Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:40:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3066441 bytes, checksum: b7d8a260e401ea26206af12f0c15a13b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / The macaw palm [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Martius] is a promising species as a source of raw material for biodiesel production due to high productivity in oil, the possibility of full use of its fruit and its adaptability to different biomes. Due to the extractive system of exploitation of the species practiced until today, information regarding post-harvest and its effects on oil quality, physiological behavior, as well as the ideal harvest are nonexistent. Likewise, there are no storage methods developed for macaw palm fruits. Knowledge of respiratory pattern of fruit after harvest is of fundamental importance in the development of storage technologies that allow the manteinance of the oil quality. This study aimed to determine the postharvest respiratory pattern and evolution of ethylene in macaw palm fruits, evaluate the quality of mesocarp oil, firmness of mesocarp and quantify the mass loss of fruits during storage. The physical and chemical parameters of fruit quality and mesocarp oil during storage were evaluated in the experiment 1. In order to stimulate the emergence of respiratory and ethylene peaks, we proceeded to the application of Ethrel (experiment 2) and acetylene (Experiment 3), in fruit harvested at different ages (days after anthesis - DAA), followed by fruits storage. The evolution of gases (CO2 and ethylene), the oil content in the mesocarp, acidity and oxidative stability of the oil, the water content in the oil, the firmness of mesocarp and mass loss were evaluated. The fatty acid profile was determined in experiment 3 in fruits harvested at 433 DAA. The emergence of CO2 and ethylene peaks during storage were observed, both in experiment 2 and 3, which is a typical behavior of climacteric fruits. The fatty acid profile is dominated by unsaturated compounds, especially oleic acid. The oil content in the mesocarp rose along with the harvest date and the period of storage, and a beneficial effect of acetylene in oil yield was observed in fruits harvested at 328 and 418 DAA at 10 and 20 days of storage respectively. At 343 and 403 DAA, xivrespectively at 0 and 20 days of storage, the use of acetylene reduced mesocarp oil yield. The acidity of the oil and oxidative stability were affected by the age of the fruit and the period of storage, keeping in most cases within acceptable limits when fruits were stored at 25 ° C. The application of Ethrel did not affect the oil accumulation during storage. The effect of acetylene was dependent on the age and storage period considered. The application of acetylene promoted greater softening of the mesocarp of the fruit. There was mass loss during storage, which was most prominent in fruits of greater age. / A macaúba [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Martius] é uma espécie promissora como fonte de matéria prima para a produção do biodiesel devido a alta produtividade em óleo, a possibilidade de completo aproveitamento de seus frutos e sua adaptabilidade a diversos biomas brasileiros. Devido ao sistema extrativista de exploração da espécie praticado até os dias atuais, informações a respeito do comportamento fisiológico pós-colheita de seus frutos e seus efeitos sobre a qualidade do óleo, bem como o ponto ideal de colheita são inexistentes. Da mesma forma, não existem métodos de armazenamento desenvolvidos para os frutos da macaúba. O conhecimento do padrão respiratório dos frutos após a colheita é de fundamental importância no desenvolvimento de tecnologias de armazenamento que permitam a manutenção da qualidade do óleo. Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar o padrão respiratório e de evolução de etileno pós-colheita em frutos de macaúba, avaliar a qualidade do óleo do mesocarpo, a firmeza do mesocarpo e quantificar a perda de massa dos frutos ao longo do armazenamento. Os parâmetros físicos e químicos de qualidade dos frutos e do óleo do mesocarpo ao longo do armazenamento foram avaliados no experimento 1. A fim de estimular o surgimento de picos respiratórios e de etileno, procedeu-se a aplicação de Ethrel (experimento 2) ou acetileno (experimento 3), em frutos colhidos com diferentes idades (dias após antese - DAA), seguindo-se o armazenamento dos frutos. Foram avaliados a evolução de gases (CO2 e etileno), o teor de óleo no mesocarpo, a acidez e estabilidade oxidativa do óleo, o teor de água no óleo, a firmeza do mesocarpo e a perda de massa. O perfil de ácidos graxos foi determinado no experimento 3 em frutos colhidos aos 433 DAA. Verificou-se o surgimento de picos de produção de CO2 e de etileno ao longo do armazenamento tanto para no experimento 2 como no 3, sendo este comportamento típico de frutos climatéricos. O perfil de ácidos graxos é dominado por compostos insaturados, com destaque para o ácido oleico. O teor de óleo no mesocarpo elevou-se juntamente com a época de colheita e o período de armazenamento, com efeito benéfico da aplicação de xiiacetileno no rendimento de óleo observado em frutos colhidos aos 328 e 418 DAA com 10 e 20 dias de armazenamento respectivamente. Aos 343 e 403 DAA, respectivamente aos 0 e 20 dias de armazenamento, a aplicação de acetileno reduziu o rendimento em óleo do mesocarpo. A acidez e a estabilidade oxidativa do óleo foram afetadas pela idade dos frutos e pelo período de armazenamento, mantendo-se, na maioria dos casos, dentro de limites aceitáveis quando os frutos foram armazenados a 25 °C. A aplicação de Ethrel não afetou o acúmulo de óleo durante o armazenamento. O efeito do acetileno foi dependente da idade e período de armazenamento considerados. A aplicação de acetileno promoveu maior amolecimento do mesocarpo dos frutos. Houve perda de massa ao longo do armazenamento, sendo esta mais proeminente em frutos de maior idade.

O kinako é uma farinha integral obtida a partir do grão de soja torrada e moída. Esta farinha tem elevada qualidade nutricional em função do conteúdo de proteínas, fibras, ácidos graxos insaturados e compostos bioativos como as isoflavonas. As isoflavonas estão presentes na soja principalmente nas formas conjugadas (β-glicosídicas, acetil e malonil) e, em menor proporção, nas formas livres (agliconas). Diversos estudos comprovam a eficiência das isoflavonas agliconas na prevenção de doenças crônicas. Algumas tecnologias têm sido empregadas para a conversão das isoflavonas β-glicosídicas em agliconas através de altas temperaturas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou a conversão de isoflavonas contidas no kinako utilizando o processo de torra, buscando melhorar a qualidade nutricional e as propriedades biológicas para posterior uso como ingrediente em produtos panificados. A torra foi conduzida através de delineamento fatorial 22,com 4 pontos axiais e 4 repetições no ponto central, totalizando assim 12 corridas, para verificar os efeitos das variáveis tempo em minutos e temperatura em graus celcius sobre o teor de isoflavonas no kinako. O processo contribuiu para melhorar o perfil de isoflavonas especialmente no tratamento 8 (200 °C por 31 min), convertendo as isoflavonas conjugadas em agliconas. A partir do kinako obtido no tratamento 8, juntamente com 2 % de chia, semente rica em ácidos graxos insaturados, foram elaboradas quatro formulações de pães variando a quantidade de kinako (0, 10, 20 e 30 %). Mediante análise sensorial não se observou diferença significativa (p>0,05) para a formulação padrão e com 10 % de kinako acrescida de 2 % de semente de chia. A conversão das isoflavonas do kinako por processo de torra mostrou ser uma estratégia promissora para agregar valor nutricional juntamente com a semente de chia em pães. / The kinako is an integral flour obtained from the seed of roasted and ground soybean. This flour has high nutritional quality according to the content of protein, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds such as isoflavones. The isoflavones in soy are present mainly in conjugated forms (β-glucosides, acetyl and malonyl) and, to a lesser extent, in the free form (aglycone). Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of isoflavone aglycone in the prevention of chronic diseases. Some technologies have been employed for the conversion of β-glucosides isoflavones in aglycones atravéz high temperatures. In this context, this paper aims at conversion of isoflavones present in kinako using the roasting process, seeking to improve the nutritional quality and biological properties for later use as an ingredient in baked goods. Roasting was performed using a factorial design with 22, with the variables Temperature (°C) and time (min) of exposure. The process contributed to increased levels of protein, lipid and crude fiber besides improving the profile of isoflavones especially in treatment 8 (200 °C for 31 min), converting conjugated isoflavones in aglycones. From the kinako 8 obtained in the treatment along with 2% chia seed rich in unsaturated fatty acids breads four formulations varying the amount of kinako (0, 10, 20 and 30%) were prepared. By sensory analysis no significant difference (p> 0.05) for the standard formulation with 10% plus 2% kinako chia seed was observed. The conversion of isoflavones from kinako by the roasting process proved to be a promising strategy for adding nutritional value along with the chia seed bread.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is an important crop due to its ability of storing high content of oil in the seeds, which can serve as raw material for biodiesel production. Because of the presence of toxic constituents like phorbol esters (PEs) and curcins, the seed cake produced as a result of oil extraction cannot be utilize for animal feed. Development of the genotypes better suited for the industrial applications and biodiesel production as well as with lower level of toxic constituents is being hampered by a lack of understanding about the a) proteins related to the biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids (FAs) and triacylglycerides (TAGs), b) role of proteins deposited during seed development and c) proteins related to the synthesis and storage of toxic compounds during seed development. Agreeing with this, we have performed the anatomical analysis of the developing seeds of J. curcas, followed by the proteome analysis of the endosperm isolated from the seeds of J. curcas at five different developmental stages, which resulted into the identification of the 1517, 1256, 1033, 752 and 307 proteins, from Stage 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, respectively, summing up to a total of 1760 proteins. Proteins with similar expression pattern were grouped into five different clusters and protein quantification based on spectral counts was determined. Besides identification of the proteins involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of the FAs and TAGs, we also identified a large number of proteins involved in the metabolism of the carbohydrates, which are important for supplying energy and carbon source for the synthesis of TAGs in heterotrophic seeds. Among the members of different classes of seed storage proteins (SSPs), we have identified four SSPs named as nutrients reservoir, which in contrast to the other SSPs showed decreasing deposition pattern during seeds development and revealed to have special role during seed development. In addition, peptidases belong to different mechanistic classes were identified, which have a range of functions, highlighting the role in reserve mobilization during germination. Isoforms of curcin were also identified in this proteome analysis which were absent in our previous proteome analysis of the other tissues from these seeds, suggesting that the deposition of these toxic proteins only occur in the endosperm. Similarly, several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of diterpenoid precursors were identified in this proteome analysis but, like in our previous proteome analysis of the other tissues from J. curcas seeds,we were unable to identify any terpene synthase/cyclase, enzymes responsible for the synthesis of PEs, which collectively suggesting that the synthesis of PEs may not occur in seeds of this plant. In conclusion, the strategy used here enabled us to provide a first in depth proteome analysis of the endosperm from J. curcas developing seeds, which along with providing information regarding important aspects of the seed development, also set the foundation of a proteomic approach to study biotechnologically important plant species. / PinhÃo manso (Jatropha curcas L.) à uma cultura importante devido à sua habilidade em armazenar alto conteÃdo de Ãleo nas sementes, as quais podem servir como matÃria-prima para a produÃÃo de biodiesel. Devido à presenÃa de constituintes tÃxicos como Ãsteres de forbol e curcina, a torta da semente produzida como resultado da extraÃÃo do Ãleo nÃo pode ser utilizada na alimentaÃÃo animal. O desenvolvimento de genÃtipos mais adequados a aplicaÃÃes industriais e à produÃÃo de biodiesel assim como apresentando baixos nÃveis de constituintes tÃxicos està sendo prejudicado pela falta de entendimento sobre a) proteÃnas relacionadas a biossÃntese e degradaÃÃo de Ãcidos graxos e triacilglicerÃis, b) o papel de proteÃnas depositadas durante o desenvolvimento da semente e c) proteÃnas relacionadas à sÃntese e reserva de compostos tÃxicos durante o desenvolvimento da semente. Diante disso, nÃs realizamos uma anÃlise anatÃmica de sementes em desenvolvimento de J. curcas, seguido por uma anÃlise proteÃmica do endosperma isolado de sementes dessa espÃcie em cinco diferentes estÃgios de desenvolvimento, o que resultou na identificaÃÃo de 1517, 1256, 1033, 752 e 307 proteÃnas, dos estÃgios 6, 7, 8, 9 e 10, respectivamente, somando um total de 1760 proteÃnas. ProteÃnas com padrÃo de expressÃo similar foram agrupadas em cinco grupos diferentes e a quantificaÃÃo das proteÃnas baseada na contagem dos espectros foi determinada. AlÃm da identificaÃÃo das proteÃnas envolvidas na biossÃntese e degradaÃÃo de FAs e TAGs, nÃs identificamos um grande nÃmero de proteÃnas envolvidas no metabolismo de carboidratos, as quais sÃo importantes para o fornecimento de energia e fontes de carbono para a sÃntese de TAGs em sementes heterotrÃficas. Entre os membros de diferentes classes de proteÃnas de reservas de sementes (SSPs), nÃs identificamos quatro SSPs denominadas reservatÃrios de sementes, que em contraste as outras SSPs mostraram decrÃscimo no padrÃo de deposiÃÃo e revelaram ter um papel especial durante o desenvolvimento da semente. Em adiÃÃo, peptidases pertencentes a diferentes classes mecanÃsticas foram identificadas destacando o papel da mobilizaÃÃo de reservas durante a germinaÃÃo. Isoformas da curcina ausentes em nossas anÃlises proteÃmicas prÃvias de outros tecidos da semente foram identificadas sugerindo que a deposiÃÃo dessas proteÃnas tÃxicas sà ocorre no endosperma. Similarmente, vÃrias enzimas envolvidas na biosÃntese de precursores de diterpenÃides foram identificadas nessa anÃlise proteÃmica, mas como em nossas prÃvias anÃlises proteÃmicas de outros tecidos de sementes de J. curcas, nÃs nÃo fomos capazes de identificar sintases/ciclases de terpenos, enzimas responsÃveis pela sÃntese de PEs, o que coletivamente sugere que a sÃntese desses compostos pode nÃo ocorrer nas sementes dessa planta. Em conclusÃo, a estratÃgia utilizada nos fornece a primeira anÃlise proteÃmica profunda do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento de J. curcas, o que alÃm de fornecer informaÃÃes sobre aspectos importantes do desenvolvimento da semente, tambÃm estabelece a base para uma pesquisa proteÃmica com o objetivo de estudar espÃcies vegetais importantes biotecnologicamente.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The tung (Aleurites fordii) has received attention in recent years as a promising source of raw material for biodiesel production. For this crop to start production after three years of planting, appears in the first year of planting tung the possibility of growing oleaginous in tree-based intercropping (TBI). Crops such as crambe, sunflower and peanuts have the potential to use in TBI. The biodiesel generated from these oilseeds is a renewable fuel that the CO2 emitted in combustion was previously set in photosynthesis during plant growth whithout any net emissions of this gas. However, emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) occur during cultivation of oilseeds, aspect that can reduce the positive effect of the use of biodiesel on GHG emissions into the atmosphere. The objective of this study was to quantify the emissions of N2O and CH4, yield and oil and partial (p) and total (t) global warming potential (GWP) in system with oleaginous cutlived in TBI with tung. Four cropping systems were evaluated: crambe/sunflower/crambe (AB/SU/AB) fertilized with organic manure (FOM) to base in poultry litter (PL); crambe/sunflower/crambe (AB/SU/AB) fertilized with mineral fertilizer (FMF); oat + vetch / peanut / oat + vetch (O+V / PE /O+V), grown without of the use of fertilizer; and fallow / fallow / fallow (F). Emissions of N2O and CH4, GWP and yield were evaluated. The different cropping systems in TBI with tung had accumulated emission of N2O-N higher in 240-307% compared to treatment F. The different N sources (urea and CF) did not influence the cumulative emissions of N2O-N. The grain yield of AB and SU did not differ between treatments with FOM and FMF. The PE showed grain yield 1.4 times the SU+FMF and SU+FOM. When the GWP was performed considering each crop, it is observed that the AB and SU crops with FMF showed the highest values of GWPp compared to other crops. In these systems the emissions of N2O-N and mineral fertilizer (NPK) were the main sources of CO2 eq. for the GWPp. In all systems was observed reduction in soil C stocks after 1.4 years of conducting the experiment. Thus the C soil was the largest contributor to GWPt on all systems, followed by N2O. The cropping systems with AB and SU fertilized with FOM and FMF showed lower values of the GWPt and smaller ratios GWPt per unit of produced grains and oil, indicating that these systems have potential for use in TBI with tung. / O tungue (Aleurites fordii) tem recebido atenção nos últimos anos como promissora fonte de matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel. Por essa cultura iniciar a produção após três anos do plantio, surge nos primeiros anos do plantio do tungue a possibilidade do cultivo de oleaginosas intercalares em sistema agroflorestal (SAF). Culturas como o crambe, girassol e amendoim apresentam potencial para compor esses sistemas. O biodiesel gerado a partir dessas oleaginosas é um combustível renovável em que o CO2 emitido na combustão foi previamente fixado na fotossíntese durante o crescimento da planta não havendo desta forma emissões líquidas desse gás. No entanto, emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) ocorrem durante o cultivo das oleaginosas, aspecto que pode diminuir o efeito positivo do uso do biodiesel sobre a emissão de GEE para a atmosfera. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar as emissões de N2O e CH4, o rendimento de grãos e o potencial de aquecimento global (PAG) parcial (p) e total (t) em sistemas de culturas oleaginosas intercalares ao tungue em solo Argissolo. Foram avaliados quatro sistemas de cultivo: crambe/girassol/crambe (CR/GI/CR) fertilizados com adubação mineral (ADM); crambe/girassol/crambe (CR/GI/CR) fertilizados com adubação orgânica (ADO) a base de cama de frango (CF); aveia+ervilhaca/amendoim/aveia+ervilhaca (A+E/AM/A+E), cultivados sem o uso de fertilizante; e pousio/pousio/pousio (P). Foram avaliadas as emissões de N2O, CH4, PAG e o rendimento de grãos. Os diferentes sistemas de cultivo nas entrelinhas do tungue apresentaram emissão acumulada de N-N2O superior em 240 a 307% em relação ao tratamento P. As diferentes fontes de N (CF e ureia) não influenciaram nas emissões acumuladas de N-N2O. O rendimento de grãos do CR e GI não diferiram entre os tratamentos com ADO e ADM. O AME apresentou rendimento de grãos 1,4 vezes superior ao GI+ADM e GI+ADO. Quando o PAG foi realizado considerado cada cultivo, observou-se que o CR e o GI cultivados com ADM apresentaram os maiores valores de PAGp em relação aos demais cultivos. Nesses sistemas as emissões de N-N2O e a fertilização mineral (NPK) foram as principais fontes de CO2 eq. para o PAGp. Em todos os sistemas foi observado redução dos estoques de C no solo após 1,4 anos de condução do experimento. Com isso o C do solo foi o maior contribuidor para o PAGt em todos os sistemas, seguido pelo N2O. Os sistemas de cultivo com CR e GI fertilizados com ADO e ADM apresentaram os menores valores de PAGt e as menores relações de PAGt por unidade de grãos e óleo produzidos, indicando que esses sistemas apresentam potencial para uso em SAF com o tungue.

Les recherches que nous présentons dans ce mémoire s'inscrivent dans le cadre du projet européen IBIOLAB[1] qui vise à la création de biolubrifiants écolabellisables. Tout d'abord, une approche d'ingénierie inverse a été réalisée pour déterminer le rôle des tensioactifs natifs des graines oléoprotéagineuses dans la stabilisation des oléosomes dans l'eau. Ceci a permis par la suite une approche générique avec la mise en œuvre d'un procédé intégré qui permet la libération des lipides sous forme émulsionnée. Une étape optionnelle consiste en l'hydrolyse enzymatique in situ des triglycérides. L'activité de la lipase utilisée a été évaluée lors d'une étude d'estérification des acides gras avec différents alcools par une méthode de séparation triphasique (TPP three-phase partitioning). / The present work was performed within the framework of the European project IBIOLAB* which aims to create environmentally friendly biolubricants (able to be eco-labelled). First of all, a reverse engineering methodology was developed to understand the role of oilseed native surfactants in the stability of oil-bodies in water. Subsequently, using a general approach, it was possible to develop a process that allows releasing the lipid fraction into an emulsion. If an in-situ enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides is added to this process, an emulsion containing the free fatty acids will be obtained. The activity of the remaining lipase in the emulsion was used to study the esterification of free fatty acids with different alcohols using a three-phase partitioning method.

One of the major problems facing aquaculture in Ghana is the non-availability of quality and affordable fish feeds. The present study investigated the nutritional suitability and cost-effectiveness of some Ghanaian oilseed by-products, soybean meal (Glycine spp), cottonseed meal (Gossypium spp), groundnut cake (Arachis hypogaea L.) and groundnut husk, as alternative protein sources to fishmeal (FM) in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The oilseed meals were used individually, as mixtures, as mixtures enriched with methionine and mixtures detoxified by heat processing (autoclaving) and/or addition of supplements (viz. phytase and ferrous sulphate) intended to reduce levels of the most important antinutritional factors (ANFs). Diets, containing the oilseed meals at inclusion levels from 25% to 75% dietary protein, were formulated to be isonitrogenous (320 g.kg-1), isolipidic (100 g.kg-1) and isoenergetic (18 KJ.g-1) and fed to juvenile Nile tilapia at 4-10% of their body weight for a period of eight weeks. Proximate analysis showed that soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), groundnut cake (GNC) and groundnut husk (GNH) had 500.3, 441.4, 430.5 and 205.6 g.kg-1 crude protein, 38.2, 89.5, 12.8 and 89.2 g.kg-1 crude fibre and 20.19, 19.61, 23.17 and 22.18 kJ.g-1 gross energy respectively. Generally the oilseed meals had good essential amino acid (EAA) profiles with the exception of GNH. The EAA profile of SBM compared very well with FM but methionine and threonine were low (0.73 and 1.50 % of protein respectively) and the same was true for CSM and GNC with even lower levels. Analyzed ANFs in SBM, CSM, GNC and GNH were 17.54, 31.64, 14.86 and 3.99 g.kg-1 phytic acid, 14.09, 1.24 and 2.34 g.kg-1 trypsin inhibitors and 5.80, 6.50, 8.01 and 10.08 g.kg-1 saponin respectively and in CSM 5.6 g.kg-1 gossypol. Nutrient digestibility of these oilseed proteins suggested that Nile tilapia may be able to utilize SBM, CSM and GNC efficiently as dietary protein sources due to high apparent protein digestibility of 94.50%, 84.93% and 90.01% respectively. However, GNH may not be suitable because of very low apparent protein digestibility (27.67%). These protein sources when used individually were shown to cause depressed growth and feed efficiency when substituting more than 50% of the FM protein in diets. This may be attributed to high levels of ANFs, high fibre content and poor EAA profile. However, the use of mixtures of these meals was found to be marginally more effective than that of single sources. This may have been as a result of lower levels of ANFs and improvement in essential amino acid profile due to mixing. Supplementing the mixtures with methionine led to improvement in feed utilization but without significantly improving the nutritive value compared with FM. Heat processing was effective in reducing heat labile trypsin inhibitors in SBM, CSM and GNC by almost 80%, but not phytic acid and saponins, which remained virtually unaffected. Use of meals detoxified by heat processing with/without supplements at 50% inclusion improved growth and feed utilization compared to the unprocessed meals and performance was generally not significantly different from FM. Cost effectiveness analysis revealed that diets containing single feedstuffs or mixtures, particularly those containing equal proportions of oilseed meals and higher proportion of CSM replacing between 50% - 75% FM protein, were more profitable than FM diet. Similarly, the use of heat processed meals at 50% replacement of FM protein yielded greater profit than all other diets including the FM diet. However, essential amino acid supplementation of the meals was less profitable compared to the control. Generally, fish fed diets with oilseed meals would take longer to attain harvest size compared with FM and this could lead to an increase in production costs or a decrease in the number of production cycles which could be achieved within a year. It can be concluded that there is nutritional and economic justification for using SBM, CSM and GNC as partial replacement for FM in diets of Nile tilapia. Based on growth performance, nutrient utilization and economic benefits the diet with heat processed oilseed meal mixtures (containing equal proportions of 16.67% each) at 50% inclusion has the best prospects for replacing FM protein in diets of O. niloticus.

Ce travail de thèse vise à améliorer la compréhension des phénomènes physiques se produisant durant le pressage en continu des graines oléagineuses et à développer un modèle phénoménologique décrivant le comportement mécanique de la matière au cours de sa compression le long de la vis. Les expérimentations ont été réalisées sur des graines de colza, en utilisant un pilote de presse à vis instrumenté (Reinartz, Allemagne). Deux arrangements de vis différents ont été étudiés et comparés, de manière à observer l’influence de la géométrie sur les performances opératoires, le développement des contraintes à l’intérieur de la cage et les propriétés mécaniques du gâteau de pressage. L’instrumentation de la presse a permis de générer des données précises de débits d’huile et de gâteau, capacité de traitement, rendement d’extraction et consommation d’énergie spécifique, pour des vitesses de rotation de la vis comprises entre 0 et 18,2 tr/min. Des profils de pression, teneur en huile et vitesse de déplacement ont également été déterminés pour les deux arrangements de vis, pour caractériser le fonctionnement de la presse. Ces données ont permis d’identifier une alternance de zones de compression et de transport le long de la vis, avec une présence éventuelle de phénomènes de reflux. Une représentation simplifiée a été proposée, pour décrire le pressage continu comme une succession de d’étapes de pressage discontinu. En se basant sur la théorie de filtration/consolidation, le coefficient de consolidation, le module de compressibilité et la résistance spécifique du gâteau de pressage ont étés calculés pour chaque zone de compression. Les propriétés mécaniques du gâteau de pressage ont finalement été utilisées pour développer une relation semi-empirique permettant de prédire le débit d’huile et le rendement d’extraction de la presse. Les résultats expérimentaux correspondent aux données estimées avec une précision satisfaisante. / This work was devoted to better understand the physical phenomena occurring during oilseeds expression in continuous screw presses and to develop a phenomenological model describing the compression behavior of the press cake along the screw. Experiments were conducted on canola seeds, using an instrumented pilot screw press (Reinartz, Germany). Two different screw arrangements were studied and compared in order to observe the influence of the geometry on the operating performances, the constraints development in the barrel and the press cake mechanical properties. Press monitoring provided accurate data about oil and cake flowrates, treatment capacity, extraction yield and specific energy consumption, for screw rotation speeds ranging between 0 and 18.2rpm. Pressure, deoiling and displacement velocity profiles were also determined for both arrangements to characterize the press operation. These data allowed to identify the alternation of compression and transport sections along the screw, possibly supplemented by oil reflux. A simplified representation was proposed, describing continuous pressing as a succession of multiple batch pressing steps. Based on the filtration/consolidation theory, the consolidation coefficient, compressibility modulus and press cake specific resistance were calculated in each compression sections. The press cake mechanical properties were finally used to develop a semi-empirical relation predicting the press oil flowrate and extraction yield. Experimental results fitted the estimated data with satisfactory accuracy.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-29T14:50:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 NAYARA PARISOTO BOIAGO.pdf: 1163745 bytes, checksum: 6ae0a0dea2680203a2663f070879ddcb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-29T14:50:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 NAYARA PARISOTO BOIAGO.pdf: 1163745 bytes, checksum: 6ae0a0dea2680203a2663f070879ddcb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Plant growth regulators (PGRs) can be applied in agricultural crops improving their development and, consequently, improves the quality of grains and seeds produced. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar application of PGRs on crambe fruits quality grown in 2014 and 2015 harvests.When crambe plants were in transition from vegetative stage to flowering, indole-3-acetic 100 mg L-1 (IAA), 3-gibberellic acid P.A. 100 mg L-1 (GA3); commercial PGR Stimulate® 6 mL L-1 and a control treatment with distilled water were applicated in two 15-day intervals. Fruits produced by treated plants were harvested and prepared for further analyzes. For the post-harvest chemical quality analyzes, grains of each treatment with PGRs were stored at ambient conditions for 180 days and the parameters were analyzed at the beginning and at the end of storage. Water content, lipids by cold extraction (CE), lipids by heated extraction (HE), protein, acidity and antioxidant activity (AA) of crambe grains were determined and the significant difference between averages in three-way ANOVA (harvest year x PGR x storage) were compared by the Tukey test (p<0.05). A cluster analyzes was also performed to identify similarities between the chemical parameters studied. In the experimental stage regarding the physiological quality of crambe, seeds produced with PGR were analyzed by their percentage and germination speed index (GSI), moisture content, electrical conductivity (EC) and quantification of K, Ca and Mg leached. Treatments were compared with each other Tukey test and with control by Dunnett test (p<0,05). Grains stored for 180 days showed lower lipid CE and HE content. However, under the application of PGR, lipids content and AA did not change with storage, and grains acidity reduced. There was difference in each PGR effects between the harvests studied. In 2014, the application of IAA promoted improved results regarding grains quality, while in 2015, GA3 and Stimulate® stood out. PGR application also influenced the physiological quality of crambe seeds. The application of Stimulate® increased germination percentage and GSI, while IAA reduced germination, GSI and increased EC of crambe seeds. Seeds produced with IAA showed lower leaching of Ca and all the applied PGR reduced K leaching of crambe seeds. It is concluded that the foliar application of PGR culminates in effects on crambe quality and may be used as a management technique in order to improve post harvest quality of this crop. / Os reguladores vegetais (RV) podem agir nas culturas agrícolas melhorando seu desenvolvimento vegetal e, consequentemente, a qualidade dos grãos/sementes produzidos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de RV na qualidade de frutos de crambe cultivados em 2014 e 2015. Quando as plantas de crambe estavam em transição do estádio vegetativo para floração, realizou-se duas aplicações espaçadas por 15 dias de ácido indol-3-acético 100 mg L-1 (AIA), ácido 3-giberélico P.A. 100 mg L-1 (GA3); regulador vegetal comercial Stimulate® 6 mL L-1 e um tratamento controle com aplicação de água destilada. Os frutos produzidos pelas plantas tratadas foram colhidos e separados para demais análises. Para as análises de qualidade química na pós-colheita, os grãos referentes a cada tratamento com reguladores foram armazenados em condições ambientes por 180 dias e os parâmetros avaliados no início e no final do armazenamento. Os teores de água, lipídios por extração a quente (EQ), lipídios por extração a frio (EF), proteína, acidez e atividade antioxidante (AA) dos grãos foram determinados, e as diferenças significativas entre as médias na ANOVA trifatorial (safra x RV x armazenamento) foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey (p<0,05). Uma análise de agrupamento também foi realizada para identificar as similaridades entre os parâmetros químicos estudados. Na etapa experimental, que diz respeito à qualidade fisiológica de crambe, as sementes produzidas com RV foram analisadas no teste de porcentagem e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), teor de umidade, condutividade elétrica (CE) e quantificação de K, Ca e Mg lixiviados. Os tratamentos foram comparados entre si pelo teste Tukey e com o controle pelo teste Dunnett (p<0,05). Os grãos armazenados por 180 dias apresentaram menor teor de lipídeos EF e EQ. Entretanto, perante a aplicação de RV, o teor de lipídeos e a AA não se alterou com a armazenagem, e a acidez nos grãos reduziu. Houve diferença entre as safras no que diz respeito ao desempenho de cada RV. Em 2014, a aplicação de AIA promoveu resultados vantajosos em relação à qualidade dos grãos, enquanto que em 2015 destaca-se GA3 e o Stimulate®. A aplicação de reguladores também influenciou a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de crambe. Perante aplicação de Stimulate® houve aumento da porcentagem de germinação e do IVG, já o AIA reduziu a germinação, o IVG e aumentou a CE das sementes. As sementes produzidas com aplicação de AIA apresentaram menor lixiviação de Ca e todos os reguladores aplicados reduziram a lixiviação de K de sementes de crambe. Conclui-se que a aplicação de RV culmina em efeitos na qualidade do crambe e pode ser utilizada como técnica de manejo a fim melhorar a qualidade pós-colheita dessa cultura.

Lophira lanceolata (Ll) et Carapa procera (Cp) sont des plantes oléagineuses, peu étudiées. Au Bénin, elles sont pourtant utilisées à des fins alimentaires, cosmétiques et thérapeutiques. Cette étude vise la caractérisation de leurs graines, coques et bois. Les huiles végétales de Ll ont été obtenues par différentes méthodes dont une aqueuse traditionnelle tandis que celle de Cp l’a été par utilisation d’hexane. De façon générale, les huiles de Ll montrent un profil nutritionnel riche en acides gras polyinsaturés (>50% m/m: masse pour masse). Outre ses propriétés chimiques meilleures, celle obtenue par le procédé traditionnel est plus riche en acides gras essentiels, en composés phytostéroliques comme le lupéol et en tocols. La torréfaction et l’utilisation d’enzymes ont également permis d’évaluer l’impact de ces méthodes sur la composition chimique des graines de Ll. Quant aux graines de Carapa p., elles présentent un profil plutôt abondant en acides gras monoinsaturés, en tocotriénols (85,56% m/m) et en lanostérols (28,03%, m/m). Les tourteaux, coques et bois des deux espèces montrent une variabilité chimique en composés pariétaux (extractibles, hémicelluloses, celluloses et lignines). Une caractérisation in fine des hémicelluloses de ces parties des deux plantes a permis de montrer qu’elles sont essentiellement de type glucuronoxylanes. Les extractibles de ces plantes ont également offert une large gamme de composés à connotations industrielles et pharmaceutiques positives. Enfin, les conditions optimales de la biosorbption du bleu de méthylène sur les coques de Lophira ont également été évaluées. Cette évaluation a permis de mettre en exergue la potentielle utilisation de ces résidus agroforestiers pour rendre potables les eaux usées industrielles / The chemical composition of wild oilseeds, such as Lophira lanceolata (Ll) and Carapa procera (Cp) of Benin is mostly unknown. Yet they undergo crafted transformations for food, cosmetic and therapeutic purposes. This study aims to characterize their seeds, hulls and woods. From these crops, different oils have been extracted. One of them has been produced in rural area according to aqueous ancestral method. On the whole, oils of Ll have presented an interesting nutritional profile. They are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (> 50% m/m: mass for mass), especially that extracted by artisanal process. Beyond its good chemical properties, it provides essential fatty acids, phytosterols such as lupeol and more tocols compounds. Roasting and the use of enzymes have also assessed the impact of these methods on the chemical composition of LI seeds. Differently, Cp oil’s has an abundant presence of MUFA, tocotrienols (85.56% w/w) and the richest composition in lanosterol (28.03%, m/m). The seeds cakes, hulls and wood of both species showed various distributions on chemical components (extractives, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin). The characterization of hemicelluloses from different parts of plants has shown that they are essentially glucuronoxylans type. Extractives also offered a wide range of compounds mostly appreciated for industrial and pharmaceutical purposes. The chemical composition of the shells of Lophira was rich in organic compounds such as lignin (32.13%, dry weight) so their biosorbent capacity was evaluated. They showed methylene blue good adsorption capacity in aqueous solution, which highlighted their potential use in the purification of wastewater