The primary requirements for a modern industrial gas turbine consist of a continuous trend of an increasing efficiency combined with very low emissions in a robust, cost-effective manner. To fulfil these tasks a high turbine inlet temperature together with advanced dry low NOX combustion chambers are employed. These dry low NOX combustion chambers generate a rather flat temperature profile compared to previous generation gas turbines, which have a rather parabolic temperature profile before the nozzle guide vane. This means that the nozzle guide vane endwall heat load for modern gas turbines is much higher compared to previous generation gas turbines. Therefore the prediction of the nozzle guide vane flow field and endwall heat transfer is crucial for the engineering task of the design layout of the vane endwall cooling system. The present study is directed towards establishing new in-depth aerodynamic and endwall heat transfer knowledge for an advanced nozzle guide vane of a modern industrial gas turbine. To reach this objective the physical processes and effects which cause the different flow fields and the endwall heat transfer pattern in a baseline configuration, a combustion chamber variant, a heat shield variant without and with additional cooling air and a cavity variant without and with additional cooling air have been investigated. The variants, which differ from the simplified baseline configuration, apply design elements which are commonly used in real modern gas turbines. This research area is crucial for the nozzle guide vane endwall heat transfer, especially for the advanced design of the nozzle guide vane of a modern industrial gas turbine and has so far hardly been investigated in the open literature. For the experimental aerodynamic and endwall heat transfer research of the baseline configuration of the advanced nozzle guide vane geometry a new low pressure, low temperature test facility has been developed, designed and constructed, since no experimental heat transfer data exist in the open literature for this type of vane configuration. The new test rig consists of a linear cascade with the baseline configuration of the advanced nozzle guide vane geometry with four upscaled airfoils and three flow passages. For the aerodynamic tests the two middle airfoils and the hub and the tip endwall are instrumented with pressure taps to monitor the Mach number distribution. For the heat transfer tests the temperature distribution on the hub endwall is measured via thermography. The analysis of these measurements, including comparisons to research in the open literature shows that the new test rig generates accurate and reproducible results which give confidence that it is a reliable tool for the experimental aerodynamic and heat transfer research on the advanced nozzle guide vane of a modern industrial gas turbine. Previous own research work together with the numerical analysis performed in another part of the project as well as conclusions from a detailed literature study lead to the conclusion that advanced Navier-Stokes CFD tools with the v2-f turbulence model are most suitable for the calculation of the flow field and the endwall heat transfer of turbine vanes and blades. Therefore this numerical tool, validated against different vane and blade geometries and for different flow conditions, has been chosen for the numerical aerodynamic and endwall heat transfer research of the advanced nozzle guide vane of a modern industrial gas turbine. The evaluation of the numerical and experimental investigations of the baseline configuration of the advanced design of a nozzle guide vane shows the flow field of an advanced mid-loaded airfoil design with the features to reduce total airfoil losses. For the hub endwall of the baseline configuration of the advanced design of a nozzle guide vane the flow characteristics and heat transfer features of the classical vane endwall secondary flow model can be detected with a very weak intensity and geometric extension compared to the studies of less advanced vane geometries in the open literature. A detailed analysis of the numerical simulations and the experimental data showed very good qualitative and quantitative agreement for the three-dimensional flow field and the endwall heat transfer. These findings, together with the evaluations obtained from the open literature, lead to the conclusions that selected CFD software Fluent together with the applied v2-f turbulence model exhibits a high level of general applicability and is not tuned to a special vane or blade geometry. Therefore the CFD code Fluent with the v2-f turbulence model has been selected for the research of the influence of the several geometric variants of the baseline configuration on the flow field and the hub endwall heat transfer of the advanced nozzle guide vane of a modern industrial gas turbine. Most of the vane endwall heat transfer research in the open literature has been carried out only for baseline configurations of the flow path between combustion chamber and nozzle guide vane. Such a simplified geometry consists of a long, planar undisturbed approach length upstream of the nozzle guide vane. The design of real modern industrial gas turbines however requires often significant variations from this baseline configuration consisting of air-cooled heat shields and purged cavities between the combustion chamber and the nozzle guide vane. A detailed evaluation of the flow field and the endwall heat transfer shows major differences between the baseline and the heat shield configuration. The heat shield in front of the airfoil of the nozzle guide vane influences the secondary flow field and the endwall heat transfer pattern strongly. Additional cooling air, released under the heat shield has a distinctive influence as well. Also the cavity between the combustion chamber and the nozzle guide vane affects the secondary flow field and the endwall heat transfer pattern. Here the influence of additional cavity cooling air is more decisive. The results of the detailed studies of the geometric variants are applied to formulate guidelines for an optimized design of the flow path between the combustion chamber and the nozzle guide vane and the nozzle guide vane endwall cooling configuration of next-generation industrial gas turbines. / QC 20100917

The purpose of this research work was to develop a nozzle capable of depositing dense CoNiCrAlY coatings via cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) as well as compare the oxidation performance of bond coats manufactured by CGDS, high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and air plasma spray (APS) at temperatures of 1000°C and 1100°C. The work was divided in two sections, the design and manufacturing of a CGDS nozzle with an optimal profile for the deposition of CoNiCrAlY powders and the comparison of the oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY bond coats. Throughout this work, it was shown that the quality of coatings deposited via CGDS can be increased by the use of a nozzle of optimal profile and that early formation of protective α-Al2O3 due to an oxidation temperature of 1100°C as opposed to 1000°C is beneficial to the overall oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY coatings.

The purpose of this research work was to develop a nozzle capable of depositing dense CoNiCrAlY coatings via cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) as well as compare the oxidation performance of bond coats manufactured by CGDS, high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and air plasma spray (APS) at temperatures of 1000°C and 1100°C. The work was divided in two sections, the design and manufacturing of a CGDS nozzle with an optimal profile for the deposition of CoNiCrAlY powders and the comparison of the oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY bond coats. Throughout this work, it was shown that the quality of coatings deposited via CGDS can be increased by the use of a nozzle of optimal profile and that early formation of protective α-Al2O3 due to an oxidation temperature of 1100°C as opposed to 1000°C is beneficial to the overall oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY coatings.

Magnetic nozzles, like Laval nozzles, are observed in several natural systems and have application in areas such as electric propulsion and plasma processing. Plasma flowing through these nozzles is inherently tied to the field lines and must separate for momentum redirection or particle transport to occur. Plasma detachment and associated mechanisms from a magnetic nozzle are investigated. Experimental results are presented from the plume of the VASIMR® VX-200 device flowing along an axisymmetric magnetic nozzle and operated at two ion energies to explore momentum dependent detachment. The argon plume expanded into a 150m3 vacuum chamber where the background pressure was low enough that charge-exchange mean-free-paths were longer than experiment scale lengths. This magnetic nozzle system is demonstrated to hydrodynamically scale up to astrophysical plasmas, particularly the solar chromosphere, implying general relevance to all systems. Plasma parameters were mapped over a large spatial range using measurements from multiple plasma diagnostics. The data show that the plume does not follow the magnetic field lines. A mapped integration of the ion flux shows the plume may be divided into three regions where 1) the plume briefly follows the magnetic flux, 2) diverges quadratically before 3) expanding with linear trajectories. Transitioning from region 1→2, the ion flux departs from the magnetic flux suggesting ion detachment. An instability forms in region 2 driving an oscillating electric field that causes ions to expand before enhancing electron cross-field transport through anomalous resistivity. Transitioning from region 2→3 the electric field dissipates, the trajectories linearize, and the plume effectively detaches. A delineation of sub-to-super Alfvénic flow aligns well with the inflection points of the linearization without a change in magnetic topology. The detachment process is best described as a two part process: First, ions detach by a breakdown of the magnetic moment when the quantity |v/fcLB| becomes of order unity. Second, the turbulent electric field enhances electron transport up to a factor of 4±1 above collisional diffusion; electron cross-field velocities approximate that of the ions and depart on more centralized field lines. Electrons are believed to detach by breakdown of magnetic moment further downstream in the weaker magnetic field.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of this research work was to develop a nozzle capable of depositing dense CoNiCrAlY coatings via cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) as well as compare the oxidation performance of bond coats manufactured by CGDS, high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and air plasma spray (APS) at temperatures of 1000°C and 1100°C. The work was divided in two sections, the design and manufacturing of a CGDS nozzle with an optimal profile for the deposition of CoNiCrAlY powders and the comparison of the oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY bond coats. Throughout this work, it was shown that the quality of coatings deposited via CGDS can be increased by the use of a nozzle of optimal profile and that early formation of protective α-Al2O3 due to an oxidation temperature of 1100°C as opposed to 1000°C is beneficial to the overall oxidation performance of CoNiCrAlY coatings.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The association of application technology with the crop handling can provide larger adaptation in the phytosanitary handling as well as increasing the exhibition of the leaves to the radiation. This work had for objective to assess the effect of row spacings and spray nozzles interaction in asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sidow) control. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with four replications, in bands with split split-plots. The research was carried out in Itaara RS wher the cultivar M-SOY 8000 RR was sowed in row spacings of 30, 45 and 60 cm, keeping the same plants population of 33 pl.m-2. The spray nozzles used were extended range flat (XR 11001), twinjet flat spray (TJ60-11002), hollow cone spray (TXA 8002) and Turbo Teejet® Duo (TT 11002 + XR 11002). The applications were designed in split splitplots with one, two and three applications. The results showed that the reduction of the row spacing benefited the disease action. The row spacing of 60 cm presented the smallest severity values, rate of disease progress (r) and Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). When the row spacing was reduced, the previous values were increasing gradually. Thus, the defoliate was larger in row spacings of 30 and 45 cm and the Green Foliate Area (GFA) was obtained better levels in the row spacing of 60 cm. The fungicide covering was larger in the row spacing of 60 cm as in medium as in inferior stratum for all analyzed spray nozzles. The number of pods and number of grains per pods were significantly larger in the row spacing of 60 cm mainly in the inferior stratum, resulting in a superior final productivity than row spacing of 30 and 45 cm, benefited for the largest foliate covering and photosynthetic activity of the inferior and medium stratum. / A associação da tecnologia de aplicação com o manejo fitotécnico pode proporcionar maior adequação no manejo fitossanitário assim como aumentar a exposição das folhas à radiação. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da interação de espaçamentos entre linhas da soja com diferentes pontas de pulverização visando controle da ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sidow) da soja. Para isso foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subsubdivididas. O trabalho foi conduzido em Itaara RS onde a cultivar de soja M-SOY 8000 RR foi semeada com espaçamentos de 30, 45 e 60 cm entre linhas, mantendo a mesma população de plantas de 33 pl.m-2. Foram utilizadas pontas de pulverização de jato leque plano de uso ampliado (XR 11001), jato plano duplo comum (TJ-60 11002), cone vazio (TXA 8002) e Turbo TeeJet® Duo (TT 11002 + XR 11002), trabalhadas com pulverizador costal propelido à CO2. As aplicações foram escalonadas nas subsubuparcelas com uma, duas e três aplicações. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a redução do espaçamento entre linhas favoreceu a ação da doença. O espaçamento de 60 cm apresentou os menores valores de severidade, taxa de progresso (r) da doença e Área Abaixo da Curva de Progresso da Doença (AACPD). À medida que o espaçamento foi reduzido, os valores citados foram aumentando gradativamente. Por conseqüência, a desfolha foi maior nos espaçamentos de 30 e 45 cm e a Área Foliar Verde (AFV) obteve melhores níveis no espaçamento de 60 cm. A cobertura do fungicida foi superior no espaçamento de 60 cm, tanto no dossel mediano como no inferior para todas as pontas analisadas. Com relação à produtividade, seus componentes, como número de vagens e número de grãos por vagem foram significativamente superiores no espaçamento de 60 cm, principalmente no dossel inferior, favorecido pela maior cobertura foliar e atividade fotossintética dos dosséis inferior e mediano, resultando em uma produtividade final superior aos espaçamentos de 45 e de 30 cm.

Coffee crop is an important agricultural and economic activity in Brazil. The country is the greatest coffee producer and exporter, and has in the state of Minas Gerais the major national producer. One of the biggest problems faced by coffee farmers is the susceptibility of the plants to several pests and diseases. Among these, the leaf-miner, considered a key pest of the crop, occurs in almost all producing regions. Pest management has been successful by employing chemical control; however, the crop presents many challenges for application technology, such as dense foliage development and variations in the canopy. This study evaluated spray deposition on leaves of coffee arabica (Coffea arabica L.), and its loss to soil resulting from the pulverization of two application volumes and two spray nozzle types. The work was conducted at Glória s farm, property of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG, in 11 years old coffee arabica cultivar Catuaí IAC 99, in september 2012. The experiment was a 2x2 factorial, with two nozzles, (ATR) hollow cone and (TVI) hollow cone with air induction, and two volumes, 200 L ha-1 and 500 L ha-1. Brilliant Blue coloring was added to the tank mixture, at a fixed concentration of 300 g ha-1. Leaves were collected from upper and lower halves of plant canopies and glass slides were positioned on the ground under the plant canopy to collect spray drippings. The concentration contained in the samples was determined by light absorption spectrophotometry. Also, a study of statistical process control (SPC) was conducted, allowing the evaluation of the behavior of the variables in their repetitions within treatments. The use of hollow cone tips with air induction together with greater spray volume (500 L ha-1) was a good option for spray deposition in coffee leaves. At the lower half of the canopy, spray deposition was similar using both 200 L ha-1 and 500 L ha-1, which demonstrates the feasibility of using the reduced spray volume. The hollow cone with air induction nozzle resulted in greater losses to the soil. The analysis of the control charts (SPC) related to treatments showed that no great variability among the sampling points was found, indicating good quality standard from the statistical point of view. / A cafeicultura é no Brasil uma importante atividade agrícola e econômica. O País é o maior produtor e exportador mundial, tendo o estado de Minas Gerais como o principal produtor nacional. Um dos grandes problemas enfrentados pelos cafeicultores é a suscetibilidade das plantas a várias pragas e doenças. Dentre estas, destaca-se o bicho-mineiro, considerado praga-chave da cultura, ocorrendo em praticamente todas as regiões produtoras. Para o manejo desta praga, tem sido empregado o controle químico, no entanto a cultura apresenta diversos desafios para a tecnologia de aplicação dos produtos fitossanitários; as plantas apresentam densa folhagem e variações nos aspectos da copa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a deposição de calda pulverizada em folhas de cafeeiro (Coffea arábica L.) e a perda para o solo proporcionada pela aplicação com dois volumes de calda e dois tipos de pontas de pulverização. O trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda do Glória, de propriedade da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, em Uberlândia-MG, em lavoura de café arábica cultivar Catuaí IAC 99 com 11 anos de idade, em setembro de 2012. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x2, com duas pontas de pulverização, jato cônico vazio (ATR) e jato cônico vazio com indução de ar (TVI), e dois volumes de calda, 200 e 500 L ha-1. Adicionou-se à calda o traçador Azul Brilhante, em dose fixa de 300 g ha-1. Foram coletadas folhas das metades superior e inferior da copa das plantas, bem como lâminas de vidro posicionadas no solo sob a copa das mesmas, das quais foi retirado e quantificado o traçador contido nas amostras por espectrofotometria de absorção de luz. Foi conduzido também um estudo de Controle Estatístico de Processo (CEP), que permitiu avaliar o comportamento das variáveis em suas repetições dentro dos tratamentos. O uso de pontas de jato cônico vazio com indução de ar mostrou-se viável quanto à deposição de calda no cafeeiro, principalmente junto com o uso do maior volume de calda (500 L ha-1). Na parte inferior da cultura, a deposição de calda foi semelhante empregando-se 200 L ha-1 ou 500 L ha-1, o que demonstra a viabilidade do uso do volume de calda reduzido. O uso da ponta de jato cônico vazio com indução de ar proporcionou maiores perdas para o solo. A análise das cartas de controle referentes aos tratamentos avaliados mostrou que não ocorreu grande variabilidade entre os pontos amostrais, indicando bom padrão de qualidade sob o ponto de vista estatístico. / Mestre em Agronomia

The numerical modelling of the VKI-Longshot facility remains a challeng-ing task as it requires multi-physical numerical methods in order to simulate all the components. In the current dissertation, numerical tools were developed in order to study each component of the facility separately and a deep investigations of each stage of the shot were performed. This helped to better understand the different processes involved in the flow development inside this hypersonic wind tunnel. However the numerical computation of different regions of the facility treated as independent from each others remains an approximation at best.The accuracy of the rebuilding code for determining the free stream conditions and the total enthalpy in the VKI-Longshot facility was investigated by using a series of unsteady numerical computations of axisymmetric hypersonic flow over a heat flux probe. Good agreement was obtained between the numerical results and the measured data for both the stagnation pressure and the heat flux dur- ing the useful test time.The driver-driven part of the Longshot facility was modelled using the quasi one-dimensional Lagrangian solver L1d2. The three main conditions used for the experiments —low, medium and high Reynolds number —were considered.The chambrage effect due to the junction between the driver and the driven tubes in the VKI-Longshot facility was investigated. The computation showed great ben- efit of the chambrage in increasing the speed of the piston and thus the final compression ratio of the test gas.Two dimensional simulations of the flow in the driver and the driven tube were performed using Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) solver in COOLFLuiD. A parallel multi-domain strategy was developed in order to integrate the moving piston within the computational domain.The computed pressure in the reservoir is compared to the one provided by the experiment and good agreement was obtained for both con- editions.Finally, an attempt was made to compute the starting process of the flow in the contoured nozzle. The transient computation of the flow showed how the primary shock initiates the flow in the nozzle before reaching the exit plan at time of 1.5 [ms] after the diaphragm rupture. The complex interactions of the reflected shocks in the throat raise the temperature above 9500 [K] which was not expected. Chemical dissociation of Nitrogen was not taken into account during this transient investigation which may play a key role considering the range of temperature reached near the throat. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished