There is a demand for video quality measurements in modern video applications specifically in wireless and mobile communication. In real time video streaming it is experienced that the quality of video becomes low due to different factors such as encoder and transmission errors. HEVC/H.265 is considered as one of the promising codecs for compression of ultra-high definition videos. In this research, full reference based video quality assessment is performed. The raw format reference videos have been taken from Texas database to make test videos data set. The videos are encoded using HM9 reference software in HEVC format. Encoding errors has been set during the encoding process by adjusting the QP values. To introduce packet loss in the video, the real-time environment has been created. Videos are sent from one system to another system over UDP protocol in NETCAT software. Packet loss is induced with different packet loss ratios into the video using NETEM software. After the compilation of video data set, to assess the video quality two kind of analysis has been performed on them. Subjective analysis has been carried on different human subjects. Objective analysis has been achieved by applying five quality matrices PSNR, SSIM, UIQI, VFI and VSNR. The comparison is conducted on the objective measurement scores with the subjective and in the end results deduce from classical correlation methods.

Research background - with the popularity of the Internet and the upgrading of electronic equipment, the e-commerce mode has gained an advantageous position in the contest with the traditional business mode. E-commerce has become a necessary way for enterprises to expand the market. In the course of the development of e-commerce, different e-business models have also been produced. They have different adaptability according to the product or target customer orientation of the enterprise. Through the survey, we find that the analysis of professional vertical B2B2C e-commerce mode between enterprises and consumers is still very few. Purpose - It is hoped that this paper will provide a reference for e-commerce enterprises to carry out e-commerce activities through the conclusion of the feasibility of vertical B2B2C. Research methods - On the basis of reading and collecting a large amount of data in the earlier period, this paper summarizes the collected data according to the grounded theory proposed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss, extracts three categories. We objectively summarize the theories put forward by scholars, and then add data support to draw objective conclusions and theories. The main data collection is obtained through a structured interview with the president of the Shangpa, while also using scientific papers, reports, websites and books, and other auxiliary data. The case company is working with B2B2C e-commerce mode in their business. Findings - By analyzing the main body of vertical B2B2C e-commerce mode (enterprises, third party platforms and consumers), as well as the economic and policy environment, we summarize the objective environment. Making development forecast through the analysis of the advantages and development difficulties of vertical B2B2C e-commerce. Conclusions – The market environment, the policy environment and the promotion of the enterprise's own ability are all beneficial to the enterprise to carry out vertical B2B2C e-commerce in China. However, if the enterprises want to survive in the same subdivision industry, capital investment, team building and logistics warehousing should be the focus of the enterprise.

Because the nature of municipalities differs from that of commercial institutions, norms and standards for the determination of creditworthiness are also different. Although various documented models and studies addressing credit rating related issues in the commercial sector are available, no objective model for determining the creditworthiness of municipalities has been published in South Africa. This model has been developed specifically for the determination of the creditworthiness of municipalities and is based on objective standards. All the indicators applied in the model are calculated objectively. The net product of the model is therefore a numerical figure indicating creditworthiness at a specific time. The model shows the numerical composition of the figure, and specific indicators or norms of interest can be studied in greater detail. The model has the following unique features: • It calculates a numerical value, representing the creditworthiness of a municipality. • The determination of the creditworthiness figure is objective. • Trends are calculated and form part of the calculation of the creditworthiness figure. • The model is parameter-driven - by merely changing the values in the parameter file, all the calculations are changed accordingly. • The creditworthiness figure from the model does not claim to be an absolutely accurate representation of the creditworthiness of a municipality, but claims to be accurate enough (80/20 principle) to form a basis for reliable and effective management decisions. This model is the first in South Africa. to offer a means of determining the creditworthiness of municipalities objectively. It is a simple model which is based on the elements representing creditworthiness. / Accounting / D. Comm. (Accounting)

Because the nature of municipalities differs from that of commercial institutions, norms and standards for the determination of creditworthiness are also different. Although various documented models and studies addressing credit rating related issues in the commercial sector are available, no objective model for determining the creditworthiness of municipalities has been published in South Africa. This model has been developed specifically for the determination of the creditworthiness of municipalities and is based on objective standards. All the indicators applied in the model are calculated objectively. The net product of the model is therefore a numerical figure indicating creditworthiness at a specific time. The model shows the numerical composition of the figure, and specific indicators or norms of interest can be studied in greater detail. The model has the following unique features: • It calculates a numerical value, representing the creditworthiness of a municipality. • The determination of the creditworthiness figure is objective. • Trends are calculated and form part of the calculation of the creditworthiness figure. • The model is parameter-driven - by merely changing the values in the parameter file, all the calculations are changed accordingly. • The creditworthiness figure from the model does not claim to be an absolutely accurate representation of the creditworthiness of a municipality, but claims to be accurate enough (80/20 principle) to form a basis for reliable and effective management decisions. This model is the first in South Africa. to offer a means of determining the creditworthiness of municipalities objectively. It is a simple model which is based on the elements representing creditworthiness. / Accounting / D. Comm. (Accounting)

Dans le contexte d'un intérêt grandissant pour les systèmes stéréoscopiques, mais sans méthodes reproductible pour estimer leur qualité, notre travail propose une contribution à la meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de perception et de jugement humains relatifs au concept multi-dimensionnel de qualité d'image stéréoscopique. Dans cette optique, notre démarche s'est basée sur un certain nombre d'outils : nous avons proposé un cadre adapté afin de structurer le processus d'analyse de la qualité des images stéréoscopiques, nous avons implémenté dans notre laboratoire un système expérimental afin de conduire plusieurs tests, nous avons crée trois bases de données d'images stéréoscopiques contenant des configurations précises et enfin nous avons conduit plusieurs expériences basées sur ces collections d'images. La grande quantité d'information obtenue par l'intermédiaire de ces expérimentations a été utilisée afin de construire un premier modèle mathématique permettant d'expliquer la perception globale de la qualité de la stéréoscopie en fonction des paramètres physiques des images étudiée. / In a context of ever-growing interest in stereoscopic systems, but where no standardized algorithmic methods of stereoscopic quality assessment exist, our work stands as a step forward in the understanding of the human perception and judgment mechanisms related to the multidimensional concept of stereoscopic image quality. We used a series of tools in order to perform in-depth investigations in this direction: we proposed an adapted framework to structure the process of stereoscopic quality assessment, we implemented a stereoscopic system in our laboratory for performing various tests, we created three stereoscopic datasets with precise structures, and we performed several experimental studies using these datasets. The numerous experimental data obtained were used in order to propose a first mathematical framework for explaining the overall percept of stereoscopic quality in function of the physical parameters of the stereoscopic images under study.

As distribuidoras de energia elétrica anualmente elaboram o Plano de Investimentos, que se constitui parte extremamente relevante do Plano de Negócios da Companhia, composto pelos investimentos a serem feitos nos próximos anos. Em função da conjuntura do sistema e dos estudos de planejamento, há sempre diversas propostas de investimento a serem cotejadas e, para selecionar os projetos a serem desenvolvidos, é necessária uma meticulosa análise econômica e financeira. Nesse tipo de análise, torna-se crucial ponderar as exigências do Órgão Regulador para o reconhecimento tarifário de um investimento, bem como as incertezas quanto à evolução da conjuntura sistêmica, aplicando técnicas da Engenharia Econômica para avaliar o retorno sobre o capital investido. A diferença principal deste trabalho, em relação à análise convencional de viabilidade de Projetos de Distribuição, decorre do fato de que se desenvolveu uma metodologia para avaliação de viabilidade e comparação entre si de alternativas de planos de expansão, ao invés da análise individualizada de projetos tradicional. Nesse contexto, a melhor decisão de investimento fica condicionada por variáveis exógenas ao tradicional processo de planejamento em si e, para viabilizar a inclusão das principais variáveis de comportamento aleatório, optou-se pela utilização de metodologia baseada em Opções Reais, que é uma técnica utilizada no mercado financeiro. Para melhor incorporar todas as nuances que condicionam o desempenho econômico-financeiro das alternativas em cotejo e aprimorar o processo de tomada de decisão, utiliza-se, também, técnicas de análise multi-objetivo para imputar os benefícios sociais na avaliação final, feita na etapa de tomada de decisão. / The electrical distribution companies annually prepare their Investment Plan, which is an important part of the company Business Plan, presenting the investments to be made for the coming years. There are several investment proposals, and to select the projects to be invested is necessary a precise economic and financial analysis considering the requirements of the tariff regulator for the recognition of an investment. The project feasibility analysis should to apply techniques of Economic Engineering to assess the rate of return of the invested capital. The main feature of this work, when compared to the feasibility conventional analysis of Distribution Projects, is that a new methodology was developed for feasibility assessment and comparison between alternative expansion plans, featuring important component of the investments contemplated in a Investment Plan. In this context, the best investment decisions is conditioned by additional variables besides that of the traditional planning process itself. In order to make an easier inclusion of the main variables presenting random behavior, it was used a methodology based on \"Real Options\", which is a technique used in the financial market. To better incorporate all the nuances that affect the financial performance of the alternatives under comparison, as well as to improve the decision making process, multi-objective analytical techniques was also used, aiming at to allocate welfare benefits in the decision-making final evaluation.

As distribuidoras de energia elétrica anualmente elaboram o Plano de Investimentos, que se constitui parte extremamente relevante do Plano de Negócios da Companhia, composto pelos investimentos a serem feitos nos próximos anos. Em função da conjuntura do sistema e dos estudos de planejamento, há sempre diversas propostas de investimento a serem cotejadas e, para selecionar os projetos a serem desenvolvidos, é necessária uma meticulosa análise econômica e financeira. Nesse tipo de análise, torna-se crucial ponderar as exigências do Órgão Regulador para o reconhecimento tarifário de um investimento, bem como as incertezas quanto à evolução da conjuntura sistêmica, aplicando técnicas da Engenharia Econômica para avaliar o retorno sobre o capital investido. A diferença principal deste trabalho, em relação à análise convencional de viabilidade de Projetos de Distribuição, decorre do fato de que se desenvolveu uma metodologia para avaliação de viabilidade e comparação entre si de alternativas de planos de expansão, ao invés da análise individualizada de projetos tradicional. Nesse contexto, a melhor decisão de investimento fica condicionada por variáveis exógenas ao tradicional processo de planejamento em si e, para viabilizar a inclusão das principais variáveis de comportamento aleatório, optou-se pela utilização de metodologia baseada em Opções Reais, que é uma técnica utilizada no mercado financeiro. Para melhor incorporar todas as nuances que condicionam o desempenho econômico-financeiro das alternativas em cotejo e aprimorar o processo de tomada de decisão, utiliza-se, também, técnicas de análise multi-objetivo para imputar os benefícios sociais na avaliação final, feita na etapa de tomada de decisão. / The electrical distribution companies annually prepare their Investment Plan, which is an important part of the company Business Plan, presenting the investments to be made for the coming years. There are several investment proposals, and to select the projects to be invested is necessary a precise economic and financial analysis considering the requirements of the tariff regulator for the recognition of an investment. The project feasibility analysis should to apply techniques of Economic Engineering to assess the rate of return of the invested capital. The main feature of this work, when compared to the feasibility conventional analysis of Distribution Projects, is that a new methodology was developed for feasibility assessment and comparison between alternative expansion plans, featuring important component of the investments contemplated in a Investment Plan. In this context, the best investment decisions is conditioned by additional variables besides that of the traditional planning process itself. In order to make an easier inclusion of the main variables presenting random behavior, it was used a methodology based on \"Real Options\", which is a technique used in the financial market. To better incorporate all the nuances that affect the financial performance of the alternatives under comparison, as well as to improve the decision making process, multi-objective analytical techniques was also used, aiming at to allocate welfare benefits in the decision-making final evaluation.

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Dans cette thèse, insérée dans la cadre de la sociologie de la connaissance, nous nous intéressons à étudier les discours circulant en France sur un comportement vestimentaire, le port du voile. Notre approche porte sur des discours : le premier celui des acteurs sociaux concernés par ce comportement vestimentaire, des jeunes femmes concernées par le port du voile. Le deuxième discours est celui de la presse écrite. Notre travail se base, essentiellement, sur la théorie de Boltanski, pour l'analyse des entretiens, et sur celle d'Habermas, pour l'analyse des discours de la presse écrite. Le traitement de la question de notre recherche, le port du voile, nous a cheminé à interroger la littérature sur la sociologie de journalisme et à établir un rapport articulant les communications journalistiques avec les thématiques théoriques concernant « l'espace public » en retraçant la surmédiatisation et la politisation liées à ce sujet. Nous nous sommes également intéressée à la question du port du voile en tant que pratique vestimentaire et pour la comprendre nous avons donné la parole, à travers des entretiens individuels, aux acteurs de cette pratique.Ce travail a été effectué dans une perspective multi-méthodologique : nous avons à la fois effectué deux types d'analyse : une première analyse discursive, qui nous a permis d'illustrer les procédures journalistiques utilisées dans le traitement da la question du port du voile dans notre corpus de la presse écrite (Le Figaro, Le Monde, Libération et L'Express). Et une deuxième analyse thématique qui nous a conduite à saisir les sentiments, le « vécu » et la « volonté » de personnes qui ont décidé ou qui désirent porter le voile. / In this thesis which would be classified under the sociology of consciousness we focus on the study of the common mainline discourse regarding the Muslim women dress behavior of the veil. Our methodology is based on the speech discourse analysis of : firstly the speech discourse of the socials actors directly involved in this behavior; i.e. the young girls concerned with wearing the veil, most of which already do, or would like to wear it. The secondly is the speech and language used by the printed press in regards to this issue. Our work is primarily based on Boltanski's theory of the interviews analyzing, and on Habermas's work on the speech analyzing of the press.The studying of our research, the veil, walked us to examine the literature on the sociology of journalism and to link between the journalistic communication and those theoretical subjects concerned with the “public space” by tracing the media hype and the politicizing connected with this issue. We also addressed the veil wearing as a customs and dress-code issue. Therefore, and to better understand it, we gave the stage to those directly involved with this practice through individual interviews.This work was carried out in a multi-methodological perspective; whereby we made two types of analysis : The first is a discursive analysis, which allowed us to illustrate the journalistic procedures used in dealing with the issue of the veil amongst a sample of press outlets we choose (Le Figaro, Le Monde, Libération and L'Express). The second is an objective analysis that led us to understand the feelings, the "coexistence" and the "will" of those individuals who have decided or who want "to wear the veil."

A presente tese se ocupa do processo em que o órgão judicial realiza o controle de constitucionalidade de normas ou de omissões normativas. Mais precisamente, a investigação recai sobre a índole ou natureza objetiva de que se reveste tal processo no sistema pátrio, buscando-se: (i) analisar a sua real dimensão (o que, como e em que medida o mencionado caráter objetivo repercute na configuração estrutural e procedimental daquele processo); (ii) identificar o conjunto normativo processual e concepções da dogmática processual civil que se compatibilizam nesse quadrante (até mesmo porque, a esse respeito, muitas são as polêmicas no ambiente doutrinário e muitas são as dúvidas surgidas em razão de uma não-uniformidade de pronunciamentos do Supremo Tribunal Federal). A hipótese do trabalho reside na seguinte ideia: o caráter objetivo do processo não se restringe ao controle abstrato de constitucionalidade e se harmoniza, ainda que com limites, com as regras do direito processual civil brasileiro. Desse modo, o estudo se inicia com um exame de premissas conceituais, classificatórias e terminológicas que tangenciam os domínios da jurisdição constitucional; nessa parte da pesquisa, também são colhidos subsídios aptos para consolidar a noção de que o caráter objetivo pode se apresentar com maior ou menor expressão em toda atividade jurisdicional. Para compreender como a natureza objetiva em estudo se afirma no sistema jurídico atual, parte-se para uma análise de seus aspectos históricos e conceituais, prosseguindo-se com um exame que confere ênfase ao exercício do controle principal e abstrato modalidade que viabiliza em maior escala a projeção da natureza objetiva do processo. Nesse contexto, inclusive, enfrentam-se questões processuais relacionadas à existência ou não de lide, partes, contraditório, cognição judicial sobre fatos e de atividade probatória, rompendo-se mitos que doutrina e jurisprudência chegaram a estabelecer sobre esses assuntos. Para a demonstração de que o caráter objetivo também se apresenta no controle difuso e concreto, embora com menor projeção, realiza-se uma abordagem sob a ótica da tutela jurisdicional coletiva; posteriormente, o foco se volta para o fenômeno da expansão de caracteres da natureza objetiva para as vias processuais vocacionadas à proteção de interesses subjetivos. Considerações conclusivas de cunho crítico encerram o trabalho. Pondera-se, sobretudo, que a natureza objetiva conduz a uma modelagem processual de feição diferenciada, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, contempla padrões que não se desvencilham das vigas mestras e dos institutos fundamentais do direito processual civil. / The focus of this thesis is the process by which a judicial body carries out the constitutional control of rules or the omission of regulatory groups. The research more specifically deals with the character or objective nature with which this process is covered in the national system. The aim of the work is to (i) analyse its real dimension (what, how and to what extent the aforementioned objective character affects the structural and procedural setting of the process); (ii) identify the procedural set of rules and dogmatic civil procedural conceptions that are compatible in the area (because there are many controversial issues in such regard in the doctrinal environment and many doubts have arisen due to non-uniform Supreme Court pronouncements). The hypothesis of this work rests in the following idea: the objective character of the process is not restricted to the abstract control of constitutionality. It is rather in harmony, under certain limits, with the rules of Brazilian civil procedural law. The study therefore starts with an examination of conceptual, terminological and classificatory assumptions that constitute the constitutional jurisdiction fields. State support is also chosen in this part of the research to consolidate the idea that objective character is expressed in different levels across all jurisdictional activity. An historical and conceptual analysis is conducted in order to understand better how objective nature in study is present in the current legal system. The emphasis of the examination is on the exercise of principle and abstract control, which allows for a greater scale projection of the objective nature of the process. In this context, the thesis also encompasses procedural questions dealing with leads, parts and contradiction and judicial cognition about facts and evidential activity. Myths that doctrine and case law have established on these matters are thereby broken. In order to demonstrate that objective character is also present in the diffuse control, albeit with less projection, the perspective of collective legal protection is focused on and in turn moves on to the phenomenon of character expansion of objective nature of the procedures that are directed at the protection of subjective interests. Concluding considerations of a critical nature complete the work. It is, in sum, a reflection that objective nature does shape procedural features, but at the same time is unable to affect the structure of the fundamental institutions of civil procedural law.