La vectorisation de la poussée d'une tuyère propulsive supersonique axisymétrique est étudiée par le biais d'une injection fluidique transversale dans sa partie divergente. Cette étude menée dans le cadre du programme PERSEUS du CNES a été motivée par la recherche d'une solution alternative au pilotage conventionnel de la poussée par actionneurs mécaniques. Le travail de la thèse, tout en s'appuyant sur des approches expérimentale et numérique, comprend essentiellement une large étude paramétrique concernant principalement la position de l'injection, la forme de la tuyère, la nature et le débit du fluide injecté. L'analyse des résultats montre que pour certaines configurations optimales, des angles de déviation pertinents peuvent être obtenus pour des taux d'injections modérés. L'analyse numérique étendue aux écoulements chauds multi-espèces, plus proches des applications réelles, a montré que la vectorisation fluidique reste très performante lors de l'injection de produits de combustion dans le divergent. / Secondary injection into the divergent section of a supersonic rocket nozzle is investigated for the fluidic thrust vectoring effects. The study was conducted in the framework of CNES PERSEUS program and was motivated by the need for an alternative vectoring solution aimed for a small space launcher. The thesis work, based on the combined experimental and numerical approaches, essentially comprises of a wide parametric study mainly concerning the position of the injection, the shape of the primary and injection nozzles, flow regime, gas thermophysical properties and injected fluid mass-flow-rate. The analysis shows that for some optimal configurations, pertinent deflection angles can be obtained using the moderate injection rates. Furthermore, the study was extended to the hot flow multi-species investigation, simulating a case closer to the real applications. This numerical analysis indicated that the fluidic vectoring method remains effective with injection of combustion products into the divergent section of a propulsive rocket nozzle.

Cette thèse se focalise sur la compréhension et la prédiction des instabilités de combustion dans les systèmes à haute pression. Elle s'oriente autour de la simulation numérique d’un banc d'essai, opéré à l'université de Purdue, comprenant un injecteur caractéristique des moteurs-fusées et dont les propriétés acoustiques peuvent varier à l'aide d’un tube d'injection mobile. Une méthode d'initialisation et d'allumage pour les calculs LES de chambres de combustions terminées par une tuyère est présentée. Un point de fonctionnement instable est choisi pour étudier le mécanisme de l'instabilité. Les simulations sont comparées aux résultats expérimentaux en terme de fréquence et structure du mode instable. La fonction de transfert de flamme est calculée à l'aide du modèle n − τ puis implémentée dans un solveur acoustique (ne résolvant que les perturbations acoustiques à partir de l'équation de Helmholtz en écoulement réactif). Différents modèles d'impédance de tuyère, extraits de la littérature, sont comparés et leurs impacts sur les résultats de stabilité sont analysés. Le théorème d’impédance translatée est implémenté dans le solveur acoustique pour analyser, à faible coût de calcul, l’influence de la variation de la longueur du tube d'injection. Des écarts entre les fréquences prédites et celles trouvées expérimentalement subsistent mais la carte de stabilité de l’expérience est bien reproduite. / This thesis focuses on the understanding and the prediction of combustion instability in high-pressure devices. A model rocket combustor, tested experimentally at Purdue University, with continuously variable acoustic properties, thanks to a variable-length injector tube, is simulated. A method to initialize and ignite Large-Eddy-Simulation (LES) calculation of combustion chamber surrounded by nozzle is proposed. An unstable operating point is then chosen to investigate the mechanism of the instability. The simulations are compared to experimental results in terms of frequency and mode structure. The flame transfer function is calculated using the n − τ model to feed an acoustic solver which solves only the acoustic perturbation using a Helmholtz equation in reacting flows. The importance of the modeling of the nozzles impedance is studied through the main theories in the literature. The impedance translation theorem is implemented in the acoustic solver to analyze at low cost the influence of the variation of the injector tube. Despite differences in frequency of the instability, the stability map of the experiment is well reproduced.

L'intégration aérodynamique des turboréacteurs à grand taux de dilution nécessite, dès les phases de conception, une connaissance précise des propriétés instationnaires du développement du jet à l'aide de la simulation numérique. Différents niveaux de modélisation sont étudiés dans cette thèse pour évaluer la capacité des méthodes numériques à caractériser le développement du jet. Une configuration de jet moteur double-flux est ici étudiée, en s'appuyant sur une large base de données expérimentale. La modélisation par les équations de Navier-Stokes moyennées démontre une bonne capacité des modèles de turbulence à reproduire les champs moyens de ce type d'écoulement, particulièrement au niveau des couches de mélange. La capture des systèmes de choc développés au sein des jets primaire et secondaire, ainsi que la prévision des niveaux de turbulence des écoulements sont en revanche peu satisfaisantes. Un recalage de la simulation sur les conditions turbulentes expérimentales, à l'aide de différentes configurations, pallie en partie ce défaut. La nécessité de procéder à un calcul et non plus à une modélisation des phénomènes turbulents conduit à l'application d'une méthode de calcul à résolution de turbulence. L'approche hybride de simulation des tourbillons détachés type DES (Detached Eddy Simulation) de cet écoulement montre une précision au moins équivalente pour la prévision des champs moyens et apporte une grande quantité d'informations supplémentaire sur les champs fluctuants et les caractéristiques instationnaires des couches de mélange du jet, en accord avec les données expérimentales. On conclue sur l'applicabilité de cette méthode dans un contexte industriel,son gain de précision rapporté à son temps de calcul et la perspective d'une telle approche pour une configuration de jet installée plus complexe. / The aerodynamic integration of Ultra-High Bypass Ratio turbofans raises the need for an accurate prediction of the unsteady properties of the jet development using Computational Fluid Dynamics, since the design stages. The ability of numerical methods in predicting these phenomena are assessed in this thesis, using different modelling approaches. A dual-stream jet configuration is investigated, using an associated wind-tunnel test campaign. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations, using several turbulence models, are shown to correctly reproduce the mean flow especially concerning the shear layers. Shock cells and turbulence levels predictions within the primary and secondary jet flows are however perfectible compared to the test results. Turbulence-accounting approaches based upon experimental data and using different configurations partially overcome this issue. An unsteady methodis then applied in order to resolve turbulent phenomena instead of modelling them. The hybrid Detached-Eddy Simulation of the flow demonstrates an at least equivalent accuracy concerning the mean flow and provides additional information on the fluctuating fields and shear layers unsteady properties, in fair agreement with the experimental results. Prospects discuss benefits and consequences of this approach taking into account its cost and the industrial context of this application,as well as its potential use for a more complex, installed jet configuration.

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet CNES-PERSEUS. L’objectif principal est l’étude et la caractérisation d’un béton réfractaire à base de carbure de silicium, avec une taille maximale d'agrégats de 800 microns, dans un environnement de type propulsion hybride. Le col de la tuyère doit résister à un environnement très oxydant, produit par la combustion de polyéthylène solide et de protoxyde d’azote liquide, avec des températures statiques de gaz qui peuvent atteindre 2800K. L’étude est divisée en trois parties : une caractérisation thermomécanique du matériau jusqu’à 1500K ; une étude du comportement à l’oxydation en atmosphère standard, sous un flux solaire maximal de 15 MW/m2 ; des tests au banc avec un moteur hybride à l'ONERA, sur des tuyères conçues et réalisées au laboratoire ICA. Le frittage et la céramisation du microbéton engendrent une densification du matériau et le passage de liaisons de type hydrauliques à des liaisons de type covalentes et ioniques, avec augmentation du module d'élasticité et de la contrainte à la rupture à haute température. Ce matériau présente un comportement visco-élastique-plastique aux hautes températures : il reste majoritairement élastique linéaire jusqu'à la température de stabilisation du matériau, puis une composante viscoplastique apparaît, provoquée par la formation de phases liquides à partir de la matrice cimentaire. Les tests d’oxydation à haute température ont été menés au laboratoire PROMES-CNRS, sur une installation solaire de 2 kW, permettant d'appliquer à un flux maximal de 15 MW/m2. Des observations MEB, en microscopie optique et des analyses EDS ont été menées pour étudier les évolutions microstructurales et la cinétique d’oxydation du matériau. Les tests d’oxydation à 15 MW/m2 ont montré des vitesses d'érosion maximales de l'ordre de 5 microns/s pour une température de 2800 K. L'érosion est générée par l'oxydation active et par la sublimation du carbure de silicium. L'oxydation active se développe à partir de 2100 K, avec formation de SiO et CO gazeux. La sublimation du carbure de silicium, à partir de 2600-2700 K, entraine la formation de Si, Si2C et SiC2 gazeux. Les essais menés sur les tuyères montrent une bonne résistance du matériau après 20 secondes de tir. Une vitesse d'ablation moyenne proche de 60 microns/s a été observée au col de la tuyère. Le comportement thermo-élastique-ablatable a été modélisé tout d'abord sur la base d'une géométrie cylindrique multicouche, puis étendue au cas de la tuyère expérimentale testée au banc d'essai. / This research is part of the PERSEUS project, a space program concerning hybrid propulsion and supported by CNES. The main goal of this study is to characterize a silicon carbide based micro-concrete with a maximum aggregates size of 800 microns, in a hybrid propulsion environment. The nozzle throat has to resist to a highly oxidizing polyethylene/N2O hybrid environment, under temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 2800K. The study is divided in three main parts: the first one deals with the thermo-mechanical characterization of the materials up to 1500K, the second one with an investigation on the oxidation behaviour in a standard atmosphere, under a solar flux up to 15 MW/m2, the last part deals with the conception, the realization and the test of three nozzles in a hybrid rocket motor at ONERA. Elastic modulus was determined by resonant frequency method: results show an increase with the stabilisation temperature. Four points bending tests have shown a rupture tensile strength increasing with stabilization temperature, up to 1500 K. Sintering and ceramization process are primary causes of this phenomenon. Visco-plastic behaviour appears at 1400 K on a material staiblized at the same temperature, due to the formation of liquid phases in cement ternary system. High-temperature oxidation in air was carried out at PROMES-CNRS laboratory, on a 2 kW solar furnace, with a maximum solar flux of 15 MW/m2. Optical microscopy, SEM, EDS analyses were used to study the microstructure evolution and the mass loss kinetics, with a maximal erosion speed of 5 microns second. During theses tests, silicon carbide undergoes active oxidation at 2100 K, with production of SiO and CO smokes and ablation. SiC sublimation is observed since 2600-2700 K, with Si, Si2C and SiC2 vapour generation. Test performed on nozzle in hybrid rocket motors at ONERA, showed an average ablation speed at nozzle throat of 60 microns second, after 20 seconds of test. Thermo-elastic-ablative behaviour has been modelled using first composite cylinder geometry, and then it has been extended to the experimental nozzle geometry, tested on the test bench.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alandiaroman_ra_me_jabo.pdf: 1589169 bytes, checksum: ec84315ef69508575519f6e0e74d4440 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se avaliar a características do tamanho de gota, a distribuição volumétrica, cobertura e deposição por bicos de energia centrífuga e hidráulica, assim como o controle do bicudo-do-algodoeiro e produtividade da cultura do algodão. No Laboratório de Análises do Tamanho de Partículas, com utilização de um medidor de gotas por difração a luz laser, foram realizadas todas as avaliações referentes ao tamanho de gota de todos os experimentos. Na primeira avaliação referente ao tamanho de gotas foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado com as seguintes variáveis: três dosadores (0,068; 0,129 e 0,181 L.min-1) três rotações (1780, 2760 e 3610 rpm) e duas caldas (água e água com adição de éster metílico) formando um arranjo fatorial 3x3x2 com três repetições. Os mesmos tratamentos foram utilizados para a realização do estudo da distribuição volumétrica. O segundo experimento realizado no laboratório foi com esquema fatorial 3x4+1, sendo três modelos de bicos (TT11001, XR11001 e ECOS), quatro caldas (endosulfan, endosulfan + óleo vegetal, endosulfan + óleo mineral e endosulfan + nonilfenol) com três repetições. Para o terceiro experimento foi utilizado o esquema fatorial 2x2+2, sendo dois modelos de bicos rotativos (Turbotrator e ECOS), duas caldas (endosulfan e endosulfan + óleo vegetal) e duas testemunhas (Com e sem aplicação). Os tratamentos utilizados no segundo e terceiro experimento foram aplicados a campo na UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP, nas safras 2008/2009 e 2009/2010. Foi avaliada a cobertura pelas gotas aspergidas com utilização de papéis hidrossensíveis; a deposição por meio da extração do marcador manganês em espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica; o controle do bicudo-do-algodoeiro e a produtividade da cultura do algodão. De acordo com os resultados pode-se concluir que os bicos de energia centrífuga... / The aim of this work was to evaluate the characteristics of the droplet size, distribution volume, coverage and deposition by centrifugal and hydraulic energy nozzles as well as control of the boll weevil and productivity of cotton. In the Laboratory of Particle Size Analysis, using a meter drops by laser light diffraction were carried out all assessments relating to the droplet size for all experiments. In the first evaluation regarding the droplet size was used a randomized design with the following variables: three feeders (0.068, 0.129 and 0.181 L.min-1) three rotations (1780, 2760 and 3610 rpm) and two spay liquids (water and water with addition of methyl ester) to form a 3x3x2 factorial design with three replications. The same treatments were used for the study of the distribution volume. The second experiment was conducted in the laboratory with 3x4 +1, three types of nozzles (TT11001, XR11001 and ECOS), four spray liquids (endosulfan, endosulfan + vegetable oil, endosulfan + mineral oil and endosulfan + nonylphenol) with three replications. For the third experiment we used a factorial 2x2+2, two models of spinning disc atomizerss (Turbotrator and ECOS), two spray liquids (endosulfan + endosulfan and vegetable oil) and two controls (With and without spray). The treatments in the second and third experiment were applied to field level at UNESP in Jaboticabal-SP, harvests in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. Were evaluated the coverage by droplets sprayed with use of hidrossensitive papers; vi deposition by extracting the marker manganese in atomic absorption spectrophotometer; the control of the boll weevil and productivity of cotton. According to the results we can conclude that the centrifugal energy nozzles are more uniform droplet spectrum consequently less risk of drift when compared to hydraulic energy nozzles. Factors such as speed, flow and addition of adjuvant to interfere ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

abstract: Scientists have used X-rays to study biological molecules for nearly a century. Now with the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL), new methods have been developed to advance structural biology. These new methods include serial femtosecond crystallography, single particle imaging, solution scattering, and time resolved techniques. The XFEL is characterized by high intensity pulses, which are only about 50 femtoseconds in duration. The intensity allows for scattering from microscopic particles, while the short pulses offer a way to outrun radiation damage. XFELs are powerful enough to obliterate most samples in a single pulse. While this allows for a “diffract and destroy” methodology, it also requires instrumentation that can position microscopic particles into the X-ray beam (which may also be microscopic), continuously renew the sample after each pulse, and maintain sample viability during data collection. Typically these experiments have used liquid microjets to continuously renew sample. The high flow rate associated with liquid microjets requires large amounts of sample, most of which runs to waste between pulses. An injector designed to stream a viscous gel-like material called lipidic cubic phase (LCP) was developed to address this problem. LCP, commonly used as a growth medium for membrane protein crystals, lends itself to low flow rate jetting and so reduces the amount of sample wasted significantly. This work discusses sample delivery and injection for XFEL experiments. It reviews the liquid microjet method extensively, and presents the LCP injector as a novel device for serial crystallography, including detailed protocols for the LCP injector and anti-settler operation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physics 2015

Orientador: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira / Banca: Otavio Jorge Grigoli Abi Saab / Banca: Julio Cesar Galli / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a características do tamanho de gota, a distribuição volumétrica, cobertura e deposição por bicos de energia centrífuga e hidráulica, assim como o controle do bicudo-do-algodoeiro e produtividade da cultura do algodão. No Laboratório de Análises do Tamanho de Partículas, com utilização de um medidor de gotas por difração a luz laser, foram realizadas todas as avaliações referentes ao tamanho de gota de todos os experimentos. Na primeira avaliação referente ao tamanho de gotas foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado com as seguintes variáveis: três dosadores (0,068; 0,129 e 0,181 L.min-1) três rotações (1780, 2760 e 3610 rpm) e duas caldas (água e água com adição de éster metílico) formando um arranjo fatorial 3x3x2 com três repetições. Os mesmos tratamentos foram utilizados para a realização do estudo da distribuição volumétrica. O segundo experimento realizado no laboratório foi com esquema fatorial 3x4+1, sendo três modelos de bicos (TT11001, XR11001 e ECOS), quatro caldas (endosulfan, endosulfan + óleo vegetal, endosulfan + óleo mineral e endosulfan + nonilfenol) com três repetições. Para o terceiro experimento foi utilizado o esquema fatorial 2x2+2, sendo dois modelos de bicos rotativos (Turbotrator e ECOS), duas caldas (endosulfan e endosulfan + óleo vegetal) e duas testemunhas (Com e sem aplicação). Os tratamentos utilizados no segundo e terceiro experimento foram aplicados a campo na UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP, nas safras 2008/2009 e 2009/2010. Foi avaliada a cobertura pelas gotas aspergidas com utilização de papéis hidrossensíveis; a deposição por meio da extração do marcador manganês em espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica; o controle do bicudo-do-algodoeiro e a produtividade da cultura do algodão. De acordo com os resultados pode-se concluir que os bicos de energia centrífuga ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the characteristics of the droplet size, distribution volume, coverage and deposition by centrifugal and hydraulic energy nozzles as well as control of the boll weevil and productivity of cotton. In the Laboratory of Particle Size Analysis, using a meter drops by laser light diffraction were carried out all assessments relating to the droplet size for all experiments. In the first evaluation regarding the droplet size was used a randomized design with the following variables: three feeders (0.068, 0.129 and 0.181 L.min-1) three rotations (1780, 2760 and 3610 rpm) and two spay liquids (water and water with addition of methyl ester) to form a 3x3x2 factorial design with three replications. The same treatments were used for the study of the distribution volume. The second experiment was conducted in the laboratory with 3x4 +1, three types of nozzles (TT11001, XR11001 and ECOS), four spray liquids (endosulfan, endosulfan + vegetable oil, endosulfan + mineral oil and endosulfan + nonylphenol) with three replications. For the third experiment we used a factorial 2x2+2, two models of spinning disc atomizerss (Turbotrator and ECOS), two spray liquids (endosulfan + endosulfan and vegetable oil) and two controls (With and without spray). The treatments in the second and third experiment were applied to field level at UNESP in Jaboticabal-SP, harvests in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. Were evaluated the coverage by droplets sprayed with use of hidrossensitive papers; vi deposition by extracting the marker manganese in atomic absorption spectrophotometer; the control of the boll weevil and productivity of cotton. According to the results we can conclude that the centrifugal energy nozzles are more uniform droplet spectrum consequently less risk of drift when compared to hydraulic energy nozzles. Factors such as speed, flow and addition of adjuvant to interfere ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Resumo: A operação de retificação cilíndrica interna de precisão tem sido empregada na fabricação de componentes de responsabilidade na indústria metal-mecânica em geral. As modernas retificadoras CNC aprimoraram este processo no que diz respeito ao posicionamento e à rigidez do sistema máquina-peça-ferramenta, possibilitando a obtenção de peças de elevada precisão com baixos valores de tolerâncias dimensionais. Todavia, tem-se observado nos últimos anos uma crescente conscientização quanto à toxidade dos fluidos de corte empregados na lubrificação e refrigeração da peça. Paralelamente, criou-se nos últimos anos uma rígida legislação, visando evitar uma depredação desenfreada do meio ambiente. Diante de tal conjuntura, as indústrias iniciaram uma busca a métodos alternativos de lubri-refrigeração que empregassem menores quantidades. Dentre todas as técnicas existentes à de Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificação (MQL) vem ganhando cada vez mais destaque. Tal técnica pode ser entendida como um elo de ligação entre os métodos de lubri-refrigeração convencional e a usinagem a seco. Pretende-se ainda avaliar o desempenho de um novo bocal de aspersão de fluido de corte, baseando-se no modelo desenvolvido por Webster , adequado a operação de retificação cilíndrica interna. Logo, tem-se neste trabalho, o intuito de associar estas novas tendências por meio do estudo do comportamento da operação de retificação cilíndrica interna de mergulho a alta velocidade no processo de acabamento de um aço endurecido, utilizando-se a técnica de Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificação (MQL), o modelo otimizado e ainda o modelo convencional.A análise dos dados que servirão para a avaliação dos métodos de lubri-refrigeração empregados será feita por meio dos valores de rugosidade , desvio de circularidade , micro-estrutura e micro-dureza . Espera-se, com este... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Plunge cylindrical grinding has been widely employed in the manufacture of components by the metal and mechanical industry in general. Modern CNC grinding machines improve this process in terms of the positioning and rigidity of the machine-workpiece-tool system, allowing for the fabrication of high precision workpieces with low dimensional deviations. However, over the last few years, increasing awareness has been shown regarding the toxicity of the cutting fluids employed in the lubrication and cooling of the workpiece. Concomitantly, increasingly strict legislation has been passed in recent years, aiming to prevent inrestrained destruction of the environment. This situation has prompted the industry to seek alternative lubrication and cooling methods that use lower quantities of fluids. Among the existing techniques, the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method has gained increasing prominence. This technique can be considered a combination of the conventional cooling and dry grinding methods. An evaluation was made of the performance of a new cutting fluid dispersion nozzle, based on Webster's model, suitable for the plunge cylindrical grinding operation. The purpose of this work is to examine these new trends in a study of the behavior of highrotation plunge cylindrical grinding in the finishing operation of hardened steel, using the MQL technique, the optimized nozzle model, and the conventional model. The lubrication and cooling methods employed here are evaluated based on an analysis of the roughness, circularity deviation, microstructure, and microhardness data. The results of this study le to the conclusion that the optimized lubrication and cooling method provide the best results and that the MQL system in cylindrical grinding produced unsatisfactory results, requiring further studies aimed at solving the problems that were identified. / Orientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi / Coorientador: Paulo Roberto de Aguiar / Banca: Jaime Gilberto Duduch / Banca: Olivio Novaski / Banca: Amauri Hassui / Banca: Luiz Eduardo de Angelo Sanchez / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Doutor

Uma das principais espécies encontradas em trigo é o pulgão-dos-cereais, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani, 1852), o qual reduz substancialmente a produção de grãos, retarda o crescimento de raízes e prejudica o perfilhamento. Como consequência do ataque, é comum a aplicação de inseticidas que mal manejados acarretam uma série de prejuízos econômicos e ambientais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar as combinações entre taxas de aplicação, pontas e adjuvantes no controle químico do pulgão-dos-cereais na cultura do trigo e os impactos ambientais sobre as populações de seus inimigos naturais. Foram realizadas aplicações de inseticida imidacloprido em dois campos de multiplicação de sementes da cultivar BRS 404. Foram utilizadas duas taxas de aplicações (75 e 150 L.ha-1) com e sem a adição de dois adjuvantes de características químicas diferentes combinados com três tipos de pontas hidráulicas de pulverização. Para os estudos laboratoriais de avaliação das propriedades físico-químicas das caldas, por meio da avaliação de variância houve interação significativa das propriedades condutividade e tensão superficial com os adjuvantes avaliados. Em relação às tecnologias empregadas, a deposição de calda aplicada nas folhas bandeira e espigas na taxa de aplicação menor (75 L ha-1) foi estatisticamente similar ao da deposição em taxa de aplicação maior (150 L ha-1), independente do uso de adjuvante. Quanto ao controle do pulgão-dos-cereais, os tratamento que apresentaram alta eficiência ao longo de todo o período de avaliação de controle foram aqueles que continham adjuvantes nas duas taxas de aplicações testadas (75 L ha-1 e 150 L ha-1) demonstrando ser possível a redução do volume de calda em aplicações que tenham como objetivo o controle do pulgão-dos-cereais sem que haja perda de eficácia no tratamento. O inseticida imidacloprido mostrou ser altamente nocivo aos predadores do pulgão-dos-cereais, Chrysoperla externa e Orius insidiosus, ocasionando mortalidade logo nos primeiros três dias após a aplicação, independente da tecnologia de aplicação empregada. / One of the main species found in wheat is the grain aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani, 1852), which substantially reduces grain production, slows down root growth and impairs tillering. As a consequence of the attack, the application of insecticides that are poorly managed leads to a series of economic and environmental damages. The objective of this work was to study the combinations of application rates, tips and adjuvants on the chemical control of wheat aphid in wheat and the environmental impacts on the populations of its natural enemies. Imidacloprid insecticide applications were carried out in two seed multiplication fields of cultivar BRS 404. Two application rates (75 and 150 L.ha-1) were used with and without the addition of two adjuvants of different chemical characteristics combined with three types of hydraulic spray tips. For the laboratory studies of evaluation of the physicochemical properties of the grouts, through the evaluation of variance there was a significant interaction of the conductivity and surface tension properties with the adjuvants evaluated. In relation to the technologies used, the deposition of the applied syrup on the flag and ears leaves at the lower application rate (75 L ha-1) was statistically similar to the deposition at a higher application rate (150 L ha-1), regardless of the use of adjuvant. The treatments with high efficiency throughout the control period were those containing adjuvants in the two application rates tested (75 L ha-1 and 150 L ha-1) demonstrating that it is possible to reduce the volume of syrup in applications that have as objective the control of the aphid-cereals without loss of effectiveness in the treatment. The insecticide imidacloprid showed to be highly harmful to predators of Chrysoperla externa and Orius insidiosus, causing mortality in the first three days after application, regardless of the application technology used. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The use of pesticides in management of dry beans and soybeans is fundamental to maintain healthy crops. However, inadequate use of these products represent risks of contamination of the fauna, flora and humans through drift during spraying. Thus, this study quantified deposited drift after boom spraying with different nozzles to determine drift curves for dry beans and soybeans and, from such curves, to calculated the indices of environmental and occupational risks of pesticides used for both crops and to establish buffer zones for spraying these products. The study was divided into two parts: the first one estimated drift curves for dry beans and soybean crops, according to the methodology proposed by norm ISO 22866. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in split plots over space 4 x 20 with 10 replications, measuring drift from spraying with four nozzle types (standard and venturi flat fans XR and AIXR and standard and venturi deflector flat fans TT and TTI) in 20 sampling points (corresponding to 20 parallel distances to crop row outside the target area, spaced by 2.5 m). Evaluation of deposition in filter paper targets on the soil, the dye Rodamine B was added to the tank of a hydraulic boom sprayer, which was quantified by fluorimetry. The second part consisted of computations of contamination risk evaluations from exposition to fungicides, herbicides and insecticides recommended for both crops in Brazil. The risk indices were computed for three different groups: water organisms (daphnia, alga and fish), terrestrial (bees and worms) and occupational risk for bystanders, children and residents, according to models proposed by the methodologies POCER and HAIR. Four drift prediction models were obtained for dry beans and three for soybeans, similar to the Dutch Model , with exponential trend of four parameters, considering the 90 percentile. The coefficients of the drift Dutch Model for Cereals, as well as the coefficients of the German Model for Field Crops are not adequate to estimate drift for dry beans and soybeans. In general, water organisms are more sensitive to contamination by drift. No risk of contamination was found for worms. However, the insecticides chlorpyrifos, spinosad and thiamethoxam presented risk to bees, regardless of droplet size used in the drift curve and, therefore, demand different dimensions for the buffer zones. The herbicide paraquat was the only one with potential occupational contamination risk. It is suggested that, for estimation of drift and risk in dry beans and soybeans, for Brazilian climate conditions, the drift prediction models generated in this study, for each nozzle type, should be used. / A utilização de produtos fitossanitários no manejo das culturas do feijão e da soja é muito importante para manter a sanidade dos cultivos. Contudo, o uso inadequado desses produtos pode causar riscos de contaminação à fauna, à flora e aos seres humanos, quando ocorre deriva durante as aplicações. Assim, o trabalho objetivou quantificar a deriva depositada decorrente da aplicação terrestre com diferentes pontas de pulverização, a fim de se obter curvas de deriva para as culturas do feijão e da soja e, a partir dessas, calcular os índices de risco ambiental e ocupacional de produtos fitossanitários utilizados para as duas culturas e estabelecer zonas de segurança para essas aplicações. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas: na primeira estimaram-se curvas de deriva para as culturas do feijão e da soja, conforme a metodologia proposta pela norma ISO 22866. Em delineamento de blocos casualizados e esquema de parcela subdividida no espaço 4 x 20 com 10 repetições, foi mensurada a deriva proveniente da pulverização com quatro tipos de pontas (jato plano simples e com indução de ar XR e AIRX e jato plano defletor simples e com indução de ar TT e TTI) em 20 pontos amostrais (correspondentes a 20 distâncias paralelas à linha de cultivo fora da área-alvo, espaçadas em 2,5 m). Para a avaliação dos depósitos em alvos de papel filtro junto ao solo adicionou-se ao tanque de um pulverizador hidráulico de barras um marcador composto do corante Rodamina B para ser detectado por fluorimetria. Na segunda etapa foram calculados os índices de risco de contaminação decorrentes da exposição a fungicidas, herbicidas e inseticidas recomendados para as duas culturas no Brasil. Os índices de risco foram calculados para três diferentes grupos: organismos aquáticos (daphnia, algas e peixes), terrestres (abelhas e minhocas) e risco ocupacional para espectadores, crianças e residentes; calculados de acordo com as modelagens propostas pelas metodologias POCER e HAIR. Foram obtidos quatro modelos de previsão de deriva para a cultura do feijão, e três para a cultura da soja, análogos ao Modelo Holandês , com tendência exponencial de quatro parâmetros, considerando o Percentil 90. Os coeficientes do Modelo Holandês de deriva para cultivo de Cereais (Cereals), assim como os coeficientes do Modelo Alemão para culturas anuais (Field Crops) não são indicados para estimar a deriva nas culturas do feijão e da soja. Em geral, os organismos aquáticos são os mais sensíveis à contaminação por deriva. Não foi observado risco de contaminação para minhocas. Para as abelhas, os inseticidas chlorpyrifos, spinosad e thiamethoxam apresentam riscos, independente do tamanho de gota utilizado na curva de deriva e, portanto requerem diferentes tamanhos de zonas de segurança. O herbicida paraquat é o único com potencial de risco de contaminação ocupacional. Em avaliações de estimativa de deriva e risco nas culturas do feijão e da soja, em condições climáticas brasileiras, sugere-se a utilização dos modelos de previsão de deriva gerados neste trabalho, para cada tipo de ponta de pulverização. / Doutor em Agronomia