<p>This paper discusses difficulties and Failures with being a Neutral and objective scientist when writing about a subject which he or she is dedicated too.The purpose with this paper is to study the knowledge process, in other words, is some knowledge harder to see due to the scientist dedication to the subject or is some knowledge constructed due to the scientist dedication to the subject studied, and the process of intermediating, in other words, how to validate the results. Subject which is discussions are scientist objectivity, sociologist dilemmas, and different roles of scientists. The paper also deals with the importance of different perspectives and how ours choice of perspective influences ours research. Ethical state of conditions in interview situations and how we can reflect and criticise our own part and attitudes as an interviewer are also discussed in this paper.</p>

A mapping process is ongoing in Sweden concerning a phenomenon known as ”honour related violence”. The explanations of “honour related violence” often focus on culture and ethnicity, thus establishing differences between the majority society and offenders and victims. Given that some scholars critique mapping for focusing on predetermined objects, my aim is to study discursive conditions for abused girls, who are constructed as being from within ethnic minorities, in relation to their contact with the Swedish welfare system. The data consists of documents from the Swedish police authority and social services; as well as interviews with abused girls who have been in contact with the Swedish welfare system. I found that public authorities distance themselves from accusations of racism and partiality by using an individualistic repertoire where not only and not all “immigrants” are said to be involved in the problem. Despite this, causes of the problem are only discussed in terms of culture-clashes and lack of integration. Subjectivity is attributed to both offender and victim and the victim is constructed as someone without ability to speak for herself. The girls talk of victimhood as lack of agency but they also give accounts of themselves through emphasis on their subjective experiences. Thereby they question the public authorities’ ability to understand their situation. Through subjectivity it is possible for the girls to both talk as victims and claim a voice of their own.

La presente ricerca ha analizzato il fenomeno dei blog giornalistici per rilevare se, nonostante sia impossibile riscontrare la perfetta corrispondenza tra testi di informazione ed eventi del mondo reale, l'intervento dei lettori può fare comunque in modo che si verifichi, attraverso la condivisione dei contenuti dell'informazione, un sostanziale accostamento alla verità dei fatti così come essi sono accaduti. Tutto ciò permette ai giornalisti di diffondere un'informazione più precisa, più completa e meno manipolata. Sono state discusse le ragioni del giornalismo oggettivista e quelle del giornalismo esplicativo ed è emerso come, nei blog analizzati, siano presenti due metodi diversi in grado di garantire una maggiore oggettività dell'informazione. Ciò accade perché i lettori possono interagire confrontando opinioni tra loro diverse. Dall'analisi dei post degli autori dei blog Marcello Foa e Beppe Grillo e dei relativi commenti dei loro lettori, è emerso come il valore aggiunto di questi interventi risieda nel fatto che i lettori non si rivolgono solo al giornalista, in questo caso variando di poco la dinamica, per esempio, dell'invio di lettere alla redazione, ma si rivolgono ad altri lettori per informarli o per chiedere loro spiegazioni e chiarimenti. / The research analyses the phenomenon of j-blogs to investigate if, in spite of the impossibility to achieve the perfect conformity between information about facts and facts in themselves, the participation of readers can operate, through the sharing of information contents, to assure an approach more accurate to reality and truth of events. This allows journalists to divulge an information more correct, and less manipulated. The reasons of journalism that explains facts and journalism that only describes them without any interpretation about, were equally examined. The research discovered that, in the two blogs analysed, it's possible bring out two different methods able to guarantee a major information objectivity. This occurs because readers can interact comparing different opinions. From the analysis of Marcello Foa and Beppe Grillo blogs and from their readers' comments, came out that the potential benefits of these interactions follow the possibility for readers to interact not only with journalist, in this case acting as traditional readers who, for example, send letters to the editorial staff, but also with other readers to inform them or to receive from them explanations or clarifications.

El carácter ético es inherente a la praxis comunicativa desde sus orígenes, ya que sin éste no tendría sentido el servicio democrático de los medios de comunicación. En el discurso comunicativo actual, los medios de comunicación deportivos deben tener en cuenta el gran impacto de su información en la fomentación de estados de ánimo y de pasión en los aficionados al deporte. Desde la sociedad se reclama una práctica ética de los medios en la información deportiva, a los que se acusa de subjetividad, sensacionalismo y falta de rigor y credibilidad. En esta investigación nos proponemos analizar el carácter ético de los medios de comunicación deportivos a través del cumplimiento de los códigos deontológicos de la profesión, que son los garantes del derecho de la ciudadanía a una información fidedigna. / The ethical nature is inherent to the communicative praxis from its origins, because without this there would be no sense the democratic service in the mass media. Nowadays, in the current media speech, the sports media must be careful with the great influence of your information in the sports supporters. The society is calling to mass media for a better ethical practice in the sport information, accusing them of subjectivity, sensationalism and ausence of rigor and credibility. In this research we analyze the ethical nature of the sports media through the fulfillment of the professional ethics principles, which are the main guarantee for the citizens´ right to a true information.

Background and Objectives Self - report data is known to be unrel iable and susceptible to factors such as social desirability bias. Methods used for collecting self - report data has thus far been unsuccessful in ameliorating known obstacles to honest self - disclosure. Considering the current HIV/AIDS pandemic and relate d health crises, it is imperative that self - report data is an accurate depiction of reality, since it informs research requirements and designs as well as intervention designs and the evaluation of the efficacy of the interventions. Aim To evaluate and co mpare the efficacy of the Informal Confidential Voting Interview (ICVI) to the FTFI (Face - to - Face Interview) and the SAQ (Self - Administered Questionnaire) in enhancing self - disclosure and minimizing social desirability bias on sensitive topics of sexual ex perience and sexual activity. Study Design A sample of 110 undergraduate and post - graduate students at various tertiary education institutions in Pietermaritzburg were randomly allocated to the ICVI, the SAQ or the FTFI. The ICVI combined a face - to - face interview with a voting box method devised to enhance response anonymity. The FTFI and the SAQ were administered according to a standardized procedure to maximize confidentiality and self - disclosure. Results The self - disclosure scores were significant ly higher for the ICVI in comparison to the FTFI and the SAQ, with a p = 0.005. Post - hoc tests revealed that the ICVI performed significantly better in self - disclosure scores than the FTFI with p = 0.022 and the SAQ with p = 0.015. There was no significa nt difference in self - disclosure scores between the SAQ and the FTFI. Using the Marlowe - Crowne scale of social desirability bias, a significant difference in social desirability bias scores were achieved with p = 0.043. However, the post - hoc analysis ind icated no affirmative significant mean difference in social desirability score among any of the methods. Males displayed greater self - disclosure than females with p = 0.013, but for both sexes the ICVI group achieved the highest mean self - disclosure score s than the FTFI - and the SAQ group. Conclusion The results of this study concluded that the employment of ICVI fundamentally resulted in better quality data than the SAQ and the FTFI on topics of sensitivity and controversial behaviours. The findings ar e suggestive of the successful implementation of the ICVI method across potentially diverse research contexts that rely on self - report data, as the method is adaptable to the target population and its characteristics. Further research is warranted to buil d on its current design and facilitate the implementation of the ICVI across the wide disciplines of self - report data. / Thesis (M.Sc.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, [2009]

This thesis attempts to clarify a particular epistemological problem which surfaces in Chomsky's attempt to attain an objective psychological distance from the language used in his scientific theorizing, in taking language as an epistemological object. This is accomplished by examining the presumed objectivity underlying the theoretical basis of Chomskyan linguistics in its hermeneutical relation to the theories of language advocated by Quine, Wittgenstein, and other philosophers. / The thesis begins by situating the "metalanguage" in which the argumentation between Chomsky and Quine takes place in the Western philosophical tradition. It continues by outlining an historic-hermeneutic link between classical philosophy, early modernism and some twentieth century philosophies of language, most particularly those articulated by Wittgenstein in his two major works. Finally, the thesis concludes by identifying the hermeneutical nature of the philosophical discourse from which Chomsky's linguistics gains its epistemological force.

This thesis analyzes specific challenges concerning 'truth-telling' war reporters face when reporting on international conflict. For this purpose truth is examined in accordance with journalistic principles outlined in codes of ethics, with a focus on objectivity and fairness. The aim is to discover ways to improve the application of principles, in order to battle epistemic errors and the effects they entail: polarization, reductionism, and superficiality. The study concludes that providing context and nuance is crucial, but that codes - although essential - are insufficient in helping journalists decide what is relevant and what is not. An approach in virtue ethics is recommended where phronesis (or practical wisdom) can inspire responsible journalists to comply with the spirit, rather than the letter of the principles.

This study is a content analysis examining coverage of the use/preservation debate in the National Park Service's internal magazine (Courier) and in the magazine (National Parks) of the National Parks and Conservation Association (an environmental lobbying group). The premise of this study is that under a Democratic, as opposed to a Republican, President, the Courier's coverage of the debate will have a similar level of pro-preservation/anti-use spin as the National Parks.A chi-square analysis of coded data derived from selected articles from the January to October 1979 and 1987 issues of the magazines demonstrated that although both magazines were predominantly neutral, National Parks had a significantly greater amount of propreservation/anti-use spin in both 1979 and 1987. The researcher suggested that the Courier's consistently neutral coverage was a condition of the NPS's role as compromiser in the use/preservation debate. / Department of Journalism

This thesis examined all references to George Bush in Time, U.S. News and World Report and Newsweek in the time periods before and after the 1988 Republican National Convention in order to determine if there was a difference in how these newsmagazines portrayed Bush in these time periods. The hypothesis of this study: George Bush was portrayed more positively in the total coverage of these newsmagazines after the convention than he was portrayed prior to the convention.In order to determine this, a coder chose news stories from before and after the convention from the newsmagazines if they dealt primarily with the man George Bush or the campaign in general.All references to Bush were highlighted in the articles along with all statements made by Bush. Then, sources of these sentences with these references were determined and placed into one of three categories: newsmagazine, Bush or "Other." Coders were asked to evaluate the references to Bush as to whether the references placed Bush in a positive light, negative light or did not reflect him positively or negatively, neutral.The findings of this study show there was no apparent difference in the coverage of Bush between the time periods. The hypothesis was not supported. Additionally, the overall coverage of Bush was neutral and the newsmagazines were the source of the largest amount of references. / Department of Journalism

This study aims to gain greater knowledge about the use of framing in local sports journalism. We did this by doing a qualitative content analysis of the local Swedish newspaper Barometern/OT and it’s coverage of the largest local football team, Kalmar FF. We randomly selected six of the team’s games during 2014 and analysed all the texts that had to do with the games, except for shorter texts and texts that are supposed to be based on personal opinions, such as chronicles. The results show that Barometern/OT have a tendency of defending individual players and giving them positive criticism, while they much more often give negative criticism to the team as a whole. Also, we found signs that Barometern/OT contributed to creating a local imagined community by having a incomplete use of names at a few times, amongst other factors. Because of these observations we noticed that the editorial staff both contributed to creating a local imagined community and that they were a part of it themselves.