No presente estudo, os mecanismos vinculados à formação de um intenso evento de Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul (ZCAS) foram investigados. Para isso, uma análise observacional foi realizada para identificação desse sistema e seguinte implementação de um estudo numérico em uma escala sub-sazonal. Uma vez que a atividade da ZCAS é predominantemente concentrada em uma das regiões de maior importância socioeconômica da América do Sul, os estudos de previsibilidade dessa feição são extremamente importantes. O evento escolhido pela análise observacional foi caracterizado pelo suporte de uma estrutura em larga escala para seu desenvolvimento e persistência, através da presença de um vórtice ciclônico na região costeira do sudeste do Brasil. A representação numérica desse caso de ZCAS foi particularmente desafiadora, uma vez que trata-se de um sistema complexo, cujo desenvolvimento e evolução conectam-se a características atmosféricas de grande escala. Para aprimorar a representação numérica desse evento, várias aplicações utilizando-se nudging espectral foram testadas, para garantir que as características de grande escala que suportam o sistema fossem bem representadas pelo modelo numérico. Os resultados mostram que a alternativa menos restritiva para a aplicação do nudging espectral mostrou-se ideal para manter suas características importantes, e ainda permitindo que os componentes físicos do modelo contribuam com a representação da atmosfera em escalas menores. A partir disso, novos experimentos numéricos foram conduzidos para uma avaliação de como diferentes parametrizações convectivas e microfísica representam a banda de precipitação associada ao sistema. Os resultados mostram que, quando usados juntos, tanto a opção de microfísica WRF Single Moment 6-Class (WSM6) quanto a opção cumulus de Kain-Fritsch (KF) contribuíram para a formação da banda convectiva associada à ZCAS. Os resultados também mostram que é possível usar um esquema de microfísica mais simples (WSM3) para a representação do sistema, uma vez que os desempenhos entre os diferentes testes em microfísica foram semelhantes. / In the present study, the mechanisms and formation of an intense South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) event were investigated. For this, an observational analysis was performed to identify this system for the implementation of a numerical study on a sub-seasonal scale. Since the SACZ activity is predominantly concentrated over one of the most socioeconomically important regions of South America, predictability studies for this system are extremely valuable. The SACZ event chosen by the observational analysis was supported by a large-scale structure that featured a cyclonic vortex in the coastal region of southeastern Brazil. The numerical representation of a SACZ case in this context was particularly challenging since the SACZ is a very complex system and its development and evolution are closely linked to large-scale atmospheric features. To improve the numerical representation of such event, several spectral nudging applications were tested to ensure the large scale features that support the systems are well represented by the numerical model. Results show that the less restrictive alternative for the spectral nudging application was ideal for maintaining important features in large scales while still allowing the physical components of the model to contribute the representation of the atmosphere on smaller scales. From this, numerical experiments were conducted for an evaluation of how different convective parametrizations and microphysics represent the precipitation band associated to the system. The results show that, when used together, both WRF Single Moment 6-Class (WSM6) microphysics option and Kain-Fritsch (KF) cumulus option contributed to the formation of convective band associated with the SACZ. Results also show that it is possible to use a simpler microphysics scheme (WSM3) for the representation of the system, since the performances between different tests in microphysics were similar.

No presente estudo, os mecanismos vinculados à formação de um intenso evento de Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul (ZCAS) foram investigados. Para isso, uma análise observacional foi realizada para identificação desse sistema e seguinte implementação de um estudo numérico em uma escala sub-sazonal. Uma vez que a atividade da ZCAS é predominantemente concentrada em uma das regiões de maior importância socioeconômica da América do Sul, os estudos de previsibilidade dessa feição são extremamente importantes. O evento escolhido pela análise observacional foi caracterizado pelo suporte de uma estrutura em larga escala para seu desenvolvimento e persistência, através da presença de um vórtice ciclônico na região costeira do sudeste do Brasil. A representação numérica desse caso de ZCAS foi particularmente desafiadora, uma vez que trata-se de um sistema complexo, cujo desenvolvimento e evolução conectam-se a características atmosféricas de grande escala. Para aprimorar a representação numérica desse evento, várias aplicações utilizando-se nudging espectral foram testadas, para garantir que as características de grande escala que suportam o sistema fossem bem representadas pelo modelo numérico. Os resultados mostram que a alternativa menos restritiva para a aplicação do nudging espectral mostrou-se ideal para manter suas características importantes, e ainda permitindo que os componentes físicos do modelo contribuam com a representação da atmosfera em escalas menores. A partir disso, novos experimentos numéricos foram conduzidos para uma avaliação de como diferentes parametrizações convectivas e microfísica representam a banda de precipitação associada ao sistema. Os resultados mostram que, quando usados juntos, tanto a opção de microfísica WRF Single Moment 6-Class (WSM6) quanto a opção cumulus de Kain-Fritsch (KF) contribuíram para a formação da banda convectiva associada à ZCAS. Os resultados também mostram que é possível usar um esquema de microfísica mais simples (WSM3) para a representação do sistema, uma vez que os desempenhos entre os diferentes testes em microfísica foram semelhantes. / In the present study, the mechanisms and formation of an intense South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) event were investigated. For this, an observational analysis was performed to identify this system for the implementation of a numerical study on a sub-seasonal scale. Since the SACZ activity is predominantly concentrated over one of the most socioeconomically important regions of South America, predictability studies for this system are extremely valuable. The SACZ event chosen by the observational analysis was supported by a large-scale structure that featured a cyclonic vortex in the coastal region of southeastern Brazil. The numerical representation of a SACZ case in this context was particularly challenging since the SACZ is a very complex system and its development and evolution are closely linked to large-scale atmospheric features. To improve the numerical representation of such event, several spectral nudging applications were tested to ensure the large scale features that support the systems are well represented by the numerical model. Results show that the less restrictive alternative for the spectral nudging application was ideal for maintaining important features in large scales while still allowing the physical components of the model to contribute the representation of the atmosphere on smaller scales. From this, numerical experiments were conducted for an evaluation of how different convective parametrizations and microphysics represent the precipitation band associated to the system. The results show that, when used together, both WRF Single Moment 6-Class (WSM6) microphysics option and Kain-Fritsch (KF) cumulus option contributed to the formation of convective band associated with the SACZ. Results also show that it is possible to use a simpler microphysics scheme (WSM3) for the representation of the system, since the performances between different tests in microphysics were similar.

Klimatkrisen är en svår utmaning som alla på planeten tillsammans måste försöka att lösa. En av de branscher som idag har en stor negativ påverkan på klimatet är restaurangbranschen där verksamheterna främst arbetar med livsmedel, vilket har påvisats bidra till en stor mängd växthusgasutsläpp. Restaurangbranschens verksamheter behöver därmed ställa om till att bli mer hållbara när det kommer till såväl ekonomisk som social och ekologisk hållbarhet. Det finns en efterfrågan från restauranger som vill ha hjälp med att ställa om sina verksamheter till att bli mer hållbara, då de har svårt att veta vart och hur de påbörjar detta arbete. En genomlysning av aktuell forskning har visat på att det finns ett behov av att ta fram konkreta verktyg som underlättar hållbarhetsarbetet för verksamheter.Denna studie har därför haft som avsikt att besvara problemformuleringen:Vilka verktyg är praktiskt tillämpbara för att uppnå en hållbar restaurangverksamhet?Vi författare till denna studie valde att genomföra en explorativ studie då detta ansågs ge bättre möjligheter till att skapa en djupare förståelse inom vårt valda problemområde. För att ta reda på vilka verktyg som kan anses vara lämpliga för restaurangverksamheter har teorier, kopplat till förutsättningar och hinder, presenterats för att skapa en förståelse för vad som kan påverka valet av lämpliga hållbarhetshanteringsverktyg. De verktyg som har valts ut till denna studie är: hållbarhetsredovisningar, livscykelanalys, kvalitetsledningssystem, nätverk, utbildning samt grön nudging.Semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes där respondenternas svar tyder på att det finns förutsättningar inom restaurangbranschen för att arbeta med hållbarhet. Intervjuerna visade även på att det finns hinder för detta, främst i form av tid, pengar och snäv kunskap om hållbarhet. Som komplement till intervjuerna framtogs en enkät för att undersöka respondenternas attityd till de utvalda verktygen. Det som anses vara det bäst lämpade verktyget för restauranger att implementera är utbildning, då kunskap är grundläggande för ett framgångsrikt hållbarhetsarbete. Även verktygen nätverk och grön nudging har visat sig vara väl lämpade för restaurangverksamheter.Studien har även bidragit med framtagandet av en modell, vars syfte är att bidra med struktur till studien, som visar de olika steg som restauranger bör genomgå innan implementering av ett verktyg på den operativa nivån av verksamheten. Vidare visas även vilka förutsättningar som är väsentliga och vilka hinder som kan uppstå, för att kunna arbeta med hållbarhet i verksamheten. De verktyg som anses vara mest praktiskt tillämpbara för restauranger är också de verktyg som har bäst förutsättningar och minst hinder för att kunna implementeras i verksamheternas dagliga drift.

Good health amongst employees is essential for an organization, and it is well known that exercise and daily movement have an enormous impact on our health. Physical activity can decrease sick leave and give the employees more energy for their work. At CGI in Karlstad, they have developed an exercise logger called CGIMoving to encourage an active lifestyle in the workplace. In this application, the logged exercises generate points that later are converted to different prizes depending on the amount of activity the user has logged. The vision is to extend the use of this application to more offices in the organization and sell it to other companies.  In this master thesis project, the current user interface of CGIMoving was examined and redesigned. The aim was to create a user-friendly interface and explore new features that can increase participation in wellness activities. The work was done during the fall term of 2020 within the degree of Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology.  The project was performed based on a design thinking process divided into three main phases; understand, explore, and materialize. These phases included methods such as user interviews, prototyping, and usability testing. The focus in this process was to understand user needs to improve the user experience of the application. Therefore, users were involved in multiple stages of the design process - from start to finish. In addition to this, relevant theories such as UX- and UI-design, visual design, information architecture, nudging and motivation were researched through a literature review.  This project resulted in a new user interface for the CGIMoving application compatible with computer- and smartphone screens. The redesign includes features for interaction between users, the possibility to set goals and see progress. Moreover, the redesigned user interface has an engaging visual design, and contains more feedback to the user than before. The changes in the design were made to create an improved user experience based on research and user testing and thereby increase the use. / En god hälsa bland anställda är avgörande för en organisation, och det är välkänt att motion och daglig rörelse har en enorm inverkan på vår hälsa. Fysisk aktivitet kan minska sjukfrånvaron och ge de anställda mer energi till sitt arbete. På CGI i Karlstad har de utvecklat en träningsloggare som heter CGIMoving för att uppmuntra till en aktiv livsstil på arbetsplatsen. I den här applikationen genererar de loggade övningarna poäng som senare omvandlas till olika priser beroende på hur mycket aktivitet användaren har loggat. Visionen är att utvidga användningen av denna applikation till fler kontor i organisationen och sälja den till andra företag.  I detta examensarbete undersöktes och omformades det nuvarande användargränssnittet för CGIMoving. Målet var att skapa ett användarvänligt gränssnitt och utforska nya funktioner som kan öka deltagandet i hälsoaktiviteter. Arbetet utfördes under höstterminen år 2020 på civilingenjörsprogrammet i Teknisk Design vid Luleå tekniska universitet.  Projektet genomfördes baserat på en Design thinking process uppdelad i tre huvudfaser; förstå, utforska och materialisera. Dessa faser inkluderade metoder som användarintervjuer, prototyper och användbarhetstestning. Fokus i denna process var att förstå användarnas behov för att förbättra användarupplevelsen av applikationen. Därför var användarna involverade i flera steg i designprocessen - från början till slut. Utöver detta, relevanta teorier som UX- och UI-design, visuell design, informationsarkitektur, nudging och motivation undersöktes genom en litteraturstudie.  Detta projekt resulterade i ett nytt användargränssnitt för CGIMoving som är kompatibel med dator- och smarttelefonskärmar. Omformningen innehåller funktioner för interaktion mellan användare, möjligheten att sätta mål och se framsteg. Dessutom har det omdesignade användargränssnittet en engagerande visuell design och innehåller mer feedback till användaren än tidigare. Ändringarna i designen gjordes för att skapa en förbättrad användarupplevelse baserad på forskning och användartester och därmed öka användningen.

Den ökade konsumtionen i dagens samhälle leder till en större efterfrågan på nya råvaror. Samtidigt är jordens resurser begränsade och råvarupriserna höjs i samband med att resurserna håller på att ta slut. Därför är det viktigt att ta till vara på de resurser som finns genom att öka nyttjandegraden av material och sluta produkters livscykler, då kan materialet återvinnas och återanvändas vid tillverkning av nya produkter. Om tillverkande företag väljer att använda återvunnet material i sin produktion sparas jordens resurser in eftersom inte en lika stor mängd jungfruligt material behövs. Det bidrar till en ekologisk vinst som i vissa fall också kan leda till en ekonomisk vinst. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka om materialåtervinningen kan göras ekonomiskt lönsam för de företag som väljer att sluta produkters livscykler och samla in returmaterialet. Detta genomfördes genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar den ekonomiska lönsamheten i värdekedjan och hur insamlingssystemet bör utformas för att maximera mängden insamlat installationsspill. För att kunna genomföra arbetet har vetenskaplig litteratur i form av rapporter och artiklar studerats för de ämnesspecifika områdena som studien behandlar, dessa stod till grund för rapportens teoretiska del. Sedan genomfördes en empirisk datainsamling i form av kvalitativ numerisk data, intervjuer hölls med golvläggare och logistikansvarig för extern returmaterialshantering. Utöver detta genomfördes observationer av uppvisade beteenden relaterat till insamling av installationsspill ute på byggarbetsplatser. En kvantitativ fältstudie genomfördes också som inkluderade respektive installationsprojekt. Resultatet av studien visar att generellt sätt är golvläggare positiva till att samla in returmaterial utan att företaget får betalt genom ekonomiska styrmedel så länge insamlingen inte medför något extra arbete. De resterande aktörerna i den omvända flödeskedjan har ett större ekonomiskt incitament än ett ekologiskt incitament till att medverka för att samla in returmaterial. Det försvårar för producenten att skapa en ekonomiskt lönsam returmaterialshantering då det skapas höga kostnader som produktens vinstmarginal ska klara av att täcka. Transport är den faktor som ackumulerar störst kostnad per insamlad enhet. För att sänka kostnaderna är det nödvändigt att returmaterial i höga kvantiteter och med hög kvalitet samlas in. Om ett företag lyckas skapa en lönsam returmaterialshantering kan det leda till minskade kostnader i form av material- och produktionskostnader. Resultatets betydelse från studien är viktig då det saknas studier som direkt behandlar och visar hur returmaterialshantering kan genomföras och göras ekonomiskt lönsam. Därmed bidrar studien till vidare diskussion och inspiration. Studien avgränsas till att analysera den ekonomiska lönsamheten av den externa returmaterialshanteringen. / The increased consumption in the modern society leads to a higher demand for new raw materials. At the same time, the earth's resources are limited and the prices increase when the resources decrease. Therefore, it is important to take advantage of the resources by increasing the utilization rate of material and close product lifecycles. The material can be recycled and reused in the manufacture of new products. If manufacturing companies choose to use recycled materials in their production the earth’s resources would be saved because less virgin material is needed. This contributes to an ecological profit which in some cases may also lead to a financial gain. The purpose of this work was to investigate whether recycling of materials could be economically profitable for the companies that choose to close product lifecycles and collect the end-of-use material. This was done by examining the factors that affect the economic viability of the value chain and how the collection system should be designed to maximize the amount of collected installation waste. In order to implement the work, scientific literature in the form of reports and articles are studied in the subject-specific areas that the study covers, these were the basis for the report's theoretical part. An empirical data collection was also done in the form of qualitative numerical data, interviews were held with flooring contractors and the logistics manager for external recycled material, and observations were conducted of exhibited behaviors related to the collection of installation waste out on construction sites. A quantitative field study was also conducted which included each installation project. The results of the study show that the flooring contractors are generally positive to collecting recycling material without any financial benefits as long as it does not involve any additional work. The remaining companies in the reverse supply chain have a higher financial incentive than an ecological incentive to participate and collect recycling material. This makes it difficult for the producer to create an economically viable collection system of recycling materials since it creates too high costs for the product's profit margin to be able to cover these costs. Transport is the factor that accumulates the highest cost per collected unit. To reduce the costs it is necessary to return material in high quantities and with high quality. If a company manages to create a profitable return of used materials it can lead to reduced costs in terms of material and production costs. The impact of the result is important because there are no or just a few previous studies that directly treat and show how a system of collecting recycling material can be implemented in a company and be economically viable. The study contributes to further discussions and inspiration. The study is limited to analyzing the economic viability of the external collection system of recycling material.

At a time when changing habits are advocated for both personal and collective goals, knowledge from several scientific disciplines can be used for communication. In order for people to break old habits and create new ones, they may in some cases need a push in the right direction. With nudging one can in different ways help people take decisions more easily and make choices with the goal that it will benefit the individual or the collective, but in some cases there’s a risk that the one who initiates the nudge uses it for their own benefit. Through a case study of the #OURSEA campaign, initiated by Moomin Characters Ltd., in collaboration with the John Nurminen Foundation, this thesis intends to investigate and identify how nudging is used to convey information and change behaviors. The analysis is based on the behavioral science theory nudging. To go in depth, suggestions are given on how the campaign can develop communication based on the theoretical framework in relation to graphic design. Throughout the text, a critical discussion is held about the material and about how and when the graphic designer has a responsibility regarding the use of the theories. The results show how nudging can also be used in graphic design, despite the fact that the subject and the connection between the two disciplines have not previously been thoroughly explored in regards of each other.

The number of people who buy their groceries via e-commerce at least once a month has increased since the start of the covid-19 pandemic. As food and food production contributes about 20 to 30 percent of the total consumption-related environmental impact in Europe, a change in consumer behavior is required. To encourage more sustainable consumer behavior nudging can be implemented. Digital nudging is an interface tool that can be applied in cases of influencing people to do a certain desired action. The scientific literature confirms that a knowledge gap exists in how nudging can be used as previous research has focused more on why nudging is beneficial. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to investigate how nudging can be used in a web-based grocery store to influence consumers to make more sustainable choices. The study uses a qualitative research strategy with semi-structured interviews as a data collection method. The results show that a lack of knowledge regarding the concept of sustainability and sustainable products is the biggest obstacle when it comes to trying to influence consumers to make sustainable choices. For this reason, the study's four nudge proposals are mainly intended to educate consumers about sustainable foods in connection with purchasing them via e-commerce. A need has been identified for future research studies to investigate how nudges can be designed for different customer segments and behavioral groups. In addition, there is a need for similar research studies to be conducted where the consumer perspective is included and explored.

The purpose of this study is to reduce littering in urban environments. This is done by using product design and sustainable development as main directions and thus being able to create a sustainable behavior change that can be used and further developed in the future. During the course of the study, it is found out how product design can contribute to reducing littering. With user-centered design and sustainable development as starting points, littering in urban environments, design for behavior change, nudging and emotional design are examined. This is in order to gain a deeper understanding of where this eind of environmental problem came from and why. Furthermore, a number of observations and interviews are performed that create a stable and clear basis for the final design's needs and requirements. These are tested and developed during the brainstorming process and concept development with the help of sketches and prototypes, which in turn leads to a final design concept. Based on all the research and method implementations, it is concluded that people repeat each other's behaviors (Håll Sverige Rent, etc.) while there is a great lack of communication and guidance to trashcan´s in urban environments. Simplicity, prompts, guidance, colors, entertainment and different concepts are the most important factors that can contribute to a positive behavior change and hopefully a solution to the environmental problem. The final design proposal was therefore developed into a design concept that represents a connection between existing trashcan´s in urban environments and individually designed accessories that can be attached to them, regardless of the shape or size. The purpose of the concept is therefore to guide and inform about the trashcan´s important function regarding the handling of all kinds of rubbish and where these are located in an urban environment.

Vägtrafik skapar flera negativa konsekvenser för miljön men även för människors hälsa. Kommuner ansvarar för lokal infrastruktur och är därför en betydande del i arbetet med hållbar stadsutveckling. Studien undersökte hur politiker och tjänstemän i Sveriges medelstora kommuner arbetar för att bilen ska bli mindre attraktiv och för att öka hållbar mobilitet. Undersökningen utgick från Sveriges miljömål samt den strategi som innefattar nya etappmål för hållbar stadsutveckling. Frågeställningen besvarades genom att använda semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra politiker och fyra tjänstemän från medelstora kommuner i Sverige. Resultat som framkom var att kommunerna arbetar med hållbar mobilitet i olika utsträckning utifrån olika förutsättningar och behov, men att lönsamhet och invånarnas åsikter begränsar arbetet. De slutsatser som drogs var att effektiva strategier krävs för att uppnå hållbar mobilitet vilket inkluderar ökade möjligheter för hållbart resande samt motstånd för bilanvändning. Att ha ett fungerande samarbete mellan politiker och tjänstemän samt ha en sakkunnig person på plats ansågs även vara viktiga prioriteringar och åtgärder. Eftersom att kommunerna värderar ekonomisk lönsamhet och invånarnas åsikter högre än miljön krävs dessutom prioritering på att öka nationell styrning och att regeringen måste sätta hårdare krav på kommuner. / Road traffic creates several negative consequences for the environment but also for human health. Municipalities are responsible for local infrastructure and are therefore a significant part of the work with sustainable urban development. The study examined how politicians and civil servants in Sweden's medium-sized municipalities work to make the car less attractive and to increase sustainable mobility. The study was based on Sweden's environmental goals and the strategy that includes new milestones targets for sustainable urban development. The method consisted of semi-structured interviews with four politicians and four civil servants from medium-sized municipalities in Sweden. The results showed that municipalities work with sustainable mobility to different extents based on different conditions and needs, but that profit and residents opinion limit the work. The conclusions were that effective strategies are required to achieve sustainable mobility which includes increased opportunities for sustainable travel and resistance to car use. Having a functioning collaboration between politicians and civil servants and having an expert on site were also considered important priorities and measures. Since economic profit and residents' opinion is valued higher than the environment by the municipalities, it is necessary to prioritize the implementation of national governance and that the government must set demands on municipalities.

Digital communication through communication platforms has increased and changed significantly during the last decade and recently not least because of the corona pandemic, which has shifted many face-to-face activities to the internet (Obringer R. , et al., 2021). This paper firstly contains a quantitative survey study that investigates human behaviour and their experience on digital communication platforms with a focus on media transfer of photos and videos. Afterwards, the data sizes of various media after transfers through diverse communication platforms are explored in an experiment. This is followed by the development of a prototype in which sustainable design is implemented and aim to nudge the user to more sustainable-friendly digital behaviour relating data transfers of media and the settings of a communication platform. Finally, the prototype undergoes usability testing through which the user experience and positive environmental impact is evaluated. The findings reveal that the implementation of sustainability-focused nudges, features and design within a communication platform can lead users to more sustainable decisions in one or more areas of the platform and thus improve its environmental footprint.