Am 22.12.2015 sind die aktualisierten Maßnahmenprogramme (§ 82 Wasserhaushaltsgesetz) der Flussgebietseinheiten Elbe und Oder in Kraft getreten. Der Bericht dokumentiert die Maßnahmen, die in den nächsten sechs Jahren in Sachsen umgesetzt werden sollen, um den Gewässerzustand weiter zu verbessern. Er untersetzt den Bericht »Sächsische Beiträge zu den Bewirtschaftungsplänen Elbe und Oder (2015)«.

Radionuclide production is always the first step of radiopharmaceutical research. The production of n.c.a.197Hg together with the short-lived 197mHg isomer is possible by proton or deuteron irradiation of natural gold using a cyclotron, as two promising nuclear reactions reported: 197Au(p,n)197(m)Hg reaction, 197Au(d,2n)197(m)Hg reaction. The access to n.c.a. 197(m)Hg should be in sufficient quantity and quality so as to be suitable for analytical studies and labeling studies with small scale and for animal and other preclinical studies on large scale. Moreover, an improved design by studying irradiation time and energy will provide the facility with sufficient quantity and quality for imaging and experimental therapeutically purposes. The development of a rapid, reliable method for Hg/Au separation represents an important prerequisite for increasing yields which will obtain 197(m)Hg in higher activity level with the product elution into a small volume. Here, many of previously established methods for mercury separation should be employed, such as distillation of the metal, extraction by organic solvents, extraction by resin, etc. However, owing to the different mechanisms, these separations do not always give satisfactory results. The purity and the final volume of product, efficiency, automatization and total processing time of separation procedure, these factors are extremely important for the next coming labeling studies. Therefore, comparison studies need to be employed to select the most suitable method enable for labeling studies. Establishing strategies for development of 197(m)Hg labeled in vivo stable labeling units. Several ready-to-use chelators are urgent needed before 197(m)Hg labeling unit conjugated with any specific targeted molecules. Numerous factors need to be considered for the development of the agents: Firstly, a robust synthetic and labeling strategy should be developed for the chelators or precursors of 197(m)Hg. Secondly, it should be strongly stable (especially bio-stability) to avoid the accumulation of radioactive substances in non-target organs. Thirdly, water solubility should be high enough for animal administration and avoid the toxicity of organic solvent. Fourthly, high selectivity (specificity) to avoid the transchelation/side reaction(s) with other metal ions. There are mainly two different approaches for 197(m)Hg labeling, first kind of ligands are based on Hg-S bonds, which form 197(m)Hg-S based compounds. It is well known that mercury shows strong ability on chelating of thiols, dithiols, disulfide, sulfur based and other sulfur rich interacting ligands, which shows great potentials for 197(m)Hg labeling. Thus, thiol based chelators should be investigated in the thesis. 197(m)Hg-organometallics was the second. Mercury is unique among metals in its capability to form covalent Hg-C bonds and has its own organic chemistry because the existence of large numbers of organic Hg compounds, which shows great potential to be labeled and applied in the field of radiopharmacy. After synthesizing novel agents, its theranostics capability should be accessed by a series of in vitro and in vivo studies. Depending on the type of different agents, the radiolabeling strategies should be optimized. Soon afterwards, detailed analytical and in vitro characterization with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), radio thin-layer chromatography (radio-TLC), among other methods should be performed to determine several radiochemical behaviors such as labeling efficiency and stability. Besides, for the purpose of in vivo animal studies, removal of organic solvents and well-suited methods for purification of the radiolabeled units should be developed if necessary. Then, the most promising radiolabeled compounds were selected for further pharmacokinetic studies in rats. In vivo SPECT imaging studies should be employed for further investigations of radiopharmacological behaviors.

This dissertation examines the role of the United States in the mass expulsion of Germans from East-Central Europe from spring 1945 through 1947. By agreeing to allow Czechoslovakia and Poland to expel their German minority populations in 1943, and again in 1945 under Article XIII of the Potsdam Agreement, the United States permitted approximately 14 million to 16 million Germans to be forcibly relocated into a truncated, war-torn Germany, an incident that is the largest example of ethnic cleansing in world history. Although these expulsions threatened the postwar stability of Europe and were of great concern they were of marginal interest to most people in the United States. Informed discussion of these expulsions occurred among a fairly narrow group of military officials, diplomats, politicians, intellectuals, and immigrants or exiles. In fact there was a dearth of contemporary debate and analysis on all aspects of the United States role in the expulsion of Germans, both within government and in society more generally. Newspaper reports, magazine articles, diplomatic documents, government documents and the personal papers of diplomats and politicians reveal that the expulsion of Germans was a secondary issue to the United States government. Despite considerable media coverage, it seems that most Americans lacked both awareness of and compassion for the plight of the German expellees. These expulsions however, changed the politics and the demographics of Europe forever and made the ethnic cleansing of the minority populations of nations an international legal precedent. Today, the expulsions remain a controversial subject within the region of East-Central Europe where the people of Czechoslovakia, Germany and Poland still debate the expulsions as if they occurred yesterday. In the United States, however, the expulsions have been long forgotten. This dissertation is unique in that examines the involvement of the United States in the planning of the expulsions and the reaction of the American press, intellectuals and policymakers whereas previous literature has focused very sparingly on this aspect of the expulsions.

Im Rahmen des Postgradual-Studienganges (PGS) „Toxikologie und Umweltschutz“ wird das interaktive Lernprogramm „Toxnetz-Explorer“ entwickelt. Anhand von Grafiken, Animationen und unterstützenden Texten sollen die wichtigsten Funktionen des menschlichen Körpers und einzelner Organe sowie der Zusammenhang dieser mit toxikologischen Vorgängen veranschaulicht werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die Basis des Abschnittes über die Niere für das Lernprogramms „Toxnetz-Explorer“ dar. Die Nieren sind die zentralen Ausscheidungsorgane des menschlichen Körpers. Alle löslichen Verbindungen werden in der Niere filtriert, dem Körper über unterschiedliche Prozesse zurückgeführt, metabolisiert oder ausgeschieden. Darüber hinaus besitzt die Niere weitere regulierende Aufgaben, wie beispielsweise die Regulation des Wasser-Elektrolyt- oder des Säure-Haushaltes. Sie sind ebenfalls für die Autoregulation des renalen Blutdruckes und die Synthese von verschiedenen Substanzen verantwortlich. Auf Grund dieser vielen und wichtigen Funktionen und der hohen Durchblutungsrate sowie der Aufkonzentrierung von Substanzen stellen die Nieren ein attraktives Ziel für ein große Anzahl an toxischen Stoffen dar, welche an die verschiedenen renalen Funktionseinheiten eine Schädigung bewirken können. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die anschauliche Darstellung des anatomischen Aufbaus der Niere, der normalen renalen Funktionen und Aufgaben im menschlichen Körper, sowie eine Zusammenstellung verschiedener nephrotoxischen Substanzen und deren spezifischen Schädigungsmechanismen.

Lengo la makala hii ni kujaribu kufafanua jinsi wafasiri walivyotafsiri kwa Kiswahili baadhi ya riwaya zilizoandikwa kwa lugha za kigeni, enzi za baada ya nchi za Afrika kujipatia uhuru. Kwa ajili ya mada yenyewe nimechagua mkusanyo wa riwaya nne zilizotafsiriwa na Watanzania, yaani Shamba la wanyama (kilichoandikwa na Fortunatus Kawegere, 1967), Shujaa Okonkwo (Clement Ndulute, 1973), Mzee na bahari (Cyprian Tirumanywa, 1980) na Barua ndefu kama hii (Clement Maganga, 1994). Wafasiri hao walikabiliana vipi na vipengele vya kitamaduni vya lugha chanzi (za jamii zenye maisha, dini, misemo, methali tofauti na yao n.k.)? Kwa kuzingatia swali hilo, makala inaeleza baadhi ya mbinu zilizotumiwa na watafsiri wa Kiswahili wakishughulika na maandishi kutoka kwa fasihi ya kigeni.

No description available.

Wir haben blau, grün und orange leuchtende organische Nanofäden oder Nanonadeln und Mikroringe aus para-Hexaphenyl (p-6P), alpha-Quaterthiophen (alpha-4T) und alpha-Sexithiophen (alpha-6T) mittels Organischer Molekularstrahlepitaxie (OMBE) auf Muskovit Glimmer hergestellt. Die Aggregate haben wir mit der Atomkraftmikroskopie, mit der Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie und durch UV-vis Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Auf der Muskovit Oberfläche wachsen p-6P Fäden parallel zueinander auf und zeigen zwei verschiedene Orientierungsdomänen entlang [110] und [1-10]. Mit Hilfe einer systematischen statistischen Analyse diskutieren wir das Wachstum dieser p-6P Nadeln für verschiedene Wachstumsbedingungen. Zusätzlich zu den Fäden haben wir p-6P Cluster auf der Oberfläche beobachtet. Nadeln werden durch die Aggregation solcher Cluster gebildet. Ein Realraummodell der Morphologie der Nadeln sowie ein Modell für deren Wachstum werden vorgestellt. Indem wir Glimmer zunächst mit einer dünnen Goldschicht bedecken und die Wachstumsparameter variieren, erreichen wir eine weitgehende Kontrolle der Morphologie der Nadeln (Länge von 0,5 Mikrometer bis 1 mm, Höhe von 25 bis 300 nm und Breite von 100 bis 600 nm). Im Gegensatz zu p-6P orientieren Thiophene ihre Wachstumsrichtungen an allen hoch symmetrischen Richtungen von Glimmer. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Mechanismen für das Fadenwachstum von beiden Oligomere gleich sind, nämlich eine Kombination aus Epitaxie und einer Dipol-unterstützten Ausrichtung. Auch die Strukturen dieser Fäden sind ähnlich: die Moleküle liegen parallel angeordnet auf der Oberfläche, ihre Längsachsen orientieren sich schräg zur Längsachse der Fäden. Auf mit Wasser oder Methanol vorbehandeltem Glimmer wachsen diese beiden Oligomere als gebogene Fäden und Mikroringe auf. Diese Oberflächenvorbehandlungen sowie das Wachstum von p-6P auf Gold/Glimmer unterstützen auch den Wachstumsmechanismus auf der sauberen Glimmer-Oberfläche. / By using organic molecular beam epitaxy (OMBE) blue, green and orange light emitting organic nanofibers or nanoneedles and microrings from para-hexaphenyl (p-6P), alpha-quaterthiophene (alpha-4T) and alpha-sexithiophene (alpha-6T), respectively, on muscovite mica surfaces are generated. The aggregates are characterized by atomic force microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy. On muscovite mica, p-6P fibers usually grow mutually parallel showing two domains of their orientations with an angle of 120 degree in between. The detail growth of nanofibers from p-6P by performing a systematic statistical analysis of fibers as a function of various growth conditions is discussed. Furthermore, the morphology exhibits p-6P clusters, which are found to be fibers´ building blocks. A real space model of the fiber and a model for their growth are also presented. By introducing a thin gold layer on mica prior to p-6P deposition together with varying growth parameters, the morphology of fibers is controlled in a wide range (length from 0.5 micrometer to 1 mm, height from 25 to 300 nm and width from 100 to 600 nm). In contrast to p-6P, thiophene fibers exhibit various orientations close to mica high symmetry directions. It is shown that the mechanism behind the fiber growth from all molecules on mica is the same, i.e. a combination of epitaxy and dipole assisted growth process. The fiber microscopic structures are similar, too: molecules take lying orientations and they hold themselves parallel pointing their long axes along an oblique direction off the long fiber axis. The growth of both types of oligomers on water or methanol treated mica surfaces leads to the formation of bent fibers and microrings. This surface pretreatment and the growth of p-6P on gold/mica support the fiber growth mechanism on plain mica.

The uses and management of water resources play an important role in the development of a culture and the health of its environment and population. Humans throughout history have consistently exploited rivers, which degrades water quality and leads to water scarcity. This thesis is an examination of two river restoration projects, one on the Oder River in Germany and the other on the Klamath River in the United States, that represent each country's efforts to reverse river exploitation. These cases in Germany and the United States demonstrate the importance of achieving a better understanding of the political instruments and strategies for mitigating environmental issues on a global scale.

STG decomposition is a promising approach to tackle the complexity problems arising in logic synthesis of speed independent circuits, a robust asynchronous (i.e. clockless) circuit type. Unfortunately, STG decomposition can result in components that in isolation have irreducible CSC conflicts. Generalising earlier work, it is shown how to resolve such conflicts by introducing internal communication between the components via structural techniques only. / STG-Dekomposition ist ein bewährter Ansatz zur Bewältigung der Komplexitätsprobleme bei der Logiksynthese von SI (speed independent) Schaltungen – ein robuster asynchroner (d.h. ohne Taktsignal arbeitender digitaler) Schaltungstyp. Allerdings können dabei Komponenten mit irreduziblen CSC-Konflikten entstehen. Durch Verallgemeinerung früherer Arbeiten wird gezeigt, wie solche Konflikte durch Einführung interner Kommunikation zwischen den Komponenten gelöst werden können, und zwar ausschließlich durch Verwendung an der Graphenstruktur ansetzender Verfahren.

No description available.