This thesis examines the development of Sinn Féin's communication strategies and considers how news coverage of the party has evolved in recent years, and in particular with the advent of the Irish peace process from the mid-1990s onwards. The aim of the research presented here is to establish the relationship between the development of the party's professional communication apparatus and the evolution of its news coverage and to determine the extent to which the emergence of a sophisticated approach to communication has impacted upon media coverage. The thesis argues that the development and implementation of the party's professional communication apparatus has been the result of a much wider process of republican reappraisal that took place during the 1980s. This culminated in the 1990s with the transformation of the republican movement into a more constitutional and negotiation-oriented party, while progressively moving away from the armed struggle as a means to achieve Irish re-unification. Moreover, in emphasising that there has been a considerable improvement in the reporting of Sinn Féin; namely that the news media have become progressively more interested in republican predicaments, less biased and more critical of unionism, it also suggests that the improved media coverage must be seen as a result of the political re-alignment of the movement itself. Ultimately, the main argument of this thesis is that we are now witnessing a new phase of the republican movement and, by proxy, of Northern Irish politics and its coverage in the media. This has meant that Sinn Féin has become more wiling to reach a political compromise and to find a peaceful solution to the conflct, and has attempted to affirm itself as a party with political and social interests, other than Irish re-unification. This has also forced the British government to reappraise its own view of the conflict and of Sinn Féin, recognising above all that the party and Northern Irish politics have evolved from a situation of war to one where it is dominated by careful and sensitive diplomacy. The result is that most of the common assumptions held about Sinn Féin including those of some academics, its political communication and its news coverage, must now be reconsidered in light of the radical transformations that have taken place.

Thesis deals with media objectivity on the example of four Czech newspapers. Thesis in its theoretical part focuses on definition of media, journalist's role and their job which is influenced by many factors, socio-cultural context in which news production is implemented, outlines concept of media objectivity and describes media image of crime. Another part of thesis explains the terms concerning criminal procedure, qualifies rights and duties of criminal justice and a suspect person and finally concentrates on providing with information about offence by media and difficulties which can be appeared. Practical part of the thesis analyzes media objectivity through qualitative analysis of articles. Articles were chosen from four Czech newspapers (Aha!, Blesk, Mladá fronta Dnes, Právo) and two time periods: October-November 2010 and March-April 2011. Research question asks: Did chosen newspapers inform about a murder of Anna Janatková in an objective way? Objective way of informing is examined in relation to rights and duties of suspect and to protection of victims.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanqueilo de Lima Santos.pdf: 1226141 bytes, checksum: a8e18778521ed5cb86817b8537850de3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The effort to go through the various forms of intentionality, in the constitution of objects of nature and spirit, is the goal for which they were produced in the complex descriptions Ideas II (1913 - 1922). The concept of regional ontology, which is treated Ideas I (1913) from the standpoint of its more general principles, is applied to particular problems in Ideen II, to demonstrate that reality and the characteristic features of each kind of objectivity (natural and spiritual) depend on intentionality. This is essential both to be donated, and to be recognized in its own ontological status. Our work focused on spiritual objectivity, and found himself thus engaged with themes that are present in the Cartesian Meditations (1931). The approach of spiritual objectivity depends on the exposure of the distinction between causality and motivation. Given the importance of the second, also requires more detailed analysis of the concepts of the spiritual world, empathy, intersubjectivity and expression. In the constitution of spiritual objectivity, its actually admits "predicates meaning" unlike natural objectivity. And our hypothesis is that the level of transcendental spirit, stated by Husserl, can only be sustained by a sense of ego, apparently secondary, whose predispositions of consciousness has essential debt with the body (Leib) and attitudes of parallelism / O esforço de percorrer as várias formas de intencionalidade, presentes na constituição dos objetos da natureza e do espírito, é a meta para a qual foram produzidas as complexas descrições em Ideias II (1913 1922). O conceito de ontologia regional, que é tratado Ideias I (1913) do ponto de vista dos seus princípios mais gerais, é aplicado a problemas particulares em Ideen II, no sentido de demonstrar que a realidade e os traços característicos de cada espécie de objetividade (natural e espiritual) dependem da intencionalidade. Essa é indispensável tanto para serem doados, quanto para serem reconhecidos em seu estatuto ontológico próprio. O nosso trabalho se concentrou na objetividade espiritual, e se viu, dessa forma, comprometido com temas que estão presentes nas Meditações Cartesianas (1931). A abordagem da objetividade espiritual depende da exposição da distinção entre causalidade e motivação. Pela importância da segunda, também exige a análise mais detalhada das noções de mundo espiritual, empatia, intersubjetividade e expressão. Na constituição das objetividades espirituais, a sua realidade admite predicados de significação , ao contrário da objetividade natural. E nossa hipótese é a de que o nível transcendental do espírito, afirmado por Husserl, só se sustenta mediante uma noção, aparentemente secundária, de ego, cujas predisposições de consciência contém uma dívida essencial com o corpo-próprio (Leib) e com o paralelismo das atitudes

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:18:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Rick Amaral.pdf: 14269816 bytes, checksum: 7525ccd3880f1e8acb4c85576d15d0d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this study is to make a contribution towards the development of a Peircean approach to some questions in the communication theories, namely, the category of objectivity that directs the discursive media production. For this purpose, the category was divided into two key-concepts that sustain it: reality and information . For each one of these two key concepts, we dedicated two specific chapters. The first part (chapter 1 and 2) focuses on the definition of science presented by Peirce in his works to prepare the ground for the discussion with some constructivists (in sociology and biology). Their theoretical interpretations were analyzed against the background of the controversy about the universals . It is argued that, with the realism of Peirce, we can only conceive of a unique and evolutionary reality instead of multiple realities (as defended by many constructivists). In the second part (chapter 3 and 4), in order to sustain the hypothesis of a unique and evolutionary reality , a non-exhaustive analysis of the Peircean concept of information is carried out . The claim is sustained that it can be understood as a means to bring into communication various independent worlds that may constitute the reality (as a whole). Since the present study is a predominantly reflexive inquiry, an argumentativedeductive method is used based on confrontation of theories and ideas with the purpose of arriving at coherent conclusions. From the ontological perspective conceiving the concept of communication and information, the synechistic approach to the concept of reality can play an important role in the communication theories (as well as in some others theoretical reflexions on the media practices). According to these premises, there is a long and continuous informational process that gives a proper reality and a certain objectivity to signs / O objetivo deste estudo é contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem peirceana a algumas questões pertencentes às teorias da comunicação, principalmente, a categoria da objetividade que orienta a produção discursiva nas mídias informativas. Para este propósito, essa categoria foi dividida em dois conceitos-chave que lhe estão subjacentes: realidade e informação . Para cada um desses conceitoschave foram dedicados dois capítulos específicos. Na primeira parte, focalizamos nossa atenção, inicialmente, na definição de ciência elaborada por Peirce para preparar o terreno para os debates com os construcionistas (na Biologia e na Sociologia). Estes posicionamentos teóricos foram analisados contra o pano de fundo da disputa dos universais . Argumentamos que, com o posicionamento realista de Peirce, só podemos conceber a realidade como única e evolutiva e não como múltipla (como é defendido nas obras de muitos construcionistas). Na segunda parte, com o intuito de sustentar a hipótese da realidade única e evolutiva , realizamos uma análise (não-exaustiva) do conceito peirceano de informação e defendemos que tal conceito pode ser entendido como um meio para colocar em comunicação vários mundos independentes que podem constituir a realidade (como um todo). Como se trata de uma pesquisa eminentemente reflexiva, o método adotado foi o argumentativo-dedutivo, construído no confronto de teorias e ideias, tendo em vista chegar a conclusões coerentes. Graças à perspectiva ontológica desenvolvida no que diz respeito às concepções de comunicação e, principalmente, informação, esta abordagem sinequista pode ter um importante papel nas teorias da comunicação (bem como em outras reflexões teóricas sobre práticas midiáticas). De acordo com estas ideias, há um longo e contínuo processo informacional que concede realidade própria ou alguma objetividade aos signos

What or who is the modern subject? Are people sovereign, filled with passion, creativity, freedom and autonomy; or are we slaves, robots and automatons forever tied to the chains of civilization? It is very common to critique modernity. From the Frankfurt school to Foucault, many seem to have focused primarily on its negative characteristics including the promotion of narcissism and its contribution to alienation and depression. However, this work arose from my general ambivalence toward how society, and ideology, impacts notions of the self or, more importantly, self-consciousness and autonomy. In this work I tried to offer a framework that not only challenges the tenets of a way of conceptualising the human subject by means of extreme objectivity, which is aligned with notions of cognitivism and stems, I argue, from the worldview of Protestantism, but also its antithesis, extreme subjectivity that manifests itself in intense hubris that can present a very real danger to the very foundations of civilization. Thus, the work takes aim at both the consequence of extreme objectivity i.e. nihilism, inherent within some of the tenets of contemporary capitalism, and extreme subjectivity i.e. relativism. This work provides a historical analysis starting with the Protestant Reformation and ending with Contemporary Capitalism. By doing so, I was able to emphasise a new conceptualisation of the master-slave dialectic into a hierarchal structure beginning with the Absolute Master and ending with the Quinary Master vis-à-vis death to work. What I demonstrated, and reinforced, is the notion that human consciousness is a highly complex hybrid of interacting master-slave dynamics that is fuelled by fantasy, structured by the law, is seized upon by the government and the marketplace and finally put to work. However, the essential core of the subject is a radical void that simply punches a hole through the processes of the unconscious, which is swallowed up by the desire of the other i.e. the desire of these given masters. Depression's genesis I view as the subject yielding too much to the desire of a specific type of societal structure. This reached its peak with the Puritans in England during the 16th and 17th century that aimed to purge any type of transcendent experience, which is characteristic of fantasy and led to widespread misery. On the other hand, the period of Romanticism led to a colossal eruption of the imagination that attempted to bypass established conventions and flooded the world with colour. However, this anarchistic worldview presented an extremely dangerous threat to the very foundation of society and thus had to be brought to heel by an evolved state structure. The overall structure of the work is based on a gradual unfolding of a hierarchical system starting with the very foundations of the subject, through the complexities of ideological influence and ending with the subject under contemporary capitalism. The final two chapters aimed to contemporise the critiques from Romanticism toward the Enlightenment by attacking the tenets of cognitivism as being indicative of a system put forward by thinkers prevalent in the 18th century that abstracted the human condition and tried to objectify the psyche. The scope of the work is large and diverse and hopes to contribute to psychoanalytical and philosophical literature by providing a hierarchical system of the master-slave dialectic in the development of self-consciousness. The work also provides a critique of ideology by highlighting how a certain structure of society can contribute to neurosis by either prohibiting or liberating fantasy. I do not endorse the cliché and wholly hostile view toward capitalism, but support the notion that one should remain ambivalent. That is to say that the work highlights that the free market is indeed innocent but only becomes problematic when it begins to work in collusion with a specific state system. In supporting the argument of Protestantism being closely tied to the development of capitalism, what should be viewed with great precaution is the very definition of what is deemed a beneficial characteristic. This meritocratic worldview is indeed essential to stave off overreach from politics, however, and as Rousseau addressed, the concept of meritocracy can promote a society of selfishness and pride as well as reinforce what I call the standard route via new forms of management, leading to a reduction of autonomy and enhancement of conformity. In attempting to generate this framework, I have utilised multiple philosophical paradigms including ancient Greek, Continental, Romantic, Idealist, Psychoanalysis and more to provide an eclectic approach to this inquiry. What the reader will take away from this project is a unique and new understanding of the individual, how the subject is impacted from engaging with different societal systems and a warning of what can happen if one submits too much to passion or reason.

Orientador: Clélia Aparecida Martins / Banca: Pedro Ângelo Pagni / Banca: Aylton Barbieri Durão / Resumo: A presente pesquisa trata da relação sujeito-objeto na construção do conhecimento. O problema da relação sujeito-objeto constitui o histórico conflito de racionalidades que buscam a validação de suas perspectivas teórico-metodológicas e a produção de seus respectivos saberes. Apresenta-se, no primeiro capítulo, a relação entre sujeito-objeto segundo o Idealismo Transcendental de Kant. A "Dedução Transcendental", motivada pela possibilidade de se produzir conhecimentos por meio de juízos válidos universalmente, recorre às funções formais da consciência para afirmar, a partir de uma auto-objetivação do "eu penso" (apercepção transcendental), um saber reconhecidamente válido. Mas tal esquematismo de um "tribunal da razão" expressa um conhecimento que é válido subjetivamente, e, por isso, levanta suspeita quanto à representação da verdade e ao progresso da ciência. Por isso, no segundo capítulo, expõe-se a crítica à teoria do conhecimento de Kant sustentada por Jürgen Habermas. Pela pragmática universal, Habermas oferece uma outra configuração da relação sujeito-objeto, inserindo a linguagem como uma instância de validação objetiva de saberes os quais provêm da práxis da vida, e inserem os sujeitos para (re)construírem o entendimento mútuo por meio do discurso. No terceiro capítulo, apresenta-se a configuração dos conceitos de subjetividade e objetividade sob o paradigma da compreensão comunicativa, resultando na construção de um conhecimento falível e perfectível. Finalmente, pelo quarto capítulo, se estabelece uma relação das posturas gnosiológicas de Kant e Habermas com a práxis pedagógica. Uma educação que se insere numa perspectiva crítica e emancipatória requer uma expressão de racionalidade que contemple saberes e ações razoáveis e equilibradas. / Abstract: The present research deals with the relation subject-object in the construction of the knowledge. The problem of the relation subject-object constitutes the historical conflict of rationalities that search the validation of its perspectives theoretician-methodological and the production of its respective knowledge. It is presented in the first chapter, the relation between subject-object according to Transcendental Idealism of Kant. The "Transcendental Deduction", motivated by the possibility of producing knowledge by means of universally valid judgments, appeals to the formal functions of the conscience to affirm, from an auto-objetivation of "I think" (transcendental aperception), one admittedly to know valid. But such esquematism of a "reason court" expresses a subjectively valid knowledge, and therefore, raises suspicion about the the truth representation and the science progress. Therefore, in as the chapter, they expose critical it to the theory of the knowledge of Kant pledged for Jürgen Habermas For universal pragmatic, Habermas, offers another configuration of the relation subject-object, inserting the language as an instance of knowledge objective validation that come from life praxis, and insert the subjects for (re)constructing loan agreement using the speech. In the third chapter it is presented concepts configuration of the subjectivity and objectivity under the paradigm of the communicativ understanding, resulting in the construction of falibility and perfect knowledge. Finally, for the fourth chapter, if it establishes a relation of the gnosiologicals positions of Kant and Habermas with the praxis pedagogical. An education that if inserts in a critical and emancipatória perspective requires a reasonable and balanced expression of rationality that it contemplates to know and actions. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodolfo Vianna.pdf: 6826524 bytes, checksum: d7f29d50db701bb825c95dcf7ea2d1e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The hypothesis of this research is to understand the presence of irony in the informative journalistic genre as enabler of the reader‟s inference, an indirect argument that values positively or negatively what is being informed and/or the sides involved in the events reported. Firstly, I sought to comprehend the informative journalistic genre macro-features from the standpoints of the Bakhtin Circle formulations and analyzing the Style Guide of the newspaper from this research corpus (Folha de S. Paulo). In a second step, I delimited an understanding of what would be irony from a dialogue with three authors whose works on the theme: Alain Berrendonner, Linda Hutcheon and Beth Brait. Irony can be briefly taken as argumentative ambiguity, result of the addressee/reader‟s inference, whose chances of concretization involves the linguistic, enunciative and discursive plans. The ironic manifestations are also studied in the light of the informative journalistic genre requirements and of the characteristic verbal-visual composition of the printed newspaper pages. The corpus is composed of the material collected over one week of the Folha de S. Paulo newspaper (from 06/29/2009 to 07/05/2009). This newspaper was chosen because it had the largest daily nationwide circulation average in 2009. I only analyzed the news that fit the informative journalistic genre, thus excluding opinative texts and images (editorials, feature articles, analysis, interviews, cartoons, etc.). The analysis allowed building two large recurrences of irony as the hypotheses of this research: the ambiguity of the quotation marks use (autonymy / autonymous modalization) and the ironic articulation between image and text. The desired contribution, both for Applied Linguistics as for the Language Studies in general, is to show that even the journalist discourse, which is apparently guided by the objectivity, is subjected to socio-cultural and historical conditions and that can be observed, for example, through the manifestation of the ironic phenomenon / A hipótese dessa pesquisa é entender a presença da ironia no gênero jornalístico informativo como possibilitadora de inferência, por parte do leitor, de uma argumentação indireta que valora positiva ou negativamente aquilo que é informado e/ou os lados envolvidos nos acontecimentos relatados. Primeiramente, busquei compreender as macro-características do gênero jornalístico informativo a partir das formulações do Círculo de Bakhtin e analisando o Manual de Redação do jornal pertencente ao corpus (Folha de S.Paulo). Em um segundo momento, delimitei um entendimento sobre o que seria ironia a partir de um diálogo com três autores com obras sobre o tema: Alain Berrendonner, Linda Hutcheon e Beth Brait. A ironia é tratada, resumidamente, como ambiguidade argumentativa, resultado da inferência do destinatário/leitor, cujas possibilidades de concretização envolvem os planos linguísticos, enunciativos e discursivos. As manifestações irônicas também são estudadas à luz das prescrições do gênero jornalístico informativo e da composição verbo-visual característica das páginas do jornal impresso. O corpus é composto por matérias coletadas ao longo de uma semana do jornal Folha de S.Paulo (29/06-5/07/2009). Este jornal foi escolhido por ter abrangência nacional e por possuir a maior tiragem média diária no ano de 2009. Restringi a análise às notícias que se enquadram no gênero jornalístico informativo, excluindo textos e imagens opinativas (editoriais, colunas assinadas, análises, entrevistas, charges, etc.). As análises possibilitaram construir duas grandes recorrências da ironia conforme a hipótese desta pesquisa: a da ambiguidade do emprego das aspas (autonímico/em modalização autonímica) e da articulação irônica entre imagem e texto. A contribuição pretendida, tanto para a Linguística Aplicada como para os estudos da linguagem em geral, é demonstrar que mesmo o discurso jornalístico guiado pela objetividade aparente está sujeito às condições sócio-culturais e históricas e que isso pode ser percebido, por exemplo, por meio da manifestação do fenômeno irônico

In my research I use qualitative content analysis to determine if and how the hegemony of the capitalist class in the United States influences the content of news texts on poverty. I analyze messages from two contrasting historical eras, the War on Poverty era and the post-Reagan era.

Företag hittar ständigt nya sätt att arbeta genom olika strategier. En ny sådan strategi kallas extrem tjänstefiering som innebär att företag går från att sälja fysiska produkter, till att sälja funktionen av en produkt. Istället för att exempelvis sälja en borrmaskin, säljer man antal borrhål som maskinen producerar. Denna nya strategi har växt till ett nytt fenomen som företag börjat implementera i sina affärsmodeller. Detta fenomen har till stor del studerats inom området för innovation och miljö, men redovisningsaspekten av strategin saknas helt. I och med att det är ett relativt nytt sätt att arbeta har inga studier gjorts inom ämnet för redovisning, samt finns det inget specifikt regelverk som behandlar detta fenomen. Studiens syfte formulerades därför till att beskriva revisorers tolkningar av avtal som innefattar extrem tjänstefiering samt analysera problematiken som uppstår med detta och se hur normgivare förhåller sig till den problematiken. För att kunna besvara studiens syfte valdes följande frågeställningar; 1) Hur anser revisorer i Sverige att noterade företag bör redovisa avtal som innefattar extrem tjänstefiering? 2) Vilken redovisningsproblematik anser revisorerna uppstå med denna typ av avtal? Och 3) Hur förhåller sig normgivare till den identifierade redovisningsproblematiken för denna typ avtal? Genom en kvalitativ metodansats består empirin av totalt en intervju med ett företag som arbetar med extrem tjänstefiering, sex revisorer samt två normgivare inom redovisning i Sverige. Studiens resultat visar på att extrem tjänstefiering bör redovisas genom att kostnadsföra avgiften löpande. Den största problematiken som framkommer i studien är jämförbarheten av de finansiella rapporterna. Extrem tjänstefiering verkar redovisas på ett helt annat sätt än andra liknande affärsstrategier. Det efterfrågas en tydlighet kring hur denna problematik ska lösas, men studiens resultat visar på att huruvida ansvaret för den tydligheten bör ligga hos normgivarna eller revisorerna är de båda parterna oense om. Revisorerna efterfrågar förändring från normgivarnas sida, medan normgivarna anser att de befintliga regelverken är tillräckliga och att det är upp till de redovisningsansvariga att vara tydliga i sin redovisning och upp till revisorerna att vara tydliga i sin bedömning. / Companies are constantly trying to improve their business models by implementing new strategies. A new strategy that recently has become popular is called product service systems (PSS). This phenomenon is when companies instead of traditionally selling and buying physical products, now is selling or buying the function of a product. For example; instead of selling a drilling machine, the company sell the produced holes per hour that the machine is capable of making. This phenomenon has been studied mostly within the area of innovation and sustainability, but no studies has yet been written with an accounting perspective. There is no existing standard that regulate this specific business strategy, hence there is a lack of knowledge of this subject in an accounting perspective. Therefore we compiled the following purpose of this study to be; describe auditors interpretations and the assessments of business contracts that are involving PSS and also analyze the problems that come with it. We also want to highlight the norm setter’s view of the identified problems. To be able to answer the given purpose we decided to compile the following research questions; 1) How should a PSS contract be reported in the financial reports according to auditors in Sweden? 2) What accounting problems, regarding PSS contracts, does the auditors raise? 3) How does Swedish norm setters in accounting view the identified problems? Through a qualitative method the empirical chapter consists of a total of one interview with a PSS company, six auditors and two norm setters. The results of the study show that PSS should be expensed in the financial reports. The most important problem appears in the comparability between companies financial reports. PSS is being treated differently from other similar business strategies in the financial reports. There seems to be a need for clarification surrounding PSS contracts. The results show that there is a contradiction on whether that clarification should come from the norm setters or the auditors. The auditors claims that the norm setters should create and publish distinct guidelines on the topic, aiming for all auditors to make an equal assessment. While on the other hand the norm setters rather think that the existing standards are enough and that it is the auditors or the accountant’s responsibility to be transparent in the financial reports. Through transparency the norm setters believe that comparability between companies can be achieved.

<p>A mapping process is ongoing in Sweden concerning a phenomenon known as ”honour related violence”. The explanations of “honour related violence” often focus on culture and ethnicity, thus establishing differences between the majority society and offenders and victims. Given that some scholars critique mapping for focusing on predetermined objects, my aim is to study discursive conditions for abused girls, who are constructed as being from within ethnic minorities, in relation to their contact with the Swedish welfare system. The data consists of documents from the Swedish police authority and social services; as well as interviews with abused girls who have been in contact with the Swedish welfare system. I found that public authorities distance themselves from accusations of racism and partiality by using an individualistic repertoire where not only and not all “immigrants” are said to be involved in the problem. Despite this, causes of the problem are only discussed in terms of culture-clashes and lack of integration. Subjectivity is attributed to both offender and victim and the victim is constructed as someone without ability to speak for herself. The girls talk of victimhood as lack of agency but they also give accounts of themselves through emphasis on their subjective experiences. Thereby they question the public authorities’ ability to understand their situation. Through subjectivity it is possible for the girls to both talk as victims and claim a voice of their own.</p>