In the decades leading up to the First World War, the Swedish army (as the rest of Swedish society) was greatly influenced by Germany (i.e. subject primarily to Prussian military influence). German equipment was purchased and German training methods and ways of organizing military units were copied. Apart from such easily discernible traces of German influence, the Swedish officer corps - according to earlier research - harboured sympathies for Germany and the German Army. But did the German influences, and the sympathies for Germany, also result in a professional bias – i.e. in a lack of professional objectivity? The purpose of this essay is to examine whether the officer corps of the Swedish army in the period 1900-1914 managed to achieve a level of professional objectivity, i.e. if it in a systematic way endeavoured to study the military development in other countries than Germany. Earlier research has shown that Swedish officers travelled to all major European countries in order to study a wide range of subjects. The essay connects on to these results but also strives to examine the study tours as well as the officers who undertook them in greater depth. The author examines reports written by Swedish officers who studied in France between 1900 and 1914 as well as contemporary army lists.  In the essay two main questions are raised: 1. Which were the subjects for Swedish military study tours to France before the First World War? 2. Which categories of officers (rank, posting, career etc.) undertook such tours? The following main results are presented: A very wide range of subjects were studied – all relevant to Swedish military development of that time. The coverage of subjects was probably due to a systematic approach from the army authorities responsible for the approval of money for the tours. The officers who studied abroad were drawn from various units and backgrounds. The result of the examination of contemporary army lists shows that a high percentage of them later enjoyed successful military careers (e.g. what seems to be a higher than average percentage were later promoted to the rank of full colonel) – and that the army put the knowledge acquired abroad to use. An indication of the latter is that many of them, after having studied abroad, were given postings with a connection to the subjects they had studied in France. All in all, the results indicate that the Swedish officer corps achieved a level of professional objectivity in spite of the strong German influences of that time.

Los partidarios de las nuevas teorías de la referencia defienden que los nombres propios y los términos de clase natural refieren directamente a los objetos. De este modo, recuperan la distinción intuitiva entre nombres propios y descripciones definidas puesto que rechazan que los primeros refieran en virtud de que el objeto en cuestión satisfaga una serie de descripciones. Al mismo tiempo, extienden sus apreciaciones acerca de los nombres propios a los términos de clase natural. En este trabajo sostendré que puede desvincularse la asunción de las nuevas teorías de la referencia de concepciones no positivistas del derecho y defenderé su incidencia en la interpretación de algunos términos jurídicos en un marco positivista. Ello posibilitará, además, una respuesta plausible por parte del positivismo al problema de los desacuerdos planteado por Dworkin. / Authors that advocate for the new theories of reference defend that proper names and natural kind terms refer directly to objects. In this sense, they bring back the intuitive distinction between proper names and definite descriptions because they reject the idea that proper names refer to objects given that they satisfy a set of descriptions. At the same time, they extend their considerations to natural kind terms. In this work I argue that the new theories of reference can be dissociated from non-positivist conceptions of law; moreover, I claim they are relevant for the interpretation of some legal terms within a positivistic framework. This will allow me to provide a plausible positivistic answer to the problem of disagreements pointed out by Dworkin.

This study investigates the complex role editorials – a newspaper's institutional voice – play in highly-polarised political contexts. Employing Van Dijk's insight that editorials "are usually not only, and even not primarily, directed at the common reader: rather they tend to directly or indirectly address influential news actors" (1992: 244), the study focuses on how the editorials of two Zimbabwean daily newspapers – The Herald, a perceived pro-government newspaper, and NewsDay, a perceived pro-opposition newspaper – speak to those in power. The study looks at these two newspapers' editorials from 1 June to 31 December 2013, which covers the period prior to, during and after the 2013 national elections. The 31 July, 2013 elections took place after four years of an uneasy government of national unity (GNU), which comprised ZANU-PF and the two MDC formations (Raftopoulos, 2013:978). Given the polarisation that is pervasive in the Zimbabwean politics and media, the study draws on Hallin and Mancini (2004)'s "Polarised Pluralist Model". In this model the media are used as instruments of struggle in conflicts, sometimes by dictatorships and by movements struggling against them, but also by contending parties in periods of democratic politics (Hallin and Mancini, 2004:61). Further, the methodological approach that informs this study is primarily qualitative. A qualitative content analysis of 30 editorials seeks to identify themes covered in the editorials. The study also employs a rhetorical analysis of 12 editorials and in-depth interviews and these form the adopted three-stage research design. The findings of this research somewhat contradict the common view in Zimbabwe that the privately-owned media blindly support the opposition while the stateowned media do the same to ZANU-PF (Chari, 2009:10; Mabweazara, 2011:110). Although The Herald openly supported ZANU-PF prior to the election, it shifted after the election as it pushed the ruling party to fulfill pledges made on the campaign trail. Some ZANU-PF officials were also censured by The Herald, although this selective criticism can be linked to factionalism in the party. NewsDay editorials reminded the newly formed government to mend the economy and provide basic services. While, the daily constantly censured Mugabe and ZANU-PF prior to the election, it also occasionally berated the MDC, which can be attributed to its participation in the GNU as that took away the privilege it previously had of not being hold accountable by the press.

This dissertation deals with the specifics of the design of "objectivity" in Max Weber. Therefore, it seeks to locate this design through a comparison with various theoretical and methodological lines, including most importantly Marxism and positivism and hermeneutics. Do not search here necessarily draw a comprehensive and detailed the origins of the notion of "objectivity" in Weber, but by comparison with other lines of thought about the "objectivity" of the role of science and social science or science of culture highlight what's innovative in building epistemological and methodological Weber doing his work culminating in a singular vision, specifically, about the "objectivity. We conclude that Weber has managed to keep the "objectivity" while that left open possibilities for the intersection between the sphere of subjectivity and objectivity in the realm of social phenomena, ie, between the substrate subjective actions of social agents and substrate material, causal and institutional. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Esta dissertação trata das especificidades da concepção de “objetividade” em Max Weber. Para tanto, busca localizar esta concepção através de um confronto com várias linhas teóricas e metodológicas, das quais se destacam o marxismo e o positivismo e a hermenêutica. Não se busca aqui necessariamente traçar de forma exaustiva e aprofundada as origens da noção de “objetividade” em Weber, mas, através do confronto com outras linhas de pensamento acerca da “objetividade” científica e do papel da ciência social ou da ciência da cultura, evidenciar o que tem de inovador na construção epistemológica e metodológica weberiana que faz sua obra culminar numa visão singular, específica, cerca da “objetividade. Conclui-se que Weber conseguiu conservar a “objetividade” ao mesmo tempo em que deixava aberta possibilidades para a intersecção entre a esfera da subjetividade e a esfera da objetividade dos fenômenos sociais, ou seja, entre o substrato subjetivo das ações dos agentes sociais e o substrato material, causal e institucional.

Après une présentation des découvertes scientifiques de Monod en matière de biologie moléculaire, en particulier les gènes régulateurs dans l’opéron et l’allostérie, puis l’exposé de l’interprétation philosophique de Monod sur ces apports scientifiques, par la mise en avant des principes du hasard et de la nécessité, nous tentons de tirer au clair ce qui, chez Monod, relève du matérialisme scientifique proprement dit, car relevant d’un principe méthodologique de stricte objectivité, et ce qui relève de choix métaphysique. Cette distinction est fondamentale car il faut montrer que le matérialisme scientifique n’est pas exclusif de toute métaphysique. Il peut contribuer, au contraire, à manifester la pertinence d’un certain niveau d’analyse qui, loin d’exclure d’autres niveaux d’analyse, les permet. Ceci répond à l’exigence d’opérer les distinctions nécessaires pour mettre chaque investigation rationnelle à sa place, sans confusion ou empiétement des niveaux de recherche. / First, we give a presentation of Monod's scientific discoveries as regards molecular biology, particularly the regulator genes in operon and allostery. Then we will present Monod's philosophical interpretation concerning those scientific contributions by the setting in front of the principles of the chance and necessity. We try to draw with light what depends on strict scientific materialism because depending on a methodological principle of strict objectivity, and what depends of metaphysical choice. That distinction is fundamental because it has to be shown that the scientific materialism is not exclusive from any metaphysics. On the contrary, it can contribute to manifest the pertinence of a certain level of analysis which, far from excluding other levels of analysis, do allow them. In that way, we answer to the necessity of right distinctions in order to place each investigation at its right place without any confusion nor overlapping of the levels of research.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:27:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ventura_w_me_mar.pdf: 215574 bytes, checksum: fcee56aab10161ecebd5ae59514185ab (MD5) / Neste trabalho investigamos o problema da relação mente-corpo segundo o ponto de vista de John Searle. Ao se estabelecer mente e corpo como duas entidades autônomas e opostas ao longo da história filosófica, criou-se um abismo quase que intransponível entre elas, a respeito de uma explicação coerente sobre as interações que mantêm entre si. Denominamos este abismo de “o problema da relação mente-corpo”, em torno do qual, se formou toda uma tradição de pesquisadores interessados em resolvê-lo. Atualmente esta questão se traduz na possibilidade de se saber como os estados mentais interagem com os estados neurocerebrais e, desde sua origem, ainda não se chegou a um consenso teórico sobre uma resposta definitiva. John Searle apresenta como resposta uma proposta bastante peculiar e ao mesmo tempo polêmica, conhecida como “Naturalismo Biológico”. Nosso objetivo consistiu na exposição desta teoria observando seus pontos favoráveis e desfavoráveis em confronto ao contexto teórico no qual está inserida. Primeiro, resgatamos as raízes históricas do problema, buscando as razões pelas quais é considerado um problema filosófico específico a partir do pensamento cartesiano; segundo, apresentamos a teoria do naturalismo biológico propriamente dita, ressaltando o modo como se relaciona com a tradição de filosofia da mente; por último, discutimos uma de suas principais hipóteses: a teoria da causalidade e a noção de emergência como uma resposta ao clássico problema. / In this thesis we investigated the problem of the relationship between mind and body in accordance to the point of view of John Searle. Having been established that the mind and body are two autonomous and opposed entities through the length philosophical history, an almost insurmountable abysm was created between them, in respect to a coherent explanation of the interactions maintained between them. We named this abysm “the problem of the relation between mind and body”, around which, has been formed a tradition of researchers interested in solving it. Nowadays this question translates into the possibility of knowing how mental states interact with neural cerebral states and, its origin, one still hasn’t come to a theoretical agreement on a definitive answer. John Searle presents as an answer a quite peculiar and at the same time polemical proposal, known as “Biological Naturalism”. Our objective consisted in the exposition of this theory observing its favorable and unfavorable points in confrontation to the theoretical context in which it is inserted. First, we redeemed the historical roots of the problem, in search of reasons which are considered a specific philosophical problem derived from Cartesian thoughts; second, we presented the theory of the biological naturalism properly said, emphasizing the way it relates to the traditional philosophy of the mind; finally, we discussed one of its main hypotheses: the theory of cause and effect, and the notion of emergency as a reply to the classic problem.

This thesis is concerned with processes of decontextualization and recontextualization of non-governmental organizations in discourse of news and public affairs of Czech television. Due to the so called european migrant crisis and other domestic or foreign events, which have recently taken dominant place in TV news, critique of Czech television's broadcasting has increased significantly. Mostly it's aimed towards supposed bias, unbalanced reporting, tendentious way of approaching guests and favoritism of certain NGOs, just to name a few. Thesis is divided into three parts, gradually presenting theoretical framework including some related terms (intertextuality, dialogism, media bias etc.), methodological approach and practical elaboration of analysis. The method used is critical discourse analysis, loosely based on Fairclough's threedimensional model of CDA. Main goal of the analysis is to find out whether there are aspects of implicit ideologies or media bias in examined utterance.

The thesis "Analysis of political news in Czech newspapers during the parliamentary elections of 2017" examines the media coverage of the election in the daily newspapers Lidové noviny, Hospodářské noviny, Mladá fronta DNES, Právo and Blesk. This will be done using content analysis. The theoretical part outlines the role of the media in the political life of society and social responsibility which results from it and becomes even more important before an election. On the basis of the theoretical knowledge of the available literature, normative media requirements are described and I focus on normative requirement of objectivity and its criterion of impartiality, which is based on balance and neutrality. Furthermore, I will analyse the compliance with legislative normative requirements, in particular the regulation Zákon č. 247/1995 Sb. o volbách do Parlamentu České republiky which relates to media reporting pre- election. Another part of the thesis is devoted to the framing of media content, which can lead to a departure from informing society about the relevant political issues crucial for political decisiveness. An integral part of the theory is foreign research of a similar vein, which was the basis for the operationalisation and the making of my own research.

Orientador: Carmen Beatriz Milidoni / Banca: Osvaldo Pessoa Júnior / Banca: Jonas Gonçalves Coelho / Resumo: Neste trabalho investigamos o problema da relação mente-corpo segundo o ponto de vista de John Searle. Ao se estabelecer mente e corpo como duas entidades autônomas e opostas ao longo da história filosófica, criou-se um abismo quase que intransponível entre elas, a respeito de uma explicação coerente sobre as interações que mantêm entre si. Denominamos este abismo de "o problema da relação mente-corpo", em torno do qual, se formou toda uma tradição de pesquisadores interessados em resolvê-lo. Atualmente esta questão se traduz na possibilidade de se saber como os estados mentais interagem com os estados neurocerebrais e, desde sua origem, ainda não se chegou a um consenso teórico sobre uma resposta definitiva. John Searle apresenta como resposta uma proposta bastante peculiar e ao mesmo tempo polêmica, conhecida como "Naturalismo Biológico". Nosso objetivo consistiu na exposição desta teoria observando seus pontos favoráveis e desfavoráveis em confronto ao contexto teórico no qual está inserida. Primeiro, resgatamos as raízes históricas do problema, buscando as razões pelas quais é considerado um problema filosófico específico a partir do pensamento cartesiano; segundo, apresentamos a teoria do naturalismo biológico propriamente dita, ressaltando o modo como se relaciona com a tradição de filosofia da mente; por último, discutimos uma de suas principais hipóteses: a teoria da causalidade e a noção de emergência como uma resposta ao clássico problema. / Abstract: In this thesis we investigated the problem of the relationship between mind and body in accordance to the point of view of John Searle. Having been established that the mind and body are two autonomous and opposed entities through the length philosophical history, an almost insurmountable abysm was created between them, in respect to a coherent explanation of the interactions maintained between them. We named this abysm "the problem of the relation between mind and body", around which, has been formed a tradition of researchers interested in solving it. Nowadays this question translates into the possibility of knowing how mental states interact with neural cerebral states and, its origin, one still hasn't come to a theoretical agreement on a definitive answer. John Searle presents as an answer a quite peculiar and at the same time polemical proposal, known as "Biological Naturalism". Our objective consisted in the exposition of this theory observing its favorable and unfavorable points in confrontation to the theoretical context in which it is inserted. First, we redeemed the historical roots of the problem, in search of reasons which are considered a specific philosophical problem derived from Cartesian thoughts; second, we presented the theory of the biological naturalism properly said, emphasizing the way it relates to the traditional philosophy of the mind; finally, we discussed one of its main hypotheses: the theory of cause and effect, and the notion of emergency as a reply to the classic problem. / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this study we problematize how the witnesses‟ testimonies, which are part of criminal processes, are composed through transcriptions. The objective is to analyze how this discursivity, characterized by Reported Discourse (RD), works, attempting to get the effect of truth through it. The research corpus is composed of four witnesses‟ testimonies which were held in 2009 and integrated different processes that were carried at the First District Court of Santa Maria-RS. The theoretical basis of the study is affiliated with French-Brazilian Discourse Analysis and is based on notions such as discursive memory, conditions of production, explicit and constitutive heterogeneity, which has allowed us to analyze the marks of objectivity and the vestiges of subjectivity which emerge in the linguistic materiality of the transcriptions. Besides, silence, as considered by Orlandi (1997), has made possible for us to identify possibilities of resistance in the discourse of the witnesses. In order to explore the corpus, we have formulated a methodology based on the notion of Reported Discourse (RD), considering three of its following features: the set of questions and answers between judge and witness; the use of dashes and quotation marks. The analysis has made us understand that Law moves the Reported Discourse as a technique for constituting witnesses‟ testimonies which is constituted in two ways: report/orality (RD1) and transcription/writing (RD2). In the analyzed testimonies, we observed marks of subjectivity (RD1) which is intended to indicate authorship under the responsibility of the witness and create an objective effect. On the other hand, we see a fixed structure characterized by a set of questions and answers (RD2) that rules this form of RD, recurrent in all corpuses. In this objective structure however, it was possible to observe the space of resistance through the misconception that brings out the subjectivity in the form of silence. Even with the rigidity of a predetermined order to constitute the witnesses‟ testimonies, there is space of/for the subject and of/for resistance. / Neste estudo, problematizamos como se constituem depoimentos testemunhais que, via transcrição, compõem processos penais. O objetivo é analisarmos como funciona essa discursividade, caracterizada pelo discurso relatado (DR), considerando-se que por meio dela visa-se ao efeito de verdade. O corpus da pesquisa é formado por quatro depoimentos testemunhais realizados no ano de 2009, integrantes de processos distintos que tramitam na 1ª Vara da Comarca de Santa Maria-RS. O aporte teórico do estudo é a Análise de Discurso de orientação franco-brasileira, de modo que o trabalho fundamenta-se em noções como memória discursiva, condições de produção, heterogeneidade mostrada e constitutiva, as quais nos permitiram analisar as marcas de objetividade e os vestígios da subjetividade que emergem na materialidade linguística das transcrições. Além disso, o silêncio, tal como compreendido por Orlandi (1977), tornou possível identificarmos possibilidades de resistência no discurso do sujeito testemunha. Para explorarmos o corpus da pesquisa, formulamos uma metodologia embasada na noção de discurso relatado, considerando três de suas características constituintes: o jogo de perguntas e respostas realizado entre juiz e testemunha; o emprego de travessões; e a utilização de aspas. A análise possibilitou compreendermos como o Direito mobiliza o discurso relatado enquanto técnica para a constituição dos depoimentos testemunhais, o que se estrutura de duas formas: relato/oralidade (DR1) e transcrição/escritura (DR2). Nos depoimentos analisados, observamos marcas de subjetividade mostrada (DR1) que visam a assinalar autoria, no âmbito da responsabilização do sujeito testemunha, criando um efeito de objetividade. Por outro lado, verificamos uma estrutura fixa, caracterizada por um jogo de perguntas e respostas (DR2) recorrente no conjunto do corpus. Nessa estrutura objetiva, contudo, foi possível observarmos o espaço da resistência a partir do próprio dizer da testemunha, que, de algum modo silencia, dizendo diferente do esperado ou não dizendo, e isso se dá por reconhecermos no sujeito interpelado as determinações históricas e da ordem do simbólico. Mesmo diante da rigidez de uma ordem preestabelecida para a constituição dos depoimentos testemunhais, encontra-se o espaço do/para o sujeito e da/para a resistência.