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M.Cur. / The purpose of this study is to describe guidelines for a Community Based Curriculum in Psychiatric Nursing Science for a nursing college in KwaZulu Natal. The study consists of 4 phases. To reach the purpose of the study, a situational analysis was done in 3 phases to identify the principles for a Community Based Curriculum in Psychiatric Nursing Science. In Phase I - a document analysis of relevant government policies and legislation was conducted to obtain the principles of mental health care. In Phase H - the statistics of the psychiatric diagnoses of patients from two community psychiatric clinics and one psychiatric hospital admission unit were collected. From the prevalence of the mental disorders, the mental health needs and problems were identified. These were the principles of Phase II. Phase III - was the focus group interviews with the psychiatric nurse educators of a nursing college in KwaZulu Natal to ascertain their viewpoints on a Community Based Curriculum in Psychiatric Nursing Science. From the findings of the focus group interviews, a literature control and conceptual framework were done. Thereafter, the principles of mental health care from this phase were identified. The principles of Phase I, II and III were used to formulate Phase IV, which was the guidelines for the operationalisation of Community Based Curriculum in Psychiatric Nursing Science. The outcomes based approach was used in the Community Based Curriculum in Psychiatric Nursing Science in accordance with the National Qualifications Framework of the South African Qualifications Authority. Recommendations concerning nursing practice, nursing education and further study were made at the end of the study including the limitations affecting the study

A tradição do uso da fotografia na pesquisa social remonta ao século XIX, com os primeiros trabalhos da Antropologia que usaram-na para registrar costumes e tradições de povos considerados exóticos. A seguir, a Sociologia, a História e a Psicologia, dentre outras disciplinas se interessaram pelo uso da foto para o registro do real e, também, como auxiliar na obtenção de dados subjetivos. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram identificar o uso que vem sendo feito da fotografia na pesquisa qualitativa na enfermagem e sintetizar as potencialidades e limites desse uso. Procedeu-se a uma Revisão Sistemática de Literatura e Metassíntese de estudos primários que fossem pesquisas qualitativas, feitas por enfermeiras ou que tivessem a Enfermagem como objeto e que registrassem o uso da fotografia em algum momento de seu método. Os termos para a busca foram: Fotografia, Pesquisa Qualitativa e Enfermagem. As bases de dados pesquisadas incluíram: PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Scopus, ISI, BVS, Scielo. Não houve limite de tempo de publicação. A amostra final incluiu 31 artigos. Os resultados apontaram o uso da fotografia nos métodos: Photovoice, Foto-Elicitação, Etnografias e Mistos. As potencialidades foram: Emancipação dos sujeitos; Dar voz a grupos vulneráveis; Melhor compreensão da situação do sujeito; Registro detalhado do real, Maior riqueza dos dados obtidos; Permite ao sujeito rever suas experiências de vida; Efeito terapêutico para os sujeitos; Mais proximidade entre o entrevistador e o sujeito; Conferir protagonismo aos sujeitos; Divulgação de acervos e Aceitação do Método. As limitações foram: Habilidade no manuseio da câmara fotográfica; Censura dos familiares às fotografias; Invasão da privacidade individual e familiar; Risco de manipulação dos dados; Disponibilidade de equipamento; Custo e necessidade de pessoal especializado; Dados oriundos de fontes secundárias. Com esses resultados, especialmente ao se considerar as potencialidades, conclui-se que a fotografia é um recurso útil na pesquisa qualitativa que permite ao enfermeiro, enquanto pesquisador, dar conta das peculiaridades da enfermagem como uma prática social, contribuindo para emancipação de pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade. / The tradition of using photography in social research goes back to the nineteenth century to the early work of anthropology, which used it to record habits and traditions of exotic populations. Then, sociology, history and psychology, among other disciplines became interested in using photos to register reality and also as a tool to obtain subjective data. The aims of the present study were to identify what is being done using photography in qualitative research in nursing and summarize the potentialities and limitations of such use. A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Synthesis of primary studies has been done. It included qualitative research studies done by nurses or about nurses that had used photography on their Method. The terms defined to guide the search were: Photography, Qualitative Research and Nursing. The databases searched included PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Scopus, ISI, BVS e SciELO. There was no time limit for publication. The final sample included 31 articles. The results showed the use of photography in the following methods: Photovoice, Photo-Elicitation, Ethnographies and Mixed Methods. The potentialities identified for photography usage were: Emancipation of subjects; Giving voice to vulnerable groups; Better understanding of subjects situation; Detailed recording of reality; Richness of data obtained; Allowing the subject to review their life experiences; Therapeutic effect in subjects; Proximity between the interviewer and the subject; Giving prominence to the subject; Dissemination of collections and the method acceptance. The limitations identified were: Skill in handling the camera; Family censorship; Invasion of individual and familiar privacy; Risk of data manipulation; Equipment availability; Cost and need for specialized personnel; and Data from secondary sources. With these results, especially when considering the potentialities presented, it is concluded that photography is a useful resource for qualitative research that allows nurses as researchers, to account for the peculiarities of nursing as a social practice, contributing to the empowerment of vulnerable population.

Este trabalho descreve a trajetória percorrida desde a análise de requisitos até a configuração de todo o ferramental de software, hardware e de recursos humanos necessários para implantação de um sistema que comporte cursos a distância na Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (EERP/USP). É um dos resultados de extensas pesquisas realizadas desde 1998, quando Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Comunicação no Processo de Enfermagem (GEPECOPEn) iniciou suas investigações relacionadas ao uso da videoconferência como ferramenta aplicada ao ensino e a pesquisa, com vistas ao aprimoramento da prática do profissional de saúde. A inclusão do tema plataforma de educação a distância foi o caminho natural de evolução das pesquisas, visto que é preemente a necessidade de oferecimento de alternativas inovadoras para a disseminação do conhecimento, dada a escassez de espaço físico, tempo e de recursos físicos e humanos. A opção pela adoção do software livre está em conformidade com as diretrizes propostas pela Universidade de São Paulo, do Estado e da União. A modalidade de educação feita a distância permite maior flexibilização das agendas de professores e alunos e amplia a capacidade de atendimento da demanda, que se mostra em crescimento constante.Os resultados deste trabalho originaram-se do processo de implantação do sistema e do oferecimento de um curso piloto para uma comunidade de alunos de curso de graduação em enfermagem da EERP/USP. Foram consideradas as etapas que precedem a implantação da plataforma de software até o estágio posterior ao oferecimento de um curso, quando então são analisados os dados obtidos do processo de acompanhamento do curso a distância. Como resultado do trabalho tem-se, portanto: o sistema implantado, o inventário do processo de implantação e o roteiro detalhado para criação do curso a distância na plataforma Teleduc. Este sistema implantado, juntamente com o roteiro, poderá ser utilizado por professores e outros profissionais para iniciar suas atividades neste ambiente virtual de ensino-aprendizagem. / This study describes the trajectory from the requirement analysis to the configuration of software and hardware tools and human resources needed to implant a distance course system at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing (EERP/USP). This is one of the results of extensive studies realized since 1998, when the Study and Research Group on Communication in the Nursing Process (GEPECOPEn) started its research on the use of videoconferencing as a teaching and research tool, with a view to improving health professionals’ practice. Including the subject of a distance education platform was part of this research’s natural course, considering the urgent need to offer innovative alternatives for knowledge dissemination, given the lack of physical space, time and physical and human resources. The choice of a free software is in accordance with the guidelines established by the University of São Paulo, the State and the Union. Distance education allows for greater flexibility in teachers and students’ agendas and expands the capacity to attend to a permanently increasing demand. The results of this work are based on the system implantation process and the offering of a pilot course to a group of undergraduate nursing students at EERP/USP. The steps preceding the implantation of the software platform until after the offering of a course are taken into consideration. Next, data obtained from the distance course process are analyzed. This work produced the following results: the implanted system, the implantation process inventory and a detailed script for the creation of a distance course in the Teleduc platform. In combination with the script, this implanted system can be used by teachers and other professionals to start their activities in this virtual teaching-learning environment.

Estudos de morbidade por causas externas são escassos em virtude da dificuldade de obtenção de dados para sua realização. Ainda mais escassos são aqueles que examinam a gravidade do trauma com vistas a determinar sua magnitude e repercussão na assistência aos que sofreram os agravos. O estudo apresenta a análise descritiva retrospectiva sobre a morbi-mortalidade hospitalar por causas externas com o uso de medidas objetivas para avaliação da gravidade do trauma e probabilidade de sobrevida. Os índices utilizados para mensurar a gravidade do trauma foram o sistema Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) /Injury Severity Score (ISS) e o Revised Trauma Score(RTS). Para calcular a probabilidade de sobrevida (Ps), usou-se o TRauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS). A população do estudo foi constituída por 1.781 pacientes de causas externas internados no Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no ano de 1998. Do total de pacientes, 30,15% foram internados em decorrência de acidente de transporte, 24,32% por agressões e 17,24% por quedas. A população foi constituída, predominantemente, por pacientes do sexo masculino e jovens entre 15 e 39 anos. Entre os pacientes, 43,34% foram provenientes da cena do evento e 39,08% transferidos de outros hospitais. O atendimento pré-hospitalar foi realizado em tempo médio de 49 minutos à maioria daqueles que vieram diretos da cena do evento. A mortalidade hospitalar foi 12,63%, e nas primeiras 24 horas morreram 64,01%. A maioria das causas externas foi classificada em trauma contuso (61,42%), seguido de penetrante (23,24%). A mensuração da gravidade da lesão foi possível para 1.542 (86,58%) pacientes de acordo com o Manual AIS e resultou em 4.918 lesões decorrentes, predominantemente, de trauma contuso (75,79%), mais freqüentes na região da cabeça (28,12%) seguida da face (22,00%). A média de lesões por paciente foi 3,19. Em relação à gravidade, verificou-se que lesões leves (AIS 1) foram freqüentes na face (45,03%) e as lesões sérias (AIS 3), graves (AIS 4) e críticas (AIS 5) foram mais freqüentes na região da cabeça, 43,21%, 75,00% e 69,82%, respectivamente. A gravidade do trauma (ISS) com base na gravidade das lesões (AIS), foi calculada para 1.527 (99,02%) pacientes. A maioria (65,75%) foi classificada com escores ISS <16. No grupo de sobreviventes, predominaram os escores ISS <16 (76,32%) e, no grupo de óbitos, os escores ISS >16 (96,40%), indicativos de trauma importante. A média do ISS em trauma contuso foi 13,08 e em penetrante, 11,97. A gravidade do trauma na fase pré-hospitalar verificada por meio do RTStriagem foi possível para 228 (49,14%) pacientes. Entre os sobreviventes, 94,93% obtiveram escore 12, indicativo de condição fisiológica inalterada e 93,75% dos óbitos obtiveram escore zero, ausência de resposta fisiológica. O TRISS calculado para uma amostra de 241 pacientes, revelou dez casos de morte inesperada ou evitável pela metodologia PREliminary outcome-based evaluation(PRE). Além disso, os valores da estatística Z e W tanto para trauma contuso quanto penetrante, indicaram que os resultados da amostra foram estatisticamente diferentes em relação à população do Major Trauma Outcome Study. Ajustados os coeficientes do TRISS para a amostra deste estudo, observou-se por meio do método PRE que em trauma contuso, ocorreram cinco mortes inesperadas ou evitáveis e uma sobrevida inesperada. Em trauma penetrante, ocorreu uma morte inesperada ou evitável e não houve casos de sobrevida inesperada. Espera-se que este estudo ofereça subsídios para ações preventivas e melhoria da qualidade da assistência aos pacientes hospitalizados em decorrência das causas externas. / Studies on morbidity resulting from external causes are scarce, due to the difficulty of gathering data for this purpose. Even scarcer are those studies analysing injury severity´s magnitude and consequences in relation to the care of trauma patients. This study presents a retrospective descriptive analysis of hospital morbidity and mortality due to external causes by applying objective measurements of injury severity and survival probability. The indexes used to measure injury severity consisted of the \"Abbreviated Injury Scale\" (AIS), the \"Injury Severity Score\" (ISS), and the \" Revised Trauma Score\" (RTS). So as to calculate probability of survival (Ps), the \"Trauma and Injury Severity Score\" (TRISS) was applied. The target population in this study consisted of 1,781 external-cause inpatients at the Instituto Central do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo in 1998. Out of those patients, 30.15% were hospitalized as a result of transportation accidents, 24.32% of aggression and 17.24% of falls. This population mainly included young male-sex patients aged 15-39. Among these, 43.34% came from the injury scene and 39.08% were transfered from other hospitals. Prehospital time took 49 minutes in average for the majority of field patients. Hospital mortality reached 12.63%, out of which cases 64.01% died within the first 24 hours. Most external-cause types were classified as blunt trauma (61.42%), followed by penetrating trauma (23.24%). According to the AIS Manual, injury severity was possible for 1,542 (86.58%) patients; data showed 4,918 injuries of predominant blunt trauma ( 75.79%), being it most frequent in the head (28.12%), and followed by that on the face (22.00%). Average injury per patient was of 3.19. In relation to severity it was verified that minor injuries (AIS 1) were frequent on the face (45.03%) and the serious ones (AIS 3), the severe ones (AIS 4) and the critical ones (AIS 5) were more frequent in the head: 43.21%, 75.00% and 69.82%, respectively. Injury Severity Score was calculated for 1,527 (99.02%) patients. The majority (65.75%) was classified with scores ISS <16. For the survival group scores ISS <16 predominated (76.32%) and in the death group scores reached ISS >16 (96.40%), indicating major trauma. Average ISS in blunt trauma was 13.08 and 11.97 in penetrating trauma. Injury severity in prehospital care, verified through RTS - in a triage of 228 (49.14%) patients - showed that 94.93% of survivors obtained score 12, indicating unaltered physiological condition, and that 93.75% of deaths obtained score zero, lack of physiological response. TRISS, calculated for 241 patients, indicated 10 unexpected deaths through PREliminary outcome-base evaluation (PRE) methodology. Furthermore, \"Z\" and \"W\" statistics, for both blunt and penetrating trauma, pointed out that sample results differed in relation to the \"Major Trauma Outcome Study\" ´s population. Once TRISS coefficients were adjusted to the sample in this study, it was observed, through the PRE method, that in blunt trauma five unexpected deaths and one unexpected survival occurred. There was one unexpected death in penetrating trauma. It is hoped that this study may offer means for preventive actions and assurance of the quality of care for inpatients due to external causes.

Os Diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) tem sido utilizado mundialmente como base para as intervenções de enfermagem. Para dar conta de sua adaptação às diversas realidades, estudos de validação são realizados e, dentre os métodos utilizados para tal, está o de Validação de Conteúdo Diagnóstico. Na área Nefrológica e, em especial, para os sujeitos que realizam hemodiálise, os diagnósticos são uma importante ferramenta para que se possa identificar as necessidades individuais e planejar o cuidado. O presente constitui-se de um estudo descritivo e transversal, em uma perspectiva quantitativa, com o objetivo de validar as Características Definidoras do DE Proteção Ineficaz em pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico, por enfermeiros peritos dos Centros de Diálise do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, cadastrados na Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. Os dados foram coletados no período de outubro de 2006 a janeiro de 2007. A população constituiu-se de 139 enfermeiros e, da amostra, fizeram parte 63 enfermeiros, de 31 centros de diálise. Para a delimitação da amostra, foi utilizado o método de seleção de peritos, adaptado de Fehring (1987), congregado a amostragem não probabilística proposital. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um instrumento, no qual constavam dados do participante, além de uma escala Likert para que se atribuísse valor de 1 a 5 (de menos para mais característico) a cada característica definidora. Às 18 características definidoras do DE Proteção Ineficaz foi acrescentada, como sugestão da pesquisadora, a característica Desnutrição, devido à sua importância na doença renal crônica. Como resultados, foram obtidos 5 Indicadores Principais Provisórios, com média ponderada ≥0,80, quais sejam: Deficiência na Imunidade, Alteração Neurossensorial, Dispnéia, Prurido e Desnutrição. Os Indicadores Secundários Provisórios foram: prejuízo na cicatrização, fraqueza, alteração na coagulação, resposta mal-adaptada ao estresse, fadiga, anorexia, insônia, desorientação, calafrios, tosse, perspiração, agitação e imobilidade. A característica úlceras de pressão foi excluída por obter escore ≤0,50. Concluiu-se que as características apontadas como Indicadores Principais são relacionados com a doença renal crônica e podem conduzir ao DE Proteção Ineficaz nos sujeitos que realizam hemodiálise, servindo de base para as intervenções de enfermagem. / The nursing diagnosis (ND) have been used worldwide as basis for nursing interventions. In order to suit them to more than one reality, validation studies are done and among several ones used for such purposes there’s the one called Diagnostic Content Validation. In the nephrologic area and in special for those patients who go through hemodialysis, the diagnosis are an important tool so that the individual needs can be identified as well as the care planning. The present study is made of a descriptive and transversal way, in a quantitative perspective with the goal of validating the defining characteristics of the nursing ineffective protection diagnosis in patients under hemodialytic treatment. The study was made by master nurses of the Rio Grande do Sul Dialysis Centers who are also registered in the Brazilian Nephrology Society. The data was searched from October/2006 up to January/2007. There are 139 nurses in this study and on the sampling, there were 63 nurses from 31 Dialysis centers. For the sample delimitation, the experts selection method was used, adapted from Fehring (1987), along with the intentional non-probabilistic sampling one. The data search happened through an instrument in which there were the participant’s data. Besides that, there was a Likert scale so that values from 1 to 5 (from least to most characteristic) could be given to each one of the defining characteristics. As a suggestion from the searcher, one characteristic was added to the 18 defining ones of the ineffective protection nursing diagnosis. It’s the malnutrition due to its importance in the chronic kidney disease. 5 temporary main indexes were obtained as results with an average of ≥ 0,80. The results are: Immunity Deficient, Neurossensory Alteration, Dyspnea, Itching and Malnutrition. The temporary secondary indexes were: impaired healing, weakness, altered clotting, maladaptive stress response, fatigue, anorexia, insomnia, disorientation, chilling, cough, perspiring, restlessness and immobility. The ulcer pressure characteristic was excluded for obtaining score ≤0,50. It was concluded that the characteristics listed as main indexes are related to the chronic kidney disease and can lead to the ineffective protection nursing diagnosis in those patients who go through hemodialysis serving as basis for nursing interventions.

An associate degree of nursing program in the southeastern region of the United States has had significant increases in student attrition over the past few years. Admission requirements did not include an entrance exam, such as the Test of Essential Academic Skills (TEAS), which may be useful in decreasing the deficiencies associated with poor student progression. Guided by the Knowles' theory of adult learning and Bandura's social learning theory, the purpose of this correlation study was to explore the relationship between the TEAS scores and the cumulative grade point average (GPA) of first-year students to determine if success at the completion of students' first year in the nursing program can be predicted from the overall TEAS score and its subsections of reading, math, science, and English. Archival data for 130 nursing students enrolled from 2012 to 2013 were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression. According to the study results, there was a significant correlation of the total TEAS score and student GPA after the first year of nursing school. The first semester GPA was positively related to the TEAS English score and the TEAS science score; however, there was no significant correlation found for TEAS math and reading scores with students' GPA. A 3-day workshop and a student mentoring program were developed to address academic deficiencies of at-risk nursing students, particularly in English and science. Positive social change can occur through improved retention, which will lead to a higher number of nursing graduates eligible to take and pass the National Certification Licensure Exam for Registered Nurses, provide job security for graduates, and improve the present critical shortage of nurses in the United States.

The issues of job satisfaction for nurses and nurses' continuing clinical competence have become major concerns for the nursing profession as evidenced by a growing volume of research into these areas. Both job satisfaction and clinical competence of nurses can affect quality of care (of which patient satisfaction is one facet). This study focussed on the concepts of job satisfaction and clinical competence of nurses, and patient satisfaction-their interelationships, and how they were affected by the implementation of a Staff Development Nurse on one nursing unit in an active treatment hospital. A hospital-based Job Enhancement Project provided a unique opportunity to combine a dynamic real-life situation with an additional case study approach to examining the issues though interviews and documentation of the relationships among the nursing staff over an 18-month period of time. Both quantative and qualitative methods were used to gather pertinent information in addressing the research questions. Focus unit nursing staff questionnaires returned initially (13 of 27) and at the one-year mark (six of 27) of the Project, and interviews with six key participant nursing staff were used to survey nurses' perceptions of their own job satisfaction and clinical competence as well as their perceptions of their peers' job satisfaction and clinical competence. The patients admitted to the focus unit during the Project time frame were also invited to complete patient satisfaction surveys. The Staff Development Nurse and the Nursing Unit Manager were interviewed to give their perspectives. The Staff Development Nurse kept a journal of her work for the 18 month period, and so did the researcher. Frequencies, percentages, and content analysis of qualitative data provided the statistical and descriptive information for inerpretation. One finding in this study was that the Staff Development Nurse did have a positive influence on the clinical competence of some of the nursing staff on the focus unit, which may have in turn had a positive influence on nurses' perceptions of job satisfaction. The Staff Development Nurse was an immense support for the Nursing Unit Manager. However, the major finding in this study was that there were many other factors which influenced nurses' perceptions of job satisfaction, many of them which were beyond the control of the SDN. The SDN actually became a mitigating factor or a buffering agent in helping the nursing staff cope with these other factors. This study contributes to the growing body of research on nurses'quality of working life and some of the influecing factors. It may also provide insights into the realtionships between nurses and patients, and the role definition of a nurse educator on one nursing unit. / xiii, 246 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.

The purpose of this research study was to improve the nursing care of intravenous catheters by providing evidence on the effects of prolonged duration of intravenous administration set use. Intravenous therapy is a vital part of modern health care. However, its invasive nature can result in infection, with high associated morbidity and mortality. The highest infection rates are displayed in intensive care patients with central venous catheters. The duration of intravenous administration set use may have an impact on infection rates,however the current practice usage and the optimum duration of use is unknown. Previous studies of central venous catheters have reported equal infection rates with 1 to 4 days of administration set use; however few patients have been evaluated with administration sets used beyond this time. Previous research has been limited by the inadequacy of available definitions for Catheter-Related Infection. A prospective, randomised, controlled clinical trial was performed to assess the infection risk of using administration sets for prolonged periods. In the developmental phase prior to the clinical trial; definitions of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection (CRBSI) were developed; a nursing practice survey was undertaken to establish the current duration of administration set use; and laboratory experiments were executed to assess the impact of prolonged use on administration set physical integrity and performance. Central venous catheters were randomised to have their administration sets used for 4 days (n = 203) or 7 days (n = 201). Percutaneous central venous catheters were enrolled into the study from two adult intensive care units at a metropolitan, tertiary-referral, teaching hospital. Catheters were multiple-lumen, chlorhexidine-gluconate and silver-sulphadiazine coated lines, both inserted and removed in the intensive care unit. Catheters were cultured for microbial colonisation on removal using the Maki roll-plate technique. Patients were assessed for CRBSI using the developed definitions consisting of categories: definite, probable (type I and II), possible and absent. Prior to the clinical trial, a practice survey questionnaire was administered, and laboratory experimentation was performed. Normality of distribution for continuous variables was assessed using the Kolmogorov- Smirnov statistic. The distribution between groups of variables considered risk factors for Catheter-Related Infection were tested to assess for bias using Chi-square and T-test. Logistic regression modelling was performed to analyse the influence of potentially confounding variables. The incidence of catheter colonisation and CRBSI was tested between groups using Kaplan-Meier survival curve with Log-rank test. Paired T-tests were performed to test for difference in programmed and delivered volumes of administration sets. A general linear model (ANOVA)± a Scheffe post hoc test to isolate difference was fitted to the standardised values of delivered volumes to determine the effects of day of measurement and volume delivery rate on the accuracy of volume delivery. There were 10 colonised tips in the intervention group and 19 in the control group. This difference was not statistically significant (Kaplan Meier survival analysis, Log Rank = 0.87, df = 1, p = 0.35). There were 3 cases of CRBSI per group and the difference in survival from CRBSI was not statistically significant (Kaplan Meier with Log Rank test, p = 0.86). The pre-clinical trial phases of the research programme established that current clinical practice was 3 to 7-day use of administration sets; that administration sets were physically intact and delivered clinically accurate volumes after 7 days of use; and developed useful definitions of CRBSI. Prolonged intravenous administration set use of 7 days was found to have no significant impact on patient infection indicators or physical performance of the sets. This finding is congruent with previous research and trends in current clinical practice. In conclusion, the research findings support the use of intravenous administration sets for 7 days.