[pt] A superfície da terra é formada por processos geológicos que geram as rochas, assim como por processos naturais de degradação e de erosão. A erosão destrói as estruturas que compõem o solo e seu transporte é feito pela ação da água da chuva, do vento, da gravidade e até do gelo. A origem e evolução das bacias sedimentares, dentre outros fenômenos, é estudada pela geologia sedimentar, a qual trata do estudo dos processos físicos, químicos e biológicos atuantes na superfície da terra desde o seu início até os dias atuais. Na atualidade, o uso de modelos que permitem analisar processos de escoamento superficial, desprendimento de partículas e de transporte e deposição de sedimentos em bacias hidrográficas é cada vez mais frequente. O uso e análise desses modelos demonstra que, para escalas relativamente pequenas e áreas não muito extensas, o rebaixamento do perfil dos rios está diretamente ligado aos processos de deformação tectônica. Por outro lado, modelos de previsão de evolução do relevo associados com intemperismo, erosão e deposição de sedimentos, considerando escalas espaciais do tipo regional ou continental e escalas de tempo relativamente grandes (maior que 10(5) anos) devem ser desenvolvidos acoplando tanto efeitos tectônicos como morfológicos. Neste trabalho é apresentado um modelo computacional que permite analisar a evolução na mudança do relevo de bacias hidrográficas, em pequena e grande escala, assim como estimar a produção de sedimento resultante do processo erosivo. O algoritmo de análise é escrito na linguagem de programação Cmais mais e considera a simulação de diferentes cenários, que incluem deformação tectônica, processos de encosta (difusão e movimentos de massa) e processos de incisão fluvial, dando-se particular atenção à formação e evolução da rede fluvial de drenagem. Para a análise de resultados, o programa oferece a visualização 3D de diferentes superfícies: distribuição dos sedimentos, evolução da rede fluvial, mudanças topográficas do relevo, etc. / [en] The surface of the earth is formed by geological processes that originate the rocks, as well as for natural processes of degradation and erosion. The erosion destroys the soil structures and the transport of sediments is made by the action of the rain water, wind, gravity and, in some cases, ice. The origin and evolution of sedimentary basins, amongst other phenomena, are studied by the sedimentary geology, which deals with the analysis of physical, chemical and biological processes that act directly on earth surface since its origin until the current days. Nowadays, the use of runoff - erosion models that analyze processes such as detachment of particles and transport and deposition of sediment in drainage basins is every time more frequent. The use of these models demonstrates that, for relatively small scales and not very extensive areas, relief changes are directly related to tectonic processes. On the other hand, landscape evolution models and associated weathering, erosion and deposition with parameterization for regional or continental spatial scales and large time scales (more than 10(5) years), must be developed to adequately couple tectonics and geomorphology. Is presented in this work a computational model to analyze the landscape evolution in hydrographic basins, considering small and large scales, as well as evaluate the production of sediment resultant of the erosive process. The algorithm is written in the programming language C++ and considers the simulation of different scenes, that include tectonics, hillslope processes (diffusion and landslides) and bedrock incision, giving particular attention to the channel network evolution. For the analysis process the program offers the visualization of different 3D surfaces: sediment distribution, drainage network, topographical relieves etc.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:12:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF15MA035.pdf: 3236221 bytes, checksum: 9607678b8f3b3e6bed717b52074d7db3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / The Rio Canoas basin demands studies that seek the management of their hydrological resources. The hydrological modeling is promising as helper of construction process of its basin plan, because produce formal representation of reality. SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) is a hydrological model able to predict runoffs by a complex group of inputs and by a significant group of calibrated parameters. In this study, SWAT was calibrated and validated in a watershed of 1973 Km² of Rio Canoas, called Alto Canoas basin. Parameters were calibrated by semiautomatic process as to daily scale as to monthly scale. The quality of the calibration and validation was evaluated by their Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) and R² coefficients. The model was applied in the estimative of permanence curves, in the estimative of basic runoffs separated by numeric filter and in scenarios of possible hydrological impacts caused due to land use changes. It took two years to model calibration (1996-1997), where the year 1995 was used as warm up period of the model, and four years to validation (1998-2001). The model was validated in daily scale with a NSE of 0,76 and R² of 0,79. In monthly scale, the model was validate with a NSE of 0,87 and R² of 0,89. The hydrological balance by the model indicates that in the studied basin has a significant contribution of the lateral and return flow in the formation of total runoff in the reaches. The model parameters differ as in daily scale as in monthly scale, it indicate that have different relevance of some hydrological processes according to variation of time scale. The model shows as satisfactory in the simulation of daily and monthly events. This study concludes that the calibrated model can be used as to analyze daily and monthly events, by climatological data. The attachment of hydrological model with the climatological shows as a promising way as tool to be applied in hydrological resources management of Alto Canoas basin / A bacia hidrográfica do Rio Canoas demanda estudos que visem à gestão de seus recursos hídricos. A modelagem hidrológica se mostra promissora como auxiliar no processo de construção de seu plano de bacia, uma vez que produz representações formais da realidade. O SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) é um modelo hidrológico capaz de simular vazões a partir de um conjunto complexo de dados de entrada e de um conjunto significativo de parâmetros calibrados. No presente estudo, o modelo SWAT foi calibrado e validado em uma sub-bacia de 1973 Km² da bacia do Rio Canoas, denominada bacia do Alto Canoas. Os parâmetros foram calibrados por processo semi-automático tanto para escala diária como mensal. A qualidade da calibração e da validação foi avaliada com base nos coeficientes de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) e R². O modelo foi aplicado na estimativa da curva de permanência, na estimativa das vazões básicas separadas por filtro numérico e em cenários de possíveis impactos hidrológicos provocados por mudanças no uso do solo. Foram utilizados dois anos para calibração do modelo (1996-1997), sendo o ano de 1995 utilizado como período de aquecimento do modelo, e quatro anos para validação (1998-2001). O modelo foi validado na escala diária com NSE de 0,76 e R² de 0,79. Na escala mensal, o modelo foi validado com um NSE de 0,87 e R² de 0,89. O balanço hídrico calculado pelo modelo indicou que na bacia estudada ocorre contribuição significativa do escoamento sub-superficial e básico na formação das vazões nos canais. Os parâmetros do modelo diferiram tanto na escala diária como na escala mensal, indicando haver relevâncias distintas de determinados processos hidrológicos conforme a variação da escala temporal. O modelo mostrou-se satisfatório tanto na simulação de eventos diários como mensais. Concluiu-se que o modelo calibrado pode ser utilizado tanto na análise de eventos diários como mensais, a partir de dados climatológicos. O acoplamento de modelo hidrológico com climatológico mostra-se um caminho promissor como ferramenta a ser aplicada na gestão dos recursos hídricos da bacia do Alto Canoas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcel Bruno.pdf: 3105575 bytes, checksum: 74afefa960dbfbf05720cec24a294ec9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-28 / Neste trabalho são realizadas modelagens numéricas de vigas de concreto armado, reforçadas ou não com fibras metálicas. Este procedimento possibilita a análise de diversas variáveis em uma estrutura, com relativa economia. O objetivo é a determinação da energia de fratura de vigas de concreto armado empregando programas comerciais de elementos finitos. Tem ainda por escopo analisar o modo de fratura II, ocasionado por tensões cisalhantes. Para tanto foi utilizado o programa comercial DIANA. A validação das modelagens é realizada através da comparação dos resultados numéricos obtidos, com valores experimentais da literatura. Esta validação foi inicialmente realizada com vigas e por fim prismas de concreto com e sem a adição de fibras. A não-linearidade física do material foi levada em consideração. Foram utilizadas na modelagem das vigas as teorias de Rankine e Drucker Prager. No caso dos prismas utilizou-se de teorias da mecânica da fratura, onde ao invés de se utilizar as funções de plastificação do material (ou de ruptura dos mesmos), utilizar-se-ão modelos que retratam o surgimento e propagação das trincas. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios fazendo-se uma comparação com os experimentais, porém a energia da fratura utilizada à tração foi tirada do CEB (1.990) para os casos das vigas de Lopes (2005) e a compressão obtida através do gráfico: tensão x deformação. Será ainda enfocado neste trabalho a retro-análise, pela combinação de variações no volume de fibras, procurando obter gráficos que retratem o comportamento tensão x volume de fibras para a resistência do concreto. Nota-se que a utilização de fibras metálicas diminui consideravelmente a armadura longitudinal para combater esforços de flexão. Porém, deve-se proceder outros ensaios de modo a obter o volume de fibra ideal a ser utilizado para diversas resistências do concreto.

Un des plus grands défis dans la conception matérielle et logicielle est de s’assurer que le système soit exempt d’erreurs. La moindre erreur dans les systèmes embarqués réactifs peut avoir des conséquences désastreuses et coûteuses pour certains projets critiques, nécessitant parfois de gros investissements pour les corriger, ou même conduire à un échec spectaculaire et inattendu du système. Prévenir de tels phénomènes en identifiant tous les comportements critiques du système est une tâche assez délicate. Les tests en industrie sont globalement non exhaustifs, tandis que la vérification formelle souffre souvent du problème d’explosion combinatoire. Nous présentons dans ce contexte une nouvelle approche de génération exhaustive de jeux de test qui combine les principes du test industriel et de la vérification formelle académique. Notre approche construit un modèle générique du système étudié à partir de l’approche synchrone. Le principe est de se limiter à l’analyse locale des sous-espaces significatifs du modèle. L’objectif de notre approche est d’identifier et extraire les conditions préalables à l’exécution de chaque chemin du sous-espace étudie. Il s’agit ensuite de générer tout les cas de tests possibles à partir de ces pré-conditions. Notre approche présente un algorithme de quasi-aplatissement plus simple et efficace que les techniques existantes ainsi qu’une compilation avantageuse favorisant une réduction considérable du problème de l’explosion de l’espace d’états. Elle présente également une manipulation symbolique des données numériques permettant un test plus expressif et concret du système étudié. / One of the biggest challenges in hardware and software design is to ensure that a system is error-free. Small errors in reactive embedded systems can have disastrous and costly consequences for a project. Preventing such errors by identifying the most probable cases of erratic system behavior is quite challenging. Indeed, tests in industry are overall non-exhaustive, while formal verification in scientific research often suffers from combinatorial explosion problem. We present in this context a new approach for generating exhaustive test sets that combines the underlying principles of the industrial test technique and the academic-based formal verification approach. Our approach builds a generic model of the system under test according to the synchronous approach. The goal is to identify the optimal preconditions for restricting the state space of the model such that test generation can take place on significant subspaces only. So, all the possible test sets are generated from the extracted subspace preconditions. Our approach exhibits a simpler and efficient quasi-flattening algorithm compared with existing techniques and a useful compiled internal description to check security properties and reduce the state space combinatorial explosion problem. It also provides a symbolic processing technique of numeric data that provides a more expressive and concrete test of the system. We have implemented our approach on a tool called GAJE. To illustrate our work, this tool was applied to verify an industrial project on contactless smart cards security.

L’essai de type simple recouvrement est très largement utilisé dans l’industrie automobile pour évaluer la compatibilité entre une tôle d’acier et une colle. Dans ce cadre, deux critères de validation ont été définis par les constructeurs automobiles : un chargement à rupture minimum, et un facies de rupture cohésif. La rupture au niveau de l’interface colle/acier (rupture interfaciale), ne permet pas d’attester d’une bonne adhésion entre la colle et la tôle, elle n’est donc pas acceptée. Ainsi dans certains cas, l’assemblage n’est pas validé à cause de son faciès de rupture, même s’il démontre une résistance mécanique élevée. Une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de rupture interfaciale permettrait d’adapter le cahier des charges des constructeurs automobiles. Le premier objectif de la thèse a été de comprendre les mécanismes de rupture qui peuvent engendrer une rupture interfaciale. Des études expérimentales et numériques ont montré que la rigidité de la tôle a une forte influence sur la cinématique de déformation de l’éprouvette (rotation, plasticité de la tôle, effet de bords), et qu’elle influe beaucoup sur le faciès de rupture. La déformation plastique de la tôle semble être un paramètre-clef favorisant la rupture interfaciale. En effet, une étude à l’échelle microscopique sur la structure hétérogène du revêtement galvanique de la tôle a mis en évidence la présence de déformations localisées très importantes, qui semblent capable d’endommager l’interface collée. Le second objectif de la thèse a été de caractériser mécaniquement une interface tôle/adhésif. Deux méthodes complémentaires ont été proposées. La première consistait à caractériser l’interface dans des conditions « pures » de sollicitation, grâce à l’essai Arcan modifié. La seconde méthode a permis d’évaluer la capacité de l’interfaces à résister à un effet de bord, grâce à un essai de flexion trois points sur une éprouvette en coin. / The single lap-shear test is widely used by carmakers to characterize the adhesion of bonded joints. Two criteria govern the validation of the adhesion properties in the bonded joints: the shear strength and the failure mode which has to be cohesive. However, in some special cases, particularly when thin mild galvanized steel substrates were bonded with structural toughened adhesive, an interfacial pattern is obtained instead of cohesive failure. So the bonded assembly is not accepted even if its shear load at failure is high. A better understanding of the interfacial failure is required to adapt the carmakers specifications. The first objective of the PhD thesis was to analyze the critical phenomenon which favor the interfacial failure during single lap test. Substrate rigidity has significant effect on the failure pattern, because it influences the kinematic of deformation of the sample (rotation, steel plasticity, edge effect). Steel plasticity has been identified as a key factor for interfacial failure. The galvanized coating of the steel has a heterogeneous structure, which generate significant heterogeneous strain that could damage the interface. The second objective was to characterize the strength of the substrate-adhesive interface. Two methods have been proposed. The first one enable to measure the strength of an interface which homogeneous loading without edge effect (modified Arcan test). In the second method, the interface capability to resist to edge effects has been assessed. Thus, three different interfaces have been characterized using a three point bending test and thanks to an optical microscopy in situ analysis.

Le thème de cette thèse est l'identification de paramètres tels que la conductivité hydraulique, K, pour un problème d'intrusion marine dans un aquifère isotrope et libre. Plus précisément, il s'agit d'estimer la conductivité hydraulique en fonction d'observations ou de mesures sur le terrain faites sur les profondeurs des interfaces (h, h₁), entre l'eau douce et l'eau salée et entre le milieu saturé et la zone insaturée. Le problème d'intrusion marine consiste en un système à dérivée croisée d'edps de type paraboliques décrivant l'évolution de h et de h₁. Le problème inverse est formulé en un problème d'optimisation où la fonction coût minimise l'écart quadratique entre les mesures des profondeurs des interfaces et celles fournies par le modèle. Nous considérons le problème exact comme une contrainte pour le problème d'optimisation et nous introduisons le Lagrangien associé à la fonction coût. Nous démontrons alors que le système d'optimalité a au moins une solution, les princcipales difficultés étant de trouver le bon ensemble pour les paramètres admissibles et de prouver la différentiabilité de l'application qui associe (h(K), h₁(K₁)) à K. Ceci constitue le premier résultat de la thèse. Le second résultat concerne l'implémentation numérique du problème d'optimisation. Notons tout d'abord que, concrètement, nous ne disposons que d'observations ponctuelles (en espace et en temps) correspondant aux nombres de puits de monitoring. Nous approchons donc la fonction coût par une formule de quadrature qui est ensuite minimisée en ultilisant l'algorithme de la variable à mémoire limitée (BLMVM). Par ailleurs, le problème exact et le problème adjoint sont discrétisés en espace par une méthode éléments finis P₁-Lagrange combinée à un schéma semi-implicite en temps. Une analyse de ce schéma nous permet de prouver qu'il est d'ordre 1 en temps et en espace. Certains résultats numériques sont présentés pour illustrer la capacité de la méthode à déterminer les paramètres inconnus. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, nous considérons la conductivité hydraulique comme un paramètre stochastique. Pour réaliser une étude numérique rigoureuse des effets stochastiques sur le problème d'intrusion marine, nous utilisons les développements de Wiener pour tenir compte des variables aléatoires. Le système initiale est alors transformé en une suite de systèmes déterministes qu'on résout pour chaque coefficient stochastique du développement de Wiener. / This thesis is concerned with the identification, from observations or field measurements, of the hydraulic conductivity K for the saltwater intrusion problem involving a nonhomogeneous, isotropic and free aquifer. The involved PDE model is a coupled system of nonlinear parabolic equations completed by boudary and initial conditions, as well as compatibility conditions on the data. The main unknowns are the saltwater/freshwater interface depth and the elevation of upper surface of the aquifer. The inverse problem is formulated as the optimization problem where the cost function is a least square functional measuring the discrepancy between experimental interfaces depths and those provided by the model. Considering the exact problem as a constraint for the optimization problem and introducing the Lagrangian associated with the cost function, we prove that the optimality system has at least one solution. The main difficulties are to find the set of all eligible parameters and to prove the differentiability of the operator associating to the hydraulic conductivity K, the state variables (h, h₁). This is the first result of the thesis. The second result concerns the numerical implementation of the optimization problem. We first note that concretely, we only have specific observations (in space and in time) corresponding to the number of monitoring wells, we then adapt the previous results to the case of discrete observations data. The gradient of the cost function is computed thanks to an approximate formula in order to take into account the discrete observations data. The cost functions then is minimized by using a method based on BLMVM algorithm. On the other hand, the exact problem and the adjoint problem are discretized in space by a P₁-Lagrange finite element method combined with a semi-implicit time discretization scheme. Some numerical results are presented to illustrate the ability of the method to determine the unknown parameters. In the third part of the thesis we consider the hydraulic conductivity as a stochastic parameter. To perform a rigorous numerical study of stochastic effects on the saltwater intrusion problem, we use the spectral decomposition and the stochastic variational problem is reformulated to a set of deterministic variational problems to be solved for each Wiener polynomial chaos.

Cette thèse traite de la manière dont le musicien contrôle les régimes d'oscillation d'un instrument de la famille des cuivres. L'’association d’'un instrument et d'un musicien forme un système dynamique complexe. Le couplage non linéaire entre les lèvres et la colonne d’'air peut mener à un régime stationnaire, des auto-oscillations périodiques ou quasi-périodiques. De nombreux paramètres de contrôle permettent à un musicien de choisir le régime d’oscillation.Deux approches sont utilisées pour comprendre l’'émergence des régimes de l’'instrument et leur contrôle par le musicien. D'’une part, on étudie un modèle physique de cuivre, consistant en une valve à 1 degré de liberté couplée non linéairement à une expression modale de l’'impédance d’'entrée de l’'instrument. Les caractéristiques des régimes de ce modèle sont étudiés par analyse de stabilité linéaire, simulation numérique et équilibrage harmonique. L’'objectif est d'’estimer la capacité de ce modèle à reproduire le comportement de l’'instrument. Un outil expérimental est également développé pour mesurer simultanément des paramètres de contrôle employés par les musiciens et des variables de jeu.Les résultats améliorent la compréhension des régimes d’oscillation des cuivres. Les mesures expérimentales donnent les plages de variation des paramètres de jeu. Les résultats des méthodes d'’analyse se complètent, donnant une vision globale de l’'apparition des régimes oscillants du modèle et des informations détaillées sur certains points de fonctionnement. Certaines situations de jeu particulières sont étudiées: note pédale du trombone, ’influence de l’'utilisation d’'une sourdine et nature des sons multiphoniques. / This thesis focuses on how a musician controls and chooses the oscillation regimes of brass instruments.The association of an instrument and a musician is a complex dynamical system. The nonlinear coupling between the lips and the resonator can lead to a stationary regime, periodic or quasi-periodic self-sustained oscillations. Through several control parameters, a musician can select the desired regime.Two approaches are developed to understand the emergence of the instrument oscillation regimes and how a musician controls it. A physical model of brass instrument is studied. It consists in a one-degree-of-freedom lip valve nonlinearly coupled to a modal fit of the input impedance of the instrument. The features of several oscillation regimes of this model are studied through linear stability analysis, numerical simulation and harmonic balance. Goals are the assessment of the ability of this model to reproduce the behavior of the modelled instrument. An experimental setup is also developed to measure simultaneously playing parameters used by a musician and instrument variables.Results provide a better understanding of the behavior of brass instrument oscillation regimes. Measurements provide ranges of the control parameters. Results of the analysis methods of the model are complementary. A global vision of the occurrence of certain oscillation regimes is provided, along with more detailed information for some operating points. Some specific playing situations are examined in detail, such as the trombone pedal note, the influence of a passive or active mute on the latter, and the nature of multiphonic sounds.

This work deals with the automatic control of calculations of specialized system. The reader is acquainted with the numerical solution of differential equations by Taylor series method and numerical integrators. The practical aim of this work is to analyze parallel characteristics of Taylor series method, specification of parallel math operations and design of control of this operations.

The thesis deals with the issue of protection of Prague's main train station as a soft target and it's regular operation, mainly by using evacuation model with emphasis on barrier-free issues. Mapping of the building was conducted by using Decree No. 398/2009 Coll. general technical requirements ensuring the barrier-free usage of buildings and their parts. Adapting the environment to people with reduced mobility is not always axiomatic, especially in terms of evacuation. For the movement of these persons it is necessary to take into account their needs and possibilities in normal traffic and during evacuation. The sociological and psychological aspects of crowd and individuals have also significant impact on evacuation. For identifying critical points of the main train station, it has been used knowledge of local research, knowledge of barrier-free buildings, sociology and psychology, and special simulation tools for modeling the movement of people. It has been found that space can be optimized by detailed analysis of simulation outputs to meet all expected requirements without negative impact on barrier-free domain. Thanks to this, it was possible to achieve a new design, which accomplishes higher safety of people with movement and orientation disabilities, especially during emergency situations in building of main train station Prague.

This document is focused on the elucidation of embankment deformation nearby žst. Valašská Polanka, with subsequent proposal of remediation measures, for which the own software and commercial software Plaxis 2D were used.