicos; comprimento naso-anal, circunferência abdominal, índice de Lee (que avalia o grau de adiposidade) e as dimensões encefálicas. Para as avaliações quantitativas estruturais foram empregadas técnicas histológicas (H.E. e violeta Cresil) e histoquímica (β-Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate - NADPH) para neurônios nitrérgicos. Foram avaliados parâmetros como: número de neurônios, densidade neuronal, área neuronal e o perfil da área dos neurônios corticais e nas camadas corticais. Em linhas gerais, para os parâmetros aqui avaliados, desde o nascimento até o sacrifício inerente a cada grupo experimental (42 e 60 dias), os animais dos grupos subnutridos (S42 e S60) apresentaram valores menores do que os respectivos grupos controle (N42 e N60), exceto no índice de Lee, significativamente maior do que nos animais nutridos. Os grupos renutridos, independentemente se precoce (Rp42) ou tardio (Rt60) conseguem alguma recuperação em alguns parâmetros avaliados como peso encefálico, dimensões encefálicas e espessura cortical; porém outros como o peso corporal, e a área neuronal foram gravemente afetados. Todavia quando se observa a razão peso encefálico/peso corporal, os animais dos grupos subnutridos relativamente aos animais controles nutridos, apesar do peso corporal menor apresentam uma razão maior do que os respectivos controles, sugerindo ser o encéfalo menos afetado pela subnutrição do que o peso corporal. A subnutrição promoveu acentuada diminuição na área dos neurônios corticais e nitrérgicos, não recuperada com a renutrição, independentemente se precoce ou tardia. Portanto, conforme o proposto e com a metodologia utilizada no presente estudo pesquisa, os resultados permitem concluir que frente às condições de subnutrição, o organismo pode sofrer alterações irreparáveis dependendo do momento da vida em que ocorre, e que a renutrição pode promover recuperação ou mesmo adaptações em alguns parâmetros, preferencialmente se ocorrer em fases mais precoces. / The objective of this study was to evaluate qualitative and quantitatively, through histological and histochemical techniques, the cerebral cortex of rats subjected to protein undernutrition subsequent to early and late recovery. Were used Wistar rats fed with standard (normal) diet-\"AIN-93G\" containing 20% of protein (casein), and hypoproteic diet- \"AIN-93G\" containing 5% of casein during experimental periods of 42 and 60 days. The experimental groups were performed by animals fed with normal diet from mating to euthanasia (nourished groups N42 and N60), and to hypoproteic diet (undernourished groups S42 and S60). The early re-nourished group (Rp42) was composed by undernourished animals fed with normal diet from 22nd day, whereas late re-nourished group (Rt60) was composed by undernourished animals fed with normal diet from 43rd to 60 days of age. Once established the experimental groups at weaning (21 days), all animals were housed and assisted in metabolic cages. Physical and behavioral characteristics were examined, as well as, morphometric aspects: body and brain weight; naso-anal length, abdominal circumference, Lee index (evaluation of fat deposit), and brain measures. For quantitative evaluation, histologic techniques (H.E. and Violet Cresyl), and Histochemistry (β-Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate - NADPH) for nitrergic neurons were performed. The number of neurons, neuronal density, neuronal area and profile of cortical neurons in cortical layers area were analyzed. Animals from S42 and S60 groups shown lower average compared to respective controls (N42 and N60), except in the Lee index, that was significantly higher than in nourished animals. Were observed that re-nourished groups either early (Rp42) or late (Rt60) have recovered in some parameters evaluated such as brain weight, brain measures and cortical thickness; however other parameters like body mass, and neuronal area was highly affected. Relatively to the proportion brain weight/body mass, animals from undernourished group although exhibit low body mass, shown higher proportion than respective control nourished, thus suggesting that brain is less affected by undernutrition than body mass. The undernutrition promoted great decreasing of cortical and nitrergic neurons area; the area was not recovered by early and/or late re-nourishment. In the view of the objectives and methodology used in the present study, we can be conclude that in under-nutrition conditions the body can go through irreversible changes depending on period of occurrence; additionally, re-nourishment can promote recovery or adaptations in some parameters preferentially if occur in early phases.

Beaches and coastal environments are dynamic, constantly shaped and reshaped by natural processes and anthropogenic modifications. The morphodynamics and influence of natural and anthropogenic factors of two different coasts at various temporal and spatial scales are discussed. To quantify the performance of several beach nourishment projects at annual temporal and kilometer spatial scales on three adjacent microtidal low-wave energy barrier islands in west-central Florida, a total of 5,200 beach and nearshore-profiles spaced at 300 m were surveyed monthly to bi-monthly from 2006-2010. Beach nourishment performance is most significantly influenced by the interruption of longshore sediment transport by complex tidal-inlet processes. More specifically, the tidal-inlet processes influencing adjacent beach nourishment performance includes longshore transport interruption resulting from divergence induced by wave refraction over an ebb-tidal shoal, flood-tidal currents along the beach, and total littoral blockage by structured inlets. A morphologic indicator of a large longshore transport gradient within the study area is the absence of a nearshore sandbar. These non-barred beaches are characterized by persistent shoreline erosion and were almost exclusively located in areas with a large longshore transport gradient. The more typical beach state along the three barrier islands was one exhibiting a migratory bar and relatively stable shoreline. The presence of a sandbar indicates the dominance of cross-shore processes, with onshore migration during calm wave conditions and offshore migration during energetic wave conditions. The onshore and offshore migration of the sandbar is closely related to non-stormy summer and stormy winter seasonal beach changes, respectively. The morphodynamics of a mixed sand and gravel beach in Delaware were investigated based on 740 beach profiles surveyed almost monthly from 2009 to 2011, 60 sediment cores, and 550 surface sediment samples collected at various alongshore and cross-shore transects. Inter-seasonal temporal scales of storm-induced beach changes and post-storm recovery were examined based on a hurricane, a typical energetic winter storm, and an extremely energetic storm resulting from the rare collision of a hurricane and winter storm ("Nor'Ida") occurring within a 3-month period in 2009. The mixed sand and gravel beaches in Delaware are characterized by monotonically increasing water depths lacking a sandbar under all wave conditions. A distinctive beach cycle was identified consisting of a built-up berm profile and depleted nearly-planar storm profile, with a time-scale related to the frequency and intensity of storm impact and duration of intra-storm recovery instead of simple seasonality. The sedimentological characteristics of the storm deposit associated with Nor'Ida demonstrated substantial cross-shore variation ranging from sandy-gravel and gravelly-sand within the storm swash zone (near the pre-storm dune edge) to well-sorted medium to coarse sand seaward of the storm swash zone, suggesting that storm deposits along mixed beaches demonstrate a variety of sedimentological characteristics. A new dynamic beach cycle model is proposed for the non-barred mixed sand and gravel beach with temporal variability controlled by storm occurrence and inter-storm duration.

Bakgrund: Fetma är ett ökande problem i dagens samhälle. Laparoskopiskt Gastric bypass (LGBP) utförs för att hjälpa personer med fetma till viktminskning och det är vanligt att dessa patienter upplever postoperativt illamående, buksmärta och huvudvärk efter ett operativt ingrepp. Det råder meningsskiljaktigheter i tidigare studier hur väl preoperativ näringsdryck kan ha ett samband gällande det postoperativa förloppet.Syfte: Syftet var att jämföra tre olika preoperativa dryckers effekt på postoperativt illamående, buksmärta och huvudvärk efter LGBP under de 24 första timmarna.Metod: En randomiserad studie med kvantitativ design utfördes på en av Nordens största kliniker inom fetmakirurgi. Totalt tillfrågades n=90 kvinnor och tilldelades slutna kuvert med antingen kolhydratdryck, proteindryck eller kranvatten.Resultat: Illamående toppade ca åtta timmar efter operation, det vill säga kl.19.00 på kvällen, för att sedan under natten återgå till preoperativa värden uppmätta kl.06.00. Skillnad mellan kolhydratrik- och proteinberikadryck gav p= 0, 2046 och för kolhydratrikdryck och kranvatten p= 0.8722. Buksmärtan var som högst vid ankomst till uppvakningsavdelningen och stabiliserades två timmar senare och minskade något under natten men försvann inte helt. Huvudvärk låg stabilt i alla grupperna med en ökning runt kl. 19:00 på kvällen för att sedan plana ut under natten. Inga skillnader mellan buksmärta och huvudvärk, p= 0,1569. Det sågs ingen statistisk signifikans hos någon av grupperna i de olika variablerna.Slutsats: Preoperativ vätskebehandling med kolhydratdryck, proteindryck eller kranvatten inför en LGBP operation påverkar inte signifikant illamående, buksmärta och huvudvärk efter operation. / Background: Obesity is a growing problem in today’s society. Laparoscopic Gastric bypass is performed to help people with obesity lose weight and it is common for these patients to experience postoperative nausea, stomach pains, and headaches after a surgical procedure. There are differences in opinion in earlier studies as to the extent that preoperative nutritional beverages can correlate to the postoperative process.Aim: The aim of this paper was to compare three different preoperative beverages’ effect on postoperative nausea, stomach pains, and headaches after LGBP during the first 24 hours after surgery.Method: A randomised study of quantitative design was performed on one of the Nordic countries’ largest clinics specializing in obesity surgery. A total tally of n=90 women were asked to participate and each received sealed packages containing either carbohydrate beverage, protein beverage, or tap water.Results: Nausea peaked eight hours after surgery, at 7.00 PM, and then returned during the night to preoperative values measured at 6.00 AM. The difference between the carbohydrate and protein beverages is expressed as p=0.2046, and the difference between the carbohydrate beverage and the tap water is expressed as p=0.8722. Stomach pains peaked at arrival to the recovery ward and stabilized two hours later, followed by a slight drop-off during the night but without subsiding entirely. Headache was experienced at stable values in all groups, with some increase at 7.00 PM only to level out during the night. There were no differences between stomach pains and headaches, as expressed by p=0.1569. No statistical significance was observed in any group in the different variables.Conclusion: Preoperative fluid treatment with carbohydrate beverages, protein beverages, or tap water before a LGBP surgery does not significantly affect nausea, stomach pain, or headache after the surgery.

Abstract: This thesis focuses on the physical strain of geocaching in individual age categories in The Central Bohemian region. Geocaching is a new outdoor activity, based on a popular game, which was played by generations of children and young people. The players seek for a well hidden treasure a container called "cache". This game connects younger and older age groups, who have a common aim. It supports the cooperation of different generations, whose family trips get a new motivation. The geocachers get to know interesting towns and cities, their history, national parks or other nature beauties. This final paper compares the physical strain of some age groups of geocachers from the Central Bohemian region. The thesis concentrates on the frequency, length and energetic demands of their routes.

These factors include also eating in school canteens. By this we understand nutrition services for children, pupils, students and other people whom this food is offered within material sustaining, full direct social security or within preventive care by whole day services or boarding services. In the interest of following nutrition doses, there has been set up so called consumer basket of foodstuffs.The theoretical part focuses on explaining of the term of school nourishment and form.The main aim of my diploma work was to appraise variety of school lunches in chosen school canteens according to months menus from the nutritious point of view.Partial targets were focused on assessing the quality of lunches according to the consumer baskets of foodstuffs and appraising the method of school canteens of drawing up their menus. In the practical part there has been presented own research and its results. The research for this diploma work started in November 2012 and finished in February 2013. Practical part of this research was worked out on the base of quality research. The choice of searched subjects happened with the aid of pure intentional research. The data file was constituted by menus from December 2012, January 2013 and February 2013 and by the consumer baskets of foodstuff for the same season. The analyses of variety of foodstuffs and was supplemented by half-structured interview.I prepared five researching questions before assessment of the research that were answered during the research. These questions were: ?Do the coefficients of variety of foodstuffs agree with the criteria of canteens? ? ?Do the school canteens fulfil the set up norms for recommended fulfilling of the months consumer basket of foodstuffs? ? Does the management of the school canteens follow the recommended principles of a healthy diet while preparing their menus? ?Do school canteens provide various structures of recipes, dishes and technologies? ? ?Can the offer of dishes in school canteens be improved? In the first part I firstly concentrated on appraisal of variety of soups in school canteens. The variety was appraised on a month bases for each canteen. Next I focused on appraisal of variety of main dishes, side dishes and food supplements. The results were registered in well arranged charts. The next part of diploma work focuses on appraisal of consumer foodstuffs baskets.The last part contains interview with the management of school canteens.I have also managed to get answers to asked research questions so I could set down hypothesis. According to the answers I set three hypotheses. The first one is: ?The chosen school canteens from South district provide their diners with various foods and follow the principles of a healthy diet. ? I came up to this hypothesis while looking for answers to researching questions focused on variety and composition menus. The answers to the research questions helped me in formulation the second and third hypothesis: ?School canteens fulfil set up norms for recommended month consumer foodstuffs basket for commodity meat, milk, dairy products, free fat, free sugar, vegetables and potatoes.Third hypothesis was formulated as follows: ?School canteens don´t fulfil set up norms for recommended month consumer foodstuffs basket for commodity fruit and legume. The management of these canteens get further education in the area according to the interviews. I think that this diploma work can be used as an information material for educating workers in the area of nourishment. The results can be useful as a source of information for workers in school canteens.

A cartilagem do processo condilar (PC) da mandíbula de ratos wistar é secundária e atua como sítio do crescimento mandibular. O fenômeno depende da ingestão adequada de proteínas e da ação de hormônios, entre eles a insulina. Objetivou-se correlacionar as alterações morfológicas provenientes da subnutrição protéica pré e pós-natal, da renutrição pós-natal com a detecção imunohistoquímica e a quantificação do receptor de insulina (IR) na cartilagem do PC de ratos wistar. Os grupos experimentais formaram-se animais heterogêneos (n=3) de acordo com a ração oferecida, protéica ou hipoprotéica, e com as respectivas idades, nos grupos N e S (nutridos e subnutridos com 60 dias de vida), R (renutridos do desmame até 60 dias), NN (nutridos até 100 dias) e RR (renutridos do desmame até 100 dias). Após a eutanásia, os espécimes foram processados para análise sob microscopia de luz. Cortes sagitais foram submetidos a colorações que permitiram observar o padrão celular, a matriz cartilagínea e o componente colágeno das camadas da cartilagem do PC. Cortes também foram submetidos à imunomarcação do receptor de insulina. Para se observar alteração na arquitetura tecidual do PC, realizou-se a microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Observou-se que o PC contém praticamente o mesmo número de células em proliferação na fase púbere e no adulto maduro (N=NN; p>0,05). A subnutrição determinou a diminuição significativa do número de células da camada proliferativa do PC (N≠S; p<0,05) e o restabelecimento nutricional mantido até a idade adulta não normaliza este parâmetro, de modo que o número de células permanece menor (NN≠RR; p<0,05). A densidade celular aos 100 dias é maior no grupo RR (NN≠RR; p<0,05). Quanto ao período púbere, a avaliação do colágeno demonstrou que a renutrição é capaz de prover novas áreas de desenvolvimento do componente fibroso do complexo osteocartilagíneo e aumento de espessura da camada condroblástica. Quanto à imunomarcação, todos os grupos apresentaram reatividade bastante heterogênea ao receptor de insulina, com predomínio nas camadas condroblástica e hipertrófica. O número de células imunorreativas foi menor e se equivalem estatisticamente nos grupos S e RR, enquanto que os grupos N, NN e R exibiram maior número, sendo N=R e R=NN; p<0,05. A densidade dessas células foi menor em S, N e R quando comparados ao grupo NN e não houve diferença estatística entre S, N, R e RR. O número de células do PC modifica-se pouco no período púbere, e o seu desenvolvimento normal é sensível à depleção protéica, de modo que o tecido não é capaz de responder ao restabelecimento protéico mesmo quando mantido até a idade adulta, apresentando também drástica diminuição da produção de matriz extracelular. A insulina funciona como hormônio de crescimento no PC, e o quadro apresentado em estados de subnutrição, é muito semelhante àquela condição observada no diabetes do tipo II, na qual as células se tornam resistentes à insulina. / In the mandible of wistar rats the cartilage of the condylar process (CP) is secondary and acts as a site of mandibular growth. The phenomenon depends on adequate protein intake and action of hormones, like insulina. In the present study, the morphological changes from protein malnutrition pre- and post-natal and post-natal re-nourishment were evaluated with immunohistochemical detection and quantification of insulin receptor (IR) in the cartilage of CP rats. The experimental groups were formed by heterogeneous animals (n = 3) according to the diet (protein or low protein) and age (60 or 100 days of life). Thus, the CP from animals of groups N and S (nourished and malnourished - 60 days old), R (renourished from weaning to 60 days), NN (fed up to 100 days) and RR (renourished from weaning until 100 days) were processed under light microscopy techniques. Semi-seriate sagittal sections were stained to observe the standard cellular cartilage matrix and collagen component of CP cartilage layers. Some sections were also immunolabelled with insulin receptor. The three-dimensional architecture of the CP was evaluated under electron microscopy (SEM). The CP exhibits the same number of proliferating cells at puberty (60 days) and mature phase (100 days) (N = NN; > p 0, 05). The undernutrition determine a significant decrease in the number cells present in the proliferative layers of CP (N ≠ S p <0.05). The nutritional recovery until adult phase does not normalize this parameter, with the cell number remaining lower (NN ≠ RR, p <0.05). In the adult phase, the cell density is higher in the RR (NN ≠ RR, p <0.05). When the collagen component was evaluated at puberty it was observed that re-nourishment was able to provide areas of development in the fibrous component present in the osteocartilaginous complex. The re-nourishment also increased the thickness of chondroblastic layer. All groups showed highly heterogeneous reactivity for insulin receptor, predominantly in the chondroblastic and hypertrophic layers. The number of immunoreactive cells is small and statistically equivalent in S and RR groups, while the groups N, R and NN have a great number of these cells (N = NN = R and R). The density of immunoreactive cells was lower in S, N and R than in NN. There were no statistical differences among S, N, R and RR. The number of cells in the CP is slightly altered during puberty and the normal development of CP is sensitive to protein depletion. This condition indicates that the tissues are not able to respond to the restoration of protein retained, even when maintained until the adult phase also showing a drastic decrease in the extracellular matrix production. The insulin acts like a growth hormone in the CP, and the roll of malnutrition states is very similar to that condition observed in type II diabetes, in which cells become resistant to insulin.

Nutrição, regulação da expressão gênica e estresse oxidativo são características corresponsáveis pelo desenvolvimento e tempo de vida. Muitos animais apresentam uma relação clara entre o aumento da longevidade e a diminuição da reprodução quando submetidos a restrições alimentares. Contudo, a relação nutrição-longevidade não está completamente elucidada em organismos prioritariamente inférteis e cuja alimentação varia durante a vida adulta, tais como abelhas operárias da espécie A. mellifera. Para explorar tais questões, operárias recém-emergidas foram confinadas em gaiolas e alimentadas com uma dieta isenta de proteína (DNP), ou uma dieta rica em proteínas (DP) por sete dias. Investigamos a influência das dietas sobre: a morfologia das glândulas hipofaringeanas, o transcriptoma do corpo gorduroso, o acúmulo de dano oxidativo, a composição de hidrocarbonetos cuticulares (CHC) e a sobrevivência. Operárias do grupo DNP apresentaram menor sobrevivência e menor grau de ativação das glândulas hipofaringeanas do que operárias do grupo DP. A anotação funcional do transcriptoma de operárias do grupo DNP revelou ainda a ativação da resposta a estímulos, diferenciação, migração e desenvolvimento celular e de projeções neuronais. Todas essas são características compatíveis ao que se observa em operárias naturalmente mais velhas, como é o caso das forrageiras. A anotação funcional do transcriptoma de operárias do grupo DP revelou a ativação do metabolismo de proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos e regulação do sistema imunológico, características ligadas a operárias naturalmente jovens, como as nutridoras. Um total de 436 genes codificadores de proteínas foi apontado pelo sequenciamento em larga escala como dieta-responsivos (fold change > 2). O sequenciamento de RNAs curtos revelou três miRNAs dieta-responsivos (fold change > 2), miR-31a, miR-100 e miR-125, todos superexpressos no grupo DNP. Dentre esses 439 genes codificadores (mRNAs) e não codificadores de proteínas (miRNAs), dez foram experimentalmente validados em corpos gordurosos por RT-qPCR e quatro dos dez revelaram um perfil de expressão semelhante em cérebros frente às dietas. Juntos, nossos achados sustentam a existência de um circuito biológico integrado entre cabeça e corpo gorduroso capaz de regular os diferentes aspectos do controle da longevidade e do comportamento social. O ensaio de estresse oxidativo revelou não haver diferença entre o acúmulo de danos em cabeças nos dois grupos alimentares, talvez sinalizando a existência de uma resistência ou defesa antioxidante mais acentuada no sistema nervoso, protegendo-o. Por outro lado, observamos um nível maior de estresse oxidativo em corpos gordurosos de operárias do grupo DNP, sugerindo um déficit da resposta antioxidante, característica atrelada ao envelhecimento. Referente aos perfis de CHC, esses são similares entre operárias do grupo DP e operárias jovens (maior proporção de n-alcanos), bem como entre operárias do grupo DNP e operárias velhas (maior proporção de alcenos). Em conjunto, nossos resultados indicaram que uma dieta livre de proteínas antecipa o envelhecimento e sugerimos alguns novos marcadores do status nutricional e da progressão do desenvolvimento adulto em operárias: XP_624408.2, XP_393528.3 e XP_006561863.1, os órtólogos de CG9986, CG6058, CG2852, CG32031, CG5848 e CG9331, CG11138, CG10160, CG2674, CG5178, CG15884 e CG1322, além dos três microRNAs já citados. As alterações relacionadas ao status nutricional e envelhecimento, observadas nesse trabalho, suportam o uso de A. mellifera como um excelente organismo modelo no campo da nutrigenômica, bem como contribuem para o entendimento das modulações promovidas pela dieta no desenvolvimento adulto desse organismo. / Nutrition, oxidative stress and gene expression regulation are features responsible for development and lifespan. Many animals have a well-established relationship between an increase in longevity and a decrease in reproduction when subjected to dietary restrictions. However, the biological circuit nutrition-longevity is not fully elucidated in organisms primarily infertile and whose food consumption varies during adulthood, such as honey bee workers A. mellifera. To explore such questions, newly-emerged A. mellifera workers were confined in cages and fed a high protein diet (DP) or a protein free diet (DNP) for seven days. We analyzed the morphology of hypopharingeal glands, mRNAs and miRNAs global expression, oxidative damage, cuticular hydrocarbons profiles (CHC), and workers survival. Workers from DNP group had lower survival and lower activation of hypopharingeal glands than workers from DNP group. The functional annotation of DNP group transcriptome revealed activation of response to stimuli, cell differentiation, cell migration, cell growth and development of neuronal projections. All these biological processes are consistent with naturally older workers, such the foragers. The functional annotation of DP group transcriptome revealed activation of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and regulation of the immune system, features linked to younger workers, such nurses. Large-scale sequencing revealed that 436 protein-coding genes are diet-responsive (fold change > 2). Small RNAs sequencing revealed that three miRNAs are diet-responsive (fold change > 2), miR-31a, miR-100 and miR-125, all of them overexpressed in DNP group. Among these 439 coding (mRNA) and non-coding (miRNA) genes, 10 were validated in fatty bodies by RT-qPCR, and four of them showed a similar expression profile in brains in response to diets. Altogether, our results support the existence of an integrated biological circuit between head and fat body, which regulates different aspects of lifespan control and social behavior. Oxidative stress assay showed no difference between damage accumulation in honeybees heads from DP and DNP groups; maybe supporting the existence of a sharp resistance or antioxidant defense in the nervous system, protecting it. On the other hand, we observed a greater accumulation of oxidative stress markers in fat bodies of DNP, suggesting a deficit of antioxidant response, an aging feature. The CHC profiles are similar between DP group workers and young workers (high proportion of n-alkanes), and also similar between DNP group workers and old workers (high proportion of alkenes).Taken together, our results suggest that protein-free diet anticipates aging process and provides new markers of nutritional status and progression of workers adult development: XP_624408.2, XP_393528.3, XP_006561863.1, the orthologs of CG9986, CG6058, CG2852, CG32031, CG5848 e CG9331, CG11138, CG10160, CG2674, CG5178, CG15884 and CG1322, besides the three microRNAs already mentioned. The genetic changes related to nutritional status and aging observed in this work support the use of A. mellifera as an excellent model organism in the field of nutrigenomics and also contribute to the understanding of modulations promoted by diet on the adult development of this organism.