Dans l'Introduction à l'histoire universelle (1831) et dans la Bible de l'humanité (1864), Michelet a l'ambition de comprendre la dynamique de l'histoire humaine dans sa totalité. Ces deux oeuvres constituent-elles les expressions diverses d'une seule et même pensée, auquel cas il serait légitime de parler d'une philosophie micheletienne de l'histoire ? Élaborée dans le contexte de la Restauration où écriture de l'histoire, philosophie et politique se mêlent intimement, l'histoire universelle de 1831 est une mise en série chronologique et téléologique de peuples types qui inventent les institutions réalisant progressivement une fusion des idées et des races afin de libérer l'humanité de la fatalité. Cette philosophie de l'histoire au sens strict va être progressivement infléchie puis reniée pour céder la place à une autre pensée de l'histoire. Inscrivant la Révolution française dans la tradition des peuples issus des Aryâs opposée à celle des Sémites, la Bible de l'humanité résulte, d'une part, de la faillite des concepts de 1831 mis à l'épreuve de l'histoire politique et de l'écriture de l'histoire et, d'autre part, de l'attraction exercée par le modèle migratoire des peuples élaboré par les linguistes aryanistes. Dans une triple perspective philosophique, historique et politique, s'opèrent progressivement une dichotomie de l'histoire, sa renaturalisation et une héroïsation de l'historien. Ainsi le spectateur serein du parcours de l'humanité vers la liberté dans l'égalité des droits à l'aube de la monarchie de Juillet cherche-t-il, en 1864, à inscrire activement dans l'histoire un nouveau credo – puisé dans la tradition indo-française – pour une fraternité à venir. / In the Introduction to Universal History (1831) and in the Bible of Humanity (1864), Michelet's aim is to understand the dynamic of human history in its totality. Do these two works constitute the various aspects of a unified philosophy, in which case it would be legitimate to speak of a Micheletian philosophy of history? Developed in the context of the Restoration in which historical, philosophical and political texts are very closely related, the Universal History of 1831 is a chronological and teleological order of national types which gives rise to institutions that increasingly fuse concepts and races in order to free humanity from its fate. This philosophy of history in its strictest sense is progressively revised and negated to give way to new historical thought. Locating the French Revolution in the tradition of people of Aryan descent as opposed to that of the Semites, the Bible of Humanity results on the one hand from the weakness of the 1831 concepts when tested against political history and historical writing and, on the other hand, from the attraction exerted by the migratory model of tribes as set out by linguists. In a threefold philosophical, historical and political perspective, a progressive dichotomy develops between the ‘‘renaturalization'' of history and the ‘‘heroization” of the historian. Thus did the serene witness of humanity's progress towards liberty in the equality of rights at the dawn of the July monarchy in 1864 seek to inscribe in history a new credo – drawn from the Indo-French tradition – for a future brotherhood of man.

The thesis is aimed at two different teaching methods, which are compared not only from the viewpoint of their positives and negatives, but also their effectiveness is valuated. One thematic unit from the history curriculum at lower-secondary school is chosen and two different methods are applied, one is based on lecture method, the other one involves project teaching. The effectiveness of the methods is ascertained on the basis of applying these methods in two teaching classes of elementary school. The common thematic unit is Industrial Revolution. According to the number of points every pupil achieves in the didactical test, the class with project teaching turned out better, however the difference was not so prominent. Important is that the effectiveness of both methods cannot be measured based only on number of obtained points. For this reason the author uses another evaluation of methods based on the Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives. By analysing the pupil's answers it was ascertained, that the pupils using the project teaching achieved (apart from factual knowledge) also the procedural and conceptual knowledge, which was found in their answer formulations. These pupils have better understood the deeper relationships and the general context of the subject. In the class, where the...

This Diploma thesis focuses on the investigation of impact of French Revolution into the development of political views of three Englishmen who represent three levels of view of revolutionary events: idealistic, radical and critical. Helen Maria Williams (1761-1827) represents an idealistic school of thought especially within the idea on universal citizenship and messianism of French Revolution. Simultaneously, she also represents some opinions of female population and their expectations relating to the status of women. Thomas Paine (1737-1809), a member of Convention and a supporter of the Girondists is an example of a radical religious view. The last of the trio is a physiocrat and a writer Arthur Young (1741-1820) who visited France before the Revolution. He became a witness and also a critic of the early revolutionary events. Key Words Helen Maria Williams, Thomas Paine, Arthur Youn, The French Revolution.

SUMMARY: Characteristics of the part of the novel Master and Margarita by M. A. Bulgakov. Historical and Biblical context of Jerusalem chapters. The characters of Pontius Pilate and Jeshua Ha-Nocri and their place in the novel. Characteristics of their personalities, their projections in the Moscow part of the novel, comparsion of Pilat, Woland and Stalin. Jeshua Ha-Nocri and the origin of his name. Comparison to a Biblical model. Comparsion of Master, Jeshua's projection in Moscow in the thirties of the twentieth century, and Bulgakov's reality. Problematics of freedom for creative writing in totalitarian regimes. Characteristics of other characters of Jerusalem chapters and estimation of their place in totalitarian regimes.

La congrégation de Saint Maur, fleuron de l’érudition monastique au XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles vécut 172 ans Si la vie quotidienne et l’observance tinrent compte de la Règle originelle de saint Benoît, sa constitution et son orientation intellectuelle furent novatrices mais la condamnèrent : Ses membres toujours à l’affût d’idées nouvelles trouvèrent d’abord dans le jansénisme matière à manifester leurs tendances à la chicane et à la polémique que l’esprit du Siècle des Lumières exacerba jusqu’en 1789. La Révolution mit brutalement fin à tous les conflits et les religieux, libérés du joug cénobite, se trouvèrent démunis devant leur nouvelle liberté. Certains en échange du serment à la Constitution civile du clergé obtinrent la sécurité d’une cure, ou bien se lancèrent dans le tourbillon des idées révolutionnaires, d’autres refusèrent toute compromission et se fondirent dans la clandestinité ou émigrèrent. La famille bénédictine de Normandie et de la Province de France opta pour l’Angleterre, la Belgique, parfois la Suisse, avant de s’installer pour une « concession de séjour » dans une Westphalie accueillante. / The congregation of Saint Maur, renowed for its high level of monastic scholarship in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries lasted for 172 years. While the daily life was based on the original benedictine rule, its constitution and its intellectual orientation were innovative but condamned it. Its members always looking for news ideas, found at first through the jansenism a good way of sowing their tendency to argue. Tendency that the spirit of Age of enlightenment intensified until 1789. The Revolution put an abrupt end to all their conflicts and the monks, freed from the cenobite’s yoke, found themselves helpless in their new freedom. Some, in exchange for allegiance to the Civil Constitution of the clergy, obtain the security of a parish or followed the new revolutionary ideas. Others refused all compromise and went underground or emigrated. The benedictine family and of the Province of France opted for England, Belgium, Switzerland sometimes, before settling for a « concession of staying » a welcoming Westphalia.

Cílem diplomové práce je sledování vývoje demokratického myšlení na vybraných dílech K. Havlíčka Borovského. Autorka soustředila svou pozornost na významové etapy Havlíčkova života, které ovlivnily jeho politické smýšlení. Klíčová slova: revoluce - demokracie - liberalismus - novinářství - feuilleton - satira - epigram Annotation The aim of this graduate's thesis is to observe the development of democratic thinking of K. Havlíček Borovský through his selected works. The author has concentrated her attention on the specific periods of Havlicek's life that have influenced his political views. Key words: revolution - democracy - liberalism - journalism - feuilleton - satire - epigram

In 1962, very few people within the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) had ever heard of Lei Feng, a young soldier who died in a tragic accident while driving a truck for the People's Liberation Army. The following year, his name was known throughout China as one of the finest young soldiers that the country had ever produced. In years to come, his diary was put in the hands of everyone from school children to soldiers to serve as a model for the ideal Chinese citizen. Furthermore, as Chinese culture evolved, so did the Lei Feng image, changing from citizen-soldier in 1963 to socialist entrepreneur after 1978. This study's focus is how Lei Feng has become not only a model Chinese citizen-soldier and entrepreneur, but a successful example to fellow nations of how they, too, could mold the ideals of their citizens for generations to come.

Thesis advisor: Paul G. Spagnoli / On October 5, 1789, several hundred women first converged on the Parisian municipal government, then marched undeterred on Versailles to demand the king's aid in relieving the dire bread shortage in the city. By the end of the next day however, the women returned triumphantly to the capital not only with bread, but with the entire royal family, the National Guard, and National Assembly's promise to relocate to Paris as well. This revolutionary journée is referred to as the October Days, and this thesis seeks to address its spontaneous and premeditated origins. I argue that although the journée was not the result of an overarching conspiracy, its themes and actions had precursors in the early months of the Revolution and the years before. Also, by undertaking a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the ensuing judicial investigation of the movement, I have attempted to provide a grounding for the October Day's most important primary source through which some of the journée's most controversial aspects can be examined. Finally, I argue that this judicial inquiry significantly contributed to the polarization of the National Assembly as le peuple forced the political elites to take sides over the investigation. Thus, between October 5, 1789 and October 1, 1790 le peuple continued its struggle to reinforce the sovereignty with which it had been endowed. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Thesis advisor: Ourida Mostefai / This thesis addresses the role of dress in the blurring of social class lines in pre-revolutionary France. The Ancien Régime had a set code for costume, in accordance with rank and birth. I outline this particular order, and the resulting disorder from this social structure through factual evidence and literary examples. The second part will discuss the creation and practice of fashion in the 18th century, leading up to the Estates General of 1789. This building significance of appearance in France made dress both a political and social tool that became incredibly useful during the French Revolution. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Romance Languages and Literature. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

A presente pesquisa busca, a partir de um ângulo muito específico, fazer uma abordagem geopolítica do pensamento de Vladimir Ulianov Lenin. Para tanto, o percurso analítico da tese perscrutará a obra de Lenin, buscando captar e entender a relação políticaespaço no âmbito da estratégia revolucionária do líder bolchevique para a Revolução Russa. Este trabalho parte do pressuposto que há um componente espacial que é fundamental ao entendimento das revoluções em geral e da Revolução Russa em particular. Nesta perspectiva, a compreensão de Lenin é fundamental à realização deste desvelamento. / The present research aims, from a very specific angle, to make a geopolitical approach to the thinking of Vladimir Ulianov Lenin. Therefore, the analytical course of the thesis will examine Lenin\'s work, seeking to capture and understand the politicalspace relationship within the framework of the revolutionary strategy of the Bolshevik leader for the Russian revolution. Our work is based on the assumption that there is a spatial component that is fundamental to the understanding of revolutions in general and of the Russian revolution in particular. In this perspective, the understanding of Lenin\'s thought is fundamental to the realization of this unveiling.