Recent evidence suggesting that the endogenous cannabinoid (ECB) system can be selectively manipulated to facilitate or impair the extinction of learned behaviours — specifically regarding drug-induced aversive memories — has important consequences for research on opiate withdrawal and abstinence. Data presented here support and expand previous findings that the ECB system has an important function in the extinction of aversively motivated behaviors and is mediated by i) an increase in available endogenous CB1 receptor agonists, primarily anandamide, and ii) the exogenous CB1 receptor agonist Δ9-THC, in a manner that is dependent upon both the dose and route of administration. Experiments demonstrated that the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, URB597, which blocks deactivation of endogenous CB1 ligands, such as anandamide, significantly facilitated extinction of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned cue aversion, whereas the CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist SR141716 significantly impaired extinction. Several experiments demonstrated that neither the CB1 antagonist AM251 nor the FAAH inhibitor URB597 had any effect on extinction learning for morphine-induced conditioned cue preference. A method was developed for analysing cannabinoid levels in blood by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to compare bioavailable levels of Δ9-THC and its primary psychoactive metabolite. Experiments were designed to meet three primary objectives: 1) to provide further support for the role of the ECB system in the extinction of aversively-motivated behaviours, 2) to compare bioavailable levels of Δ9-THC and its primary psychoactive metabolite, 11-OH-Δ9-THC, after pulmonary and parenteral administration, and 3) to demonstrate that the route of administration of Δ9-THC can have a significant impact on whether or not it facilitates or impairs extinction learning. Results showed that inhaled Δ9-THC dose- and time-dependently facilitated rates of extinction learning of the conditioned aversion whereas injected Δ9-THC significantly impaired extinction. These data suggest that the route of administration of Δ9-THC has important consequences for its resulting pharmacokinetic and behavioural effects, specifically, that pulmonary exposure facilitates, whereas parenteral exposure impairs, rates of extinction learning for conditioned cue aversion. Thus, pulmonary administration of Δ9-THC may prove more beneficial for pharmacological potentiation of extinction learning for aversive memories, such as those supporting drug-craving/seeking in opiate withdrawal-syndrome. / NSERC and OGS

Les travaux de cette thèse reposent sur l'étude des processus hétérogènes à la surface desparticules minérales en présence d'irradiation UV-A. Nous savons que les poussièresminérales contiennent des oxydes métalliques pouvant absorber la radiation solaire et ainsiactiver une chimie très différente de celle observée à l'obscurité. Un réacteur à écoulementd'aérosols a été utilisé pour étudier les interactions des gaz (SO2, NO2 et O3) avec devéritables poussières minérales, évitant ainsi les artéfacts de mesure liés à la naturemacroscopique des films comme dans les études précédentes.La mise en suspension des poussières minérales a permis d'observer une formation inattenduede nouvelles particules ultrafines en présence de SO2. Le mécanisme proposé pour expliquerce phénomène de nucléation suggère une désorption de radicaux OH photoproduits à lasurface des minéraux vers la phase gazeuse. Ce mécanisme a pu être corroboré par descampagnes de mesure en atmosphère réelle. Nous avons étudié la chimie des échantillons de réelles cendres volcaniques issus de la dernière éruption du volcan Eyjafjallajökull en Islande (2010). Ceci nous a permis d'élaborerdes cinétiques de capture du SO2 sur des films macroscopiques de cendres aboutissant à descoefficients de capture de l'ordre de 10-7. Ces cinétiques couplées à des analyses chimiquesont permis de proposer un mécanisme réactionnel expliquant la formation de sulfate de fer àla surface des cendres. Finalement, nous avons étudié les interactions photochimiques de O3 et NO2 sur les poussièresminérales dans le réacteur à écoulement mettant en évidence un bon accord avec des étudesantérieures sur des surfaces macroscopiques

This thesis focuses on toxicity and occurrence of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) in Baltic Sea biota. The aims were to assess OH-PBDEs potency for disruption of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and determine their and related compounds exposure in Baltic blue mussel, herring and long-tailed duck. A method for analysis of OH-PBDEs in herring and long-tailed duck plasma was also evaluated. Relevant OH-PBDEs were tested in vitro for OXPHOS disruption, using a classic rat mitochondrial respiration assay and a cell mitochondrial membrane potential assay. All compounds were found to disrupt OXPHOS either by protonophoric uncoupling and/or via inhibition of the electron transport chain. 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-OH-BDE85, were identified as particularly potent OXPHOS disruptors. Strong synergism was observed when OH-PBDEs were tested as a mixture corresponding to what is present in Baltic blue mussels. Baltic blue mussel is main feed for several species of mussel feeding sea ducks which have decreased dramatically in numbers. To assess long-tailed ducks exposure to brominated substances, liver tissue from long-tailed ducks wintering in the Baltic Sea and blue mussels were analysed. The result confirms that long-tailed duck are exposed to OH-PBDEs via their diet. However, low concentrations were found in the duck livers, which suggest low retention of these compounds despite daily intake. How the nutritional value of blue mussels as feed for sea ducks are affected by OH-PBDE exposure still needs further studies. Other species of sea ducks foraging on Baltic blue mussels during summer months can also be more exposed due to seasonal variation in primary production. Herring sampled in the Baltic Proper and Bothnian Sea, were found to contain OH-PBDEs and high levels of their methylated counterpart, MeO-PBDEs. As demethylation of MeO-PBDEs is known to occur in fish, MeO-PBDEs may pose as additional source for more toxic OH-PBDEs in herring and their roe. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Le radical hydroxyle OH est un oxydant puissant qui intervient, entre autre,dans de nombreux processus photochimiques atmosphériques. L'objectif de cette thèse était de développerun système de mesure desradicaux OH dédié aux études de laboratoire. Celui-ci est basé sur la spectroscopie d'absorption en cavité résonante hors d'axe (OA-ICOS,Off-Axis integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy).Notre système repose sur le couplaged'une diode laser fibrée (DFB) émettant dans le proche infrarouge (∼1435 nm) au sein d'une cavitéoptique àhaute finesse de 50 cm. Le parcours d'interaction du faisceau avec le milieu atteint 1263 m. Le couplage hors de l'axe permet d'atteindre une limite de détection à 2,12 x 10¹¹ OH / cm³. La spectroscopie par modulation de la longueur d'onde (WMS) en modulant l'intensité de la diode laser à 10 kHz est utilisée conjointement à la cavité OA-ICOS. Cette technique permet de s'affranchir du bruit en 1/f. La WM-OA-ICOS atteint alors une limite de détection de 5,7 x 10¹⁰OH/cm³. Les effets de la Modulation Résiduelle d'Amplitude (RAM) occasionnés par la modulation de l'intensité laser ont ensuite été supprimés. L'implémentation d'une boucle de contrôle de l'intensité laser en amont de la cavité optique a permis de réduire les variations d'intensité de la source et les effets de RAM. Ceci se traduit par une limite de détection plus basse à 5,7 x 10⁹ OH/cm³ pour 100 secondes d'intégration. La suppression des effets de RAM par moyen optique est utilisée pour la première fois pour réduire la limite de détection de systèmes WM-OA-ICOS. Ceci nous permet d'atteindre une valeur de NEAS qui est parmi les meilleures au monde et offre des perspectives intéressantes.

Die Forschungsarbeit widmet sich der Rekonstruktion und dem Vergleich der Stadt- und Quartiersentwicklung der Partnerstädte Chemnitz und Akron. Nach rasantem Wachstum als Produktionsstandorte während der Industrialisierung befinden sich heute die lokalen Wirtschaften im Zuge der Deindustrialisierung in einer strukturellen Krise. Dennoch halten beide Städte am Selbstverständnis als Standort des produzierenden Gewerbes und am industriellen Erbe fest, was vor dem Hintergrund eines internationalen Standortwettbewerbs um postfordistische Wissensökonomien gefasst wird. Einhergehend mit der wirtschaftsstrukturellen Transformation verlor Akron bereits seit den 1960er Jahren, Chemnitz seit der politischen Wende 1989 zehntausende Einwohner, was sich in der Funktion und Gestalt der Quartiere und dem Lebensvollzug in ihnen manifestiert. Dabei stehen die Akteure raumbezogener Politik und Planung einem scheinbaren Dilemma gegenüber: einerseits müssen sie Strategien der Adaption an Schrumpfung finden, andererseits sollen sie Anreize für Regeneration und erneutes Wachstum schaffen. Diese Stadt- und Quartiersentwicklung unter Schrumpfungsbedingungen kann weder allein von staatlichen noch ausschließlich von zivilgesellschaftlichen oder privat-wirtschaftlichen Akteuren organisiert werden. Die vorgefundenen Formen der Raumproduktion in Chemnitz und Akron orientieren sich folglich an Governance-Mechanismen. Dabei dominieren wachstumsorientierte Strategien der Kernstadtentwicklung, die in Chemnitz und Akron durch verschiede Diskurse legitimiert werden. Anhand von Fallbeispielen geht die Arbeit des Weiteren der Frage nach, welche Akteurskonstellationen in je zwei innerstädtischen Problemquartieren der Partnerstädte vorherrschen und welchen Einfluss zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure bei den partizipativen Planungsansätzen spielen.

Patienten mit chronischem Nierenversagen leiden sowohl klinisch als auch subklinisch unter Entzündungsepisoden. Um einen Frühindikator der Mikroinflammation zu finden, wurde die Expression funktioneller monozytärer Oberflächenantigene (HLA-DR, CD14, CD16, TLR2 (extra-, intrazellulär), TLR4 (extra-, intrazellulär), CD80, CD86), das Zytokinexpressionsprofil (IL1, IL6, IL10, TNFa, TGFb) und der ultrastruktrurelle Phänotyp des Monozyten in vivo bzw. in vitro untersucht. Dabei wurde strikt zwischen der Membranproteinexpression auf antiinflammatorischen (CD14++CD16-), proinflammatorischen (CD14++CD16+, CD14dimCD16+) und CD14+ bzw. CD16+ Monozyten unterschieden und parallel die Serumspiegel von Parathormon (PTH), C-reaktivem Protein (CRP), Calcium und Phosphor untersucht. Inwieweit monozytäre Aktivierungsmarker zum immunologischen Monitoring geeignet sind, sollte vergleichend zwischen Gesunden, Hämodialyse-(HD)- und Peritonealdialyse-(CAPD)-Patienten untersucht werden. Zusätzlich wurde die Expression in einem in-vitro-Zellkulturmodell vergleichend betrachtet. Der Serum-PTH-Spiegel fiel nach Injektion des Vitamin D-Derivates Paricalcitol, der Serumcalciumspiegel stieg signifikant innerhalb des oberen Referenzbereiches bei Patienten mit sekundärem Hyperparathyroidismus drei Wochen nach Beginn der Therapie. Die HLA-DR, extrazelluläre TLR2, intrazelluläre TLR4, CD80, CD86 Expression fiel nach Paricalcitolinjektion. Paricalcitol erhöhte die Anzahl antiinflammatorischer und erniedrigte die Anzahl proinflammatorischer Monozyten. Beim ultrastrukturellen Vergleich zeigte sich eine deutliche Häufung von elektronendichten Granula bei Paricalcitol-inkubierten Zellen im in-vitro-Versuch. Hierbei handelt es sich mit an Sicherheit grenzender Wahrscheinlichkeit um Lysosomen, was die These einer erhöhten phagolysosomalen monozytären Aktivität unter Paricalcitol-Inkubation stützt. Sowohl bei 48- als auch bei 72-stündiger Inkubation in Primärzellkultur wirkte Paricalcitol antiinflammatorisch, indem es Aktivierungsmarker des Monozyten (HLA-DR, TLR2 (extrazellulär), TLR4 (extrazellulär)), die Anzahl proinflammatorischer Monozyten und die Synthese proinflammatorischer Zytokine (IL1, IL6, TNFa) supprimierte. Dialysepatienten unterliegen einem erhöhten Eintrag von Endotoxin (=LPS) über die Dialysemembran, das in der Regel durch Bindung an den LPS-Rezeptor (=CD14) detoxifiziert wird. Dieser wird nicht nur nach LPS Inkubation, sondern v.a. nach Paricalcitol Inkubation vermehrt exprimiert. LPS erhöhte die Anzahl der proinflammatorischen Monozyten in Zellkultur und reflektierte damit den steady state des HD-Patienten. Aktivierungsmarker von Monozyten unterschieden sich zudem bei vergleichender Betrachtung zwischen CAPD-, HD-Patienten und Gesunden und außerdem im Vergleich vor und nach HD. Die intrazelluläre TLR2 und TLR4 Expression von CAPD-Patienten und HD-Patienten war gegenüber Gesunden erniedrigt, während die CD14 Expression signifikant erhöht war. HD-Patienten zeigten einen erhöhten Anteil proinflammatorischer Monozyten vergleichend zu Gesunden aber auch zu Patienten unter CAPD-Substitutionstherapie. Unmittelbar nach HD fielen die proinflammatorischen Monozyten, während v.a. die Expression von extrazellulärem TLR2, intrazellulärem TLR2 und intrazellulärem TLR4 stieg. Somit unterliegt der HD-Patient einer stärkeren Mikroinflammation als der CAPD-Patient. CAPD-, HD- und auch Patienten mit sekundärem Hyperparathyroidismus zeigen Zeichen einer Mikroinflammation. Dabei war CRP (derzeitiger Routineparameter) kein probates diagnostisches Mittel der Entzündung bei CAPD- und HD-Patienten, des Weiteren nicht geeignet zwischen beiden Patientengruppen zu unterscheiden. Die Verteilung der monozytären Subpopulationen und Expression monozytärer Aktivierungsmarker unterschied sich hinreichend zwischen CAPD- und HD-Patienten. Paricalcitol moduliert funktionelle monozytäre Antigene und Zytokine in vivo und in vitro und wirkt damit der Mikroinflammation und dem Immundefekt des CNI-Patienten entgegen. Der Monozyt wirkt ambivalent und initiiert seine „eigene“ Gegenregulation zur Inflammation, die beim Patienten unter Nierenersatztherapie Endotoxin-vermittelt ist. Vitamin D-Derivate wie Paricalcitol wirken nicht nur auf die Calcium-Phosphat-Homöostase sondern auch immunmodulatorisch, indem sie auf monozytäre Antigene, wie Rezeptoren der angeborenen Immunabwehr, Einfluss nehmen.

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are now seen as a contemporary health problem in Australia with possible widespread health effects not limited to bone health1. Despite this, the Vitamin D status (measured as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)) of ambulatory adults has been overlooked in this country. Serum 25(OH)D status is especially important among this group as studies have shown a link between Vitamin D and fall risk in older adults2. Limited data also exists on the contributions of sun exposure via ultraviolet radiation and dietary intake to serum 25(OH)D status in this population. The aims of this project were to assess the serum 25(OH)D status of a group of older ambulatory adults in South East Queensland, to assess the association between their serum 25(OH)D status and functional measures as possible indicators of fall risk, obtain data on the sources of Vitamin D in this population and assess whether this intake was related to serum 25(OH)D status and describe sun protection and exposure behaviors in this group and investigate whether a relationship existed between these and serum 25(OH)D status. The collection of this data assists in addressing key gaps identified in the literature with regard to this population group and their Vitamin D status in Australia. A representative convenience sample of participants (N=47) over 55 years of age was recruited for this cross-sectional, exploratory study which was undertaken in December 2007 in south-east Queensland (Brisbane and Sunshine coast). Participants were required to complete a sun exposure questionnaire in addition to a Calcium and Vitamin D food frequency questionnaire. Timed up and go and handgrip dynamometry tests were used to examine functional capacity. Serum 25(OH)D status and blood measures of Calcium, Phosphorus and Albumin were determined through blood tests. The Mean and Median serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) for all participants in this study was 85.8nmol/L (Standard Deviation 29.7nmol/L) and 81.0nmol/L (Range 22-158nmol/L), respectively. Analysis at the bivariate level revealed a statistically significant relationship between serum 25(OH)D status and location, with participants living on the Sunshine Coast having a mean serum 25(OH)D status 21.3nmol/L higher than participants living in Brisbane (p=0.014). While at the descriptive level there was an apparent trend towards higher outdoor exposure and increasing levels of serum 25(OH)D, no statistically significant associations between the sun measures of outdoor exposure, sun protection behaviors and phenotypic characteristics and serum 25(OH)D status were observed. Intake of both Calcium and Vitamin D was low in this sample with sixty-eight (68%) of participants not meeting the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) for Calcium (Median=771.0mg; Range=218.0-2616.0mg), while eighty-seven (87%) did not meet the Adequate Intake for Vitamin D (Median=4.46ug; Range=0.13-30.0ug). This raises the question of how realistic meeting the new Adequate Intakes for Vitamin D is, when there is such a low level of Vitamin D fortification in this country. However, participants meeting the Adequate Intake (AI) for Vitamin D were observed to have a significantly higher serum 25(OH)D status compared to those not meeting the AI for Vitamin D (p=0.036), showing that meeting the AI for Vitamin D may play a significant role in determining Vitamin D status in this population. By stratifying our data by categories of outdoor exposure time, a trend was observed between increased importance of Vitamin D dietary intake as a possible determinant of serum 25(OH)D status in participants with lower outdoor exposures. While a trend towards higher Timed Up and Go scores in participants with higher 25(OH) D status was seen, this was only significant for females (p=0.014). Handgrip strength showed statistically significant association with serum 25(OH)D status. The high serum 25(OH)D status in our sample almost certainly explains the limited relationship between functional measures and serum 25(OH)D. However, the observation of an association between slower Time Up and Go speeds, and lower serum 25(OH)D levels, even with a small sample size, is significant as slower Timed Up and Go speeds have been associated with increased fall risk in older adults3. Multivariable regression analysis revealed Location as the only significant determinant of serum 25(OH)D status at p=0.014, with trends (p=>0.1) for higher serum 25(OH)D being shown for participants that met the AI for Vitamin D and rated themselves as having a higher health status. The results of this exploratory study show that 93.6% of participants had adequate 25(OH)D status-possibly due to measurement being taken in the summer season and the convenience nature of the sample. However, many participants do not meet their dietary Calcium and Vitamin D requirements, which may indicate inadequate intake of these nutrients in older Australians and a higher risk of osteoporosis. The relationship between serum 25(OH)D and functional measures in this population also requires further study, especially in older adults displaying Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.

Submitted by VINICIUS DIAS KUMPEL null (vinicius.biotec.assis@gmail.com) on 2016-05-10T13:33:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Repositório Institucional Unesp.pdf: 6874433 bytes, checksum: 343f11878b45b778f98411f90032c73f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-13T11:50:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kumpel_vd_me_assis.pdf: 6874433 bytes, checksum: 343f11878b45b778f98411f90032c73f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T11:50:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kumpel_vd_me_assis.pdf: 6874433 bytes, checksum: 343f11878b45b778f98411f90032c73f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Ainda pouco se conhece a respeito da atividade serotonérgica sobre receptores 5-HT1A no hipocampo ventral na regulação de diferentes tipos de ansiedade. O Labirinto em T elevado (LTE) é um teste que avalia separadamente dois subtipos de ansiedade: a ansiedade generalizada e o pânico, respectivamente através da avaliação dos comportamentos defensivos de esquivas inibitórias e das fugas. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo investigar o envolvimento de receptores 5-HT1A no HV sobre a manifestação dos transtornos de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) e pânico (TP) no LTE, tendo como parâmetro a ativação de receptores gabaérgicos (GABAA) nessa área do hipocampo. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em ratos Wistar: o Experimento 1, visando avaliar o efeito do midazolam (10, 20 ou 40nmol) - um benzodiazepínico que potencializa a ação do GABA em receptores GABAA; e o Experimento 2, para avaliar o efeito de 8-OH-DPAT (0,6, 3 ou 15nmol) – um agonista de receptores 5-HT1A. Animais dos grupos controles nos dois experimentos foram tratados com salina. Dez minutos após as microinjeções foram submetidos ao LTE para avaliação das latências (em segundos) para esquivas e fugas. Imediatamente após, os animais foram colocados no centro da arena para avaliação da atividade motora (número de quadrados percorridos). Os resultados apontaram que a maior dose de midazolam microinjetada no hipocampo ventral causou ansiólise, comprovada pela diminuição na latência das esquivas em relação aos animais controles e àqueles tratados com 10nmol do mesmo fármaco. Resultado semelhante foi constatado nas três doses de 8-OH-DPAT. Não se observou qualquer alteração nas fugas, e nem na atividade motora dos animais tratados com qualquer um dos fármacos testados. Essas evidências comportamentais indicam que a ativação de receptores 5-HT1A no HV diminuiu o comportamento de esquiva dos animais, sem afetar as respostas de fugas, semelhantemente ao que se observou em decorrência da ação do midazolam sobre receptores GABAA. Esses resultados indicam um envolvimento desses receptores na regulação do TAG, mas não do TP. / The little is known about the serotoninergic activity on 5-HT1A receptors in the ventral hippocampus in the regulation of different types of anxiety. The Elevated T Maze (ETM) is a test that evaluates separately two subtypes of anxiety: generalized anxiety and panic, respectively by evaluating the defensive behaviors of inhibitory avoidance and escapes. Therefore this study aimed to investigate the involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in VH on the manifestation of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and Panic (PD) in ETM, having as parameter the activation of gabaergic receptors (GABAA) in that area of the hippocampus. Two experiments were conducted in rats: Experiment 1, to evaluate the effect of midazolam (10, 20 or 40nmol) – a benzodiazepine that potentiates the action of the GABA on GABAA receptors; and Experiment 2 to evaluate the effect of 8-OH-DPAT (0.6, 3 or 15nmol) - an agonist of 5-HT1A receptors. Animal control groups in both experiments were treated with saline. Ten minutes after microinjection, the animals were submitted for evaluation to the ETM latencies (in seconds) for avoidances and escapes. Immediately after, the animals were placed in the center of the arena to eavaluation of motor activity (number of covered squares). The results showed that the highest dose of midazolam microinjected in the ventral hippocampus caused anxiolysis, evidenced by the decrease in latency of avoidances compared to controls and those treated animals 10nmol of the same drug. A similar result was observed at all three doses of 8-OH-DPAT. There was no change in the escapes, nor the motor activity of animals treated with any of the drugs tested. These behavioral evidence indicates that activation of 5-HT1A receptors in VH decreases the behavior of avoidance of the animals without affecting the escape response, similar to what was observed due to the action of midazolam on the GABAA receptors. These results indicate an involvement of these receptors in the regulation of GAD, but not of PD.

No description available.

A visualisation procedure was developed which predicts excited hydroxyl (OH*) radiation from the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solutions of cryogenic hydrogen-oxygen rocket flames. The model of backward ray tracing through inhomogeneous media with a continuously changing refractive index was implemented. It obtains the optical paths of light rays that originate in the rocket chamber, pass through the window and enter a simulated camera. Through the use of spectral modelling, the emission and absorption spectra eλ and κλ are simulated on the ray path from information about temperature, pressure and concentration of constituent species at relevant points. By solving a radiative transfer equation with the integration of emission and absorption spectra along the ray line-by-line, a spectral radiance is calculated, multiplied with the spectral filter transmittance and then integrated into total radiance. The values of total radiances at the window edge are visualised as a simulated 2D image. Such images are comparable with the OH* measurement images. The modelling of refraction effects results in up to 20 % of total radiance range absolute difference compared to line-of-sight integration. The implementation of accurate self-absorption corrects significant over-prediction, which occurs if the flame is assumed to be optically thin. Modelling of refraction results in images with recognisable areas where the effect of a liquid oxygen (LOx) jet core can be observed, as the light is significantly refracted. The algorithm is parallelised and thus ready for use on big computational clusters. It uses partial pre-computation of spectra to reduce computational effort.