Increasing competition in the construction market, the demands of investors and the unstable economic situation, these are factors which are forcing companies to effectively preparing and managing procurement. . The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyze the management of construction contracts in the selected company. Then the desired output is to design and documentation preparation supplying me selected buildings "Residential building Rieger" in Czech Budweis with the help of project management methods.

Comparative analyses of district-run public schools and charter schools are limited to performance outcomes. There is a dearth of research on how the school-types vary on factors consequential to performance such as school climate. Public-private distinctions, such as in organizational autonomy, value orientations, funding structures, and management practices, could result in school climate dissimilarities between district-run public schools and charter schools. The aim of this dissertation is to assess the influence organizational factors have on school climate and determine if school-type affects school climate. Student and staff school climate survey data from the Miami-Dade school district were utilized for this dissertation. Structural equation modeling was employed to test theoretical models of students’ and staffs’ perceptions of school climate using data from 2001-2002 through 2015-2016 academic years. Within-between effects panel regression was utilized to test the effect of school-type on school climate constructs over time using data from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016 academic years. The structural equation results demonstrate that milieu, ecology, culture, and organizational structure influence students’ and staffs’ perceptions of their schools’ climates. Ecology has the strongest association with students’ perceptions of school climate. Job satisfaction, a part of milieu and culture, has the strongest association with staffs’ perceptions of school climate. The results indicate that the theoretical models of school climate employed by this study are sound. The within-between effects panel regression results demonstrate that characteristics inherent to school-type have a plausible influence on students’ perceptions of school climate, but not for staff. Charter school students rated their school climates more favorably than traditional public schools, but when other factors are controlled, traditional public schools and magnet schools had more favorable ratings. Public-sector values, collective bargaining, and school district oversight may be beneficial to schools’ climates. This dissertation underscores the impact management and funding structures have on school climate. The author recommends that the school climate concept and evaluations of schools’ organizational practices be incorporated into school improvement policies. The milieu, culture, ecology, and organizational structures of schools should be reviewed when assessing school quality.

Bakgrund: Traditionellt sett förknippas ekonomistyrning med den formella styrningen och mycket fokus har därmed lagts på den formella styrningen. Eftersom företag idag påverkas av kultur på olika sätt, kan den formella styrningen kompletteras med den informella styrningen. I styrningsarbetet blir ledarnas uppgift att reflektera på inflytande, vägleda och vidta olika åtgärder så att medarbetarna utför önskvärda ageranden. Samtidigt bör hänsyn tas till att det som kommuniceras av ledarna inte alltid uppfattas likadant av medarbetarna. Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att beskriva hur företagskultur relaterar med den cybernetiska och administrativa styrningen, med avseende på vilken typ av relation som är förekommande enligt ledarna och medarbetarna. Uppsatsens delsyfte är att beskriva ledarna och medarbetarnas uppfattning om den cybernetiska, administrativa och kulturella styrningen som styrmedel. Metod: Studien har genomförts på en av IKEAs organisationer i Älmhult och är därmed en fallsstudie. Undersökningen utgår ifrån en kvalitativ ansats med femton semistrukturerade intervjuer med ledare och medarbetare. Vidare har studien utgått ifrån en deduktiv ansats. Slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar att företagskultur relaterar till den cybernetiska och administrativa styrningen på flera olika sätt. Kulturen har en kompletterande, stödjande och samverkande effekt på den cybernetiska ochadministrativa styrningen. I vissa fall förekommer det även motsägande relationer mellan styrsystemen. Ytterligare en slutsats som kan dras är att kultur som styrmedel används i större omfång än den cybernetiska och administrativa styrningen i fallföretaget. Ledarna och medarbetarna har liknande uppfattning om den kulturella och administrativa styrningen. Uppfattningen om den cybernetiska styrningen som styrmedel varierar dock bland ledare och medarbetare. / Background: Traditionally, management accounting is associated with formal management and a lot of focus has thus been placed on formal management. Since companies today are influenced by culture in different ways, formal control can be supplemented with informal control. In the management work, the leaders' task is to reflect on influence, guide and take various measures so that the employees perform desirable actions. At the same time, it should be taken into account that what is communicated by the leaders is not always perceived in the same way by the employees. Purpose: The essay aims to describe how organizational culture relates to the cybernetic and administrative management, with respect to what type of relationship is present according to the leaders and employees. The partial aim of the essay is to describe the leaders' and employees' perception of the cybernetic, administrative and cultural management as a means of governance. Method: The study has been carried out at one of IKEA's organizations in Älmhult and is thus a case study. The survey is based on a qualitative approach with fifteen semi-structured interviews with leaders and employees. Furthermore, the study was based on a deductive approach. Conclusion: The result of the study show that corporate culture relates to cybernetic and administrative control in several different ways. Culture has a complementary, supportive and synergistic effect on cybernetic and administrative control. In some cases, there are also contradictory relationships between the control systems. Another conclusion that can be drawn is that culture as a means of control is used to a greater extent than cybernetic and administrative control in the company. Leaders and employees have a similar opinion about the cultural and administrative management. However, the perception of cybernetic governance as a means of governance varies among leaders and employees.

Företagskultur har en betydande roll i hur ett företag ska bli framgångsrikt visar aktuell forskning. I föreliggande studie undersöks hur företagskulturen uppfattas av anställda och vilka olika lärande som används för att kommunicera och förmedla kulturen till medarbetare. Undersökningen innefattar en jämförelse mellan svenska och spanska medarbetare, där den senare arbetar i en tvärkulturell miljö. Frågeställningarna i studien behandlar vilka egenskaper som kännetecknar kulturen i ett framgångsrikt företag och hur medarbetare kan integrera sig i företagskulturen genom olika lärandemetoder samt om det råder någon skillnad i uppfattningen av kulturen mellan de svenska och spanska medarbetare. Studien inkluderar Hofstedes kulturella dimensioner som hjälp för att förstå medarbetarnas tolkning av företagskulturen utifrån sin nationella kultur. Dessutom användes Nygrens teori om det livslånga lärandet och Scheins tre kulturella nivåer inom företagskultur. Studien har använt sig av en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer för att undersöka företagskulturen på ett fallföretag. Studiens resultat visar att kulturen i ett framgångsrikt företag har en stark gemenskap utöver en likvärdig och enhetlig uppfattning om företagskulturen. Den mest framträdande uppfattningen är att kulturen förmedlas via vardagliga situationer där det visas genom handlingar. Undersökningen visar ingen större skillnad i uppfattningen om kulturen mellan svenska och spanska medarbetarna, därmed finns inget behov av att anpassa inlärningen av företagskulturen för medarbetare. En förutsättning som studiens resultat visar är att kulturen måste kommuniceras tydligt och mottagits likvärdigt för medarbetare i en tvärkulturell miljö. Detta inkluderar dock inte det eventuella behovet av att anpassa hur kulturen förmedlas för samtliga medarbetare på en individuell nivå. / Current research shows that corporate culture has a significant role in how a company will be successful. The present study investigates how the company culture is perceived by employees, and which different learning methods are used to communicate and convey the culture to employees. The research includes a comparison between Swedish and Spanish employees, where the latter works in a cross-cultural environment. The questions in the study deal with the characteristic traits in the culture of a successful company and how employees can integrate into the company culture through different learning methods and whether there is any difference in the perception of the culture between the Swedish and Spanish employees. The study includes Hofstede's cultural dimensions to help understand the employee’s interpretation of the company culture based on their national culture. In addition, Nygren's theory of lifelong learning and Schein's three cultural levels within corporate culture were used. The study has used a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews to examine the corporate culture in a case study design in a single organization. The result of the study reveals that the culture of a successful company has a strong feeling of community in addition to an equal and uniform perception of the company culture. The most prominent view is that culture is conveyed via everyday situations where it is shown through actions. The research identifies no major difference in the perception of the culture between the Swedish and Spanish employees, thus there is no need to adapt the learning of the company culture for employees in a cross-cultural environment. A prerequisite that the study results show is that the culture must be communicated clearly and received equally for employees in a cross-cultural environment. However, this does not include the possible need to adapt how the culture is conveyed to all employees on an individual level.

No description available.

Résumé Le cadre théorique de la contingence structurelle associe généralement « contexte, structure et performance » (Burns et Stalker, 1961; Woodward, 1965; Lawrence et Lorsch, 1967 ; Mintzberg, 1979).Le besoin de tester cette théorie dans l’environnement d’un pays sous développé (PSD) nous a conduit, dans cette recherche, à l’utilisation d’un cadre réduit basé uniquement sur des liens entre la technologie (remplacée par TI) et la structure (Galbraith, 1972 ; Lacrampe, 1974 ; Leifer, 1988). Notre cadre théorique s’appuie sur les approches managériales, économiques et organisationnelles des TI et de l’EDI (Leavitt, 1968 ; Scott Morton, 1991). Il utilise la théorie contingente de la gestion comptable (Otley, 1980; Chapman, 1997) et des systèmes d’information comptable AIS (Sutton, 1995; Maudlin et Ruchala, 1999; Baldwin et alii, 2000; Dunk, 2001) comme domaine d’opérationnalisation (système d’information fonctionnel). Ce travail commence par la constitution d’une boîte à outils contenant toutes les notions de base à utiliser (théories organisationnelles, TI - technologies de l'information, réseaux informatiques et EDI – échange des données informatisées), conformément aux principes fondateurs du MIS basés sur trois disciplines : Computer, Management et Organization Sciences (Culman et Swanson, 1986). La grille de lecture de la littérature est inspirée par la taxonomie de Urbaczenski, Jessup and Wheeler (2002) qui propose quatre catégories de recherche : économique, organisationnelle, technique et autre. Cette revue de la littérature permettra de proposer un modèle de recherche d’impact des TI et de l’EDI basé sur le cadre de référence structuro - fonctionnaliste et élaboré selon les principes de la théorie des systèmes. Le modèle de recherche utilise une structure causale conçue suivant l’impératif technologique (Markus et Robey, 1988). Il vise à expliquer l'impact organisationnel des TI à travers la stratégie (Porter et Millar, 1985; Wiseman, 1985 ; Palvia, Palvia et Zigli, 1990) sur la conception des MIS / AIS et des structures organisationnelles dans les entreprises d’un pays sous développé (PSD). Ce modèle d’impact organisationnel teste les hypothèses proposées, à partir des données d’une observation longitudinale (1970 à 2002) de quatorze (14) entreprises de la République Démocratique du Congo. Les entreprises échantillonnées de façon non probabiliste en deux catégories sont observées à travers l'introduction de l'EDI dans le système d’information comptable. Les tests de structure des données et de fonctionnement du modèle établissent l’impact des TI sur les structures organisationnelles et parfois sur les systèmes d’information, mais avec des nuances d’atténuation et de contribution suivant la nature de l’environnement ou l’usage de la stratégie. La conclusion de cette étude propose un processus d’apprentissage aux managers congolais pour éviter les dysfonctionnements organisationnels lors de l’adoption d’une nouvelle TI. Elle pose aussi le problème de validité des structures causales utilisées dans les recherches pour analyser l’impact organisationnel des TI. Abstract EDI adoption’s analysis in Congolese firms : an organizational structure impact of IT This research aims to identify the impact of IT (information technology) on organizational structure transformation in the firms of an under developed country. The framework of the contingency theory generally associates "context, structure and performance" (Burns and Stalker, 1961; Woodward, 1965; Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967; Mintzberg, 1979). The model of impact of TI and EDI suggested by this research uses a reduced framework only based on links between technology (replaced by IT) and structure (Galbraith, 1972; Lacrampe, 1974; Leifer, 1988). Based on the original paradigm of MIS, our theoretical framework uses managerial, economic and organizational approaches of IT and EDI (Leavitt, 1968; Scott Morton, 1991). It uses the contingent theory of accounting management (Otley, 1980; Chapman, 1997) and of accounting information systems (AIS - Sutton, 1995; Maudlin and Ruchala, 1999; Baldwin and alii, 2000; Dunk, 2001) as empirical field (functional information system). This workshop begins with the constitution of a toolbox containing all basic concepts to use (organization theories, IT - information technologies, computer networks and EDI – electronic data interchange), in accordance with the original MIS paradigm founded on three disciplines: Computer, Management and Organization Sciences (Culman and Swanson, 1986, p. 298). Then, we draw a theoretical framework of analysis which begins with a literature review inspired by Urbaczenski, Jessup and Wheeler’s taxonomy (2002). This literature review will allow to proposing a research model of IT and EDI designed according to the functionalist framework and system theory principles. The model of research uses a causal structure conceived according to the technological imperative (Markus and Robey, 1988). It aims at explaining the organizational impact of IT through the strategy (Porter and Millar, 1985; Wiseman, 1985; Palvia, Palvia and Zigli, 1990) on the design of MIS / AIS and the organizational structures in the companies of an under developed country (UDC). This study tests the hypotheses of the organizational impact‘s model suggested, basing from the data of a longitudinal observation (1970 to 2002) of fourteen (14) Congolese firms. The companies sampled by convenience in two layers are observed through the introduction of EDI into the accounting information system. The tests of data structure and of operating model performed on the introduction of accounting EDI, confirm the impact of IT on the organizational structures and sometimes on the information systems - IS. That with nuances of attenuation and contribution according to the nature of the environment or the use of the strategy. The conclusion of this study proposes a process of training to the congolese managers to avoid the organizational dysfunctions during the adoption of new IT. It poses also the problem of validity of the causal structures used in research to analyze the organizational impact of IT.

許多多國企業之研究將多國企業之組織架構區分為幾種類型。例如Bartlett & Ghoshal提出全球企業(global companies)、多國企業(multinational companies)、國際企業(international companies)與跨國企業(transnational companies)。國內亦有研究（翁良杰，2004 )將多國企業於亞太區域之策略類型分為四種：區域中心型、跨國中心型、全球中心型、地區中心型以呼應Bartlett & Ghoshal之四種類型。 然而多國企業的組織架構並非能以四種架構簡單地區分之，原因在於從功能構面來看，某功能的資源與知能可能在母國總部整合，但另一功能的資源與知能卻在區域作整合。某些流程在區域不銜接反而在以國家為單位的子公司銜接，但有些流程卻在區域作銜接。因此研究多國企業時無法簡單區分該企業採用的是產品別、地區別還是功能別組織，亦無法直接將組織架構分成區域中心型或是跨國中心型。 本研究透過個案訪談瞭解多國企業在亞太區域及大中華區的整合策略、策略意涵與環境前提，探討台灣子公司於整合架構下的角色與地位、從事之價值活動的消長。研究架構應用司徒達賢（2005）提出之六大管理元素及主軸、輔軸之組織架構分析。利用主軸與輔軸之觀念，描述其六大管理元素的變化，可以解釋雖然各個多國企業都採用產品別與地區別的混合式組織架構，但是仍有組織架構內細部狀況與區域策略的差異。個案公司為金百利克拉克公司、惠普公司、柯達公司及雀巢公司。透過訪談四家公司之高階經理人得到以下結論： 金百利克拉克公司以各區域為協調單位，各國子公司負責行銷、銷售、生產；研發統一至全球總部。因此其生產活動以「地區」為主軸，由各國負責生產活動；以功能為「輔軸」各國生產單位間相互學習技術，進行經驗分享。研發活動以「功能」為主軸，由全球研發單位統籌基礎技術之發展；以「地區」為輔軸，各地區研發單位將總部研發之科技加以應用於各產品中。銷售以「地區」為主軸，各國擁有銷售團隊服務當地客戶，並直接向各國總經理報告；以「功能」為輔軸，由各地區區域總部銷售單位給予指導，同時亦向區域總部報告各國業績機系。行銷以「地區」為主軸，由各國自行訂定行銷策略。而各產品由不同的行銷團隊負責，由全球總部指導各產品的品牌團隊，負責各子公司某產品品牌之建立，因此以「產品」為輔軸。財務以「功能」為主軸，全球總部透過區域到各國的財務體系管轄整體財務狀況；以「地區」為輔軸，各國財務長向總經理報告。 惠普公司之各國子公司獨立運作，為銷售單位。生產、研發以全球為規模進行協調。因此其生產活動以「功能」為主軸；研發以「功能」為主軸；銷售活動，企業系統及科技服務事業群以「功能」為主軸，將兩事業群銷售團隊整合為一；以「地區」為輔軸，由各地區企業系統事業群總經理整合兩銷售團隊，整合後銷售團隊向地區企業系統事業群總經理報告；另外，「產品」為另一輔軸，負責產品知識與能力的支援。各產品線相互支援，例如企業系統與科技服務事業群，以協助業務發展。個人系統及影像暨列印事業群則以「產品」為主軸，各自有銷售團隊；以「地區」為輔軸，銷售團隊報告給各地區事業群總經理。 柯達公司以區域為發展重心，如亞太區及大中華區協調行銷、財務等；生產及研發則以全球規模作協調。因此其生產活動以「功能」為主軸，以全球為基礎尋找最適的生產基地，再將產品出口至各國銷售據點。研發以「功能」為主軸，由全球總部負責研發活動。銷售以「地區」為主軸，各子公司業務團隊向子公司總經理報告後，總經理再向區域總部報告；以「功能」為輔軸，統一不同產品線的業務人員由精簡的業務人員同時負責不同產品線。行銷以「地區」為主軸，以地區為單位，進行行銷活動前半部包括創意、測試等工作以降低成本；以「功能」為輔軸，區域完成前半部工作後再交由各國行銷部門負責行銷活動後半部，如在地化修改等工作。 雀巢公司以區域為發展重心，如亞太區及大中華區協調行銷、財務等；生產及研發則以全球規模作協調。因此其生產活動以「功能」為主軸，以全球為基礎尋找最適的生產基地，再將產品出口至各國銷售據點。研發以「功能」為主軸，由全球總部負責研發活動。銷售以「地區」為主軸，各子公司業務團隊向總經理報告。行銷以「地區」為主軸、「功能」為輔軸，與柯達公司之組織架構有相同情形。 除上述組織架構外，本研究發現以下區域化策略趨勢及特性： 1.區域整合趨勢：亞太區域內新興市場為中心再劃分初次區域。 2.多國企業市場開拓者角色之轉變：從過去以國家重心變成由區域來執行。 3.權力重心之轉移：從過去的分權（母公司對區域總部分權）再演變為集權（次區域總部對區域內各國集權，由次區域總部統籌各國決策） 4.增設新的區域成為多國企業發展新興市場的組織架構方式 。 5.子公司獨特能力影響其在區域內重要性。 6.台灣子公司在區域化趨勢下往往自主權降低，唯有擁有獨特資源或能力時，區域發展重心才不會從台灣轉移至其他國家。 7.外商在區域化趨勢下因地制宜程度降低使得本土公司在本地需求與區域需求差異大的前提下有機會侵蝕外商的市占率。

My graduations theses is focused on a problem of production management in selected plant and on exercise of process under control . At the beginning there is an explanation of a competition and its ifluence on business strategy. Next I described logistical processes and a competition among them. For describing the company{\crq}s situation I used economic and productive counts: changes of quantity and price of products in year 2006 compared with year 2005. Next description was company´s organization structure together with a reliability of officers. Then I used SWOT analyse for pointing at weaknesses of company, that the company have to make less important by its strengths and at the same time to be prepared for opportunities and threats sequent upon a competition. My graduation theses contains a description of main companys´ processes since order processing to supplying and raw material suppliers at the end. Real choice and rating of supplier is described in the model situation. Next I was concerned with a production, its organizations, scheduling and production control. Last but not least I was concerned with a stocking and expedition. A distribution is last logistic process in organization. I described Czech and foreign logistic processes too. In fine I assessed economic situations, main company{\crq}s processes and present managerial structures.

This thesis deals with money management in municipality Libchavy in years 2005 - 2007. Its theoretical part sums sup the most important pieces of knowledge concerning municipality functioning and money management of municipality. The practical part comprises the analyses of the status of municipality money management in the field of budget receipts and budget expenditures. In terms of previous pieces of knowledge, there are defined proposals for improving money management and contribution of municipality.

The aim of the thesis is to describe the preparation and management of construction contracts in terms of suppliers. In the thesis there are explained the basic terminology related to the preparation and management of construction contracts in terms of suppliers. The outcome of the thesis is the preparation of construction documentation from the supplier's perspective for the construction contract Agroturistika Kojatín.