This research work aimed to assess the Health-Related Quality of Life of women with breast and gynecological cancer undergoing adjuvant antineoplastic chemotherapy. A descriptive study with cross-sectional design and quantitative approach. The research took place at the chemotherapy ward of a nonprofit tertiary referral hospital for cancer surgery in Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. The study sample consisted of 72 women. Data collection happened from April to May 2012. After given informed consent, all women participated in individual interviews and completed the research protocol consisting of a questionnaire of socio-demographic data and the scale of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer: Quality of Life Evaluation in cancer patients (QLQ-C30 version 3.0). From the analytical study, we highlight the following results: most patients considered the overall QOL measure as âgreatâ with predominant scores 06 and 07. The sub-scale of the item for Social Functioning had the best score with 54.2. On the other hand, we observed the worst performances of women in the Role Performance, Emotional, Physical, and Cognitive Functioning. Regarding the most frequent or intense symptoms, the most reported were pain, fatigue, insomnia, and loss of appetite. At the opposite extreme were dyspnea, nausea and vomiting, with a mean score of 81.9 and 86.1, respectively. The item relating to Financial Difficulty represented a factor that negatively influences the Quality of Life with representation of 44.4 on the average score. Thus, we conclude that the interaction between clinical situation and treatments for the coexisting disease have cumulative and deleterious effects on Quality of Life, emphasizing the specific concerns related to cancer. It is worth mentioning that the predictive factors for Health-Related Quality of Life identified in this study should receive more attention in the health care practice, they may represent also starting points for future studies that address in depth the different aspects involving the QOL of cancer patients. / Este trabalho de investigaÃÃo teve como objetivo avaliar a Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à SaÃde de mulheres com cÃnceres de mama e ginecolÃgico submetidas à quimioterapia antineoplÃsica adjuvante. Estudo de natureza descritiva com delineamento transversal e abordagem quantitativa. O local da pesquisa foi o setor de quimioterapia de uma instituiÃÃo hospitalar filantrÃpica de nÃvel terciÃrio e referÃncia em cirurgia oncolÃgica na cidade de Fortaleza-Ce. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 72 mulheres. A coleta de dados foi realizada no perÃodo de abril a maio de 2012. ApÃs dado o consentimento informado, todas as mulheres participaram de uma entrevista individual e preencheram o protocolo de investigaÃÃo constituÃdo por um questionÃrio de dados sÃcio demogrÃficos e pela escala da European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer: AvaliaÃÃo da Qualidade de Vida do doente oncolÃgico (QLQ-C30 versÃo 3.0). Do estudo analÃtico realizado, destacam-se os seguintes resultados: A medida global de QV foi considerado pela maioria como âÃtimaâ com predomÃnio das notas 6 e 7. A sub-escala no item Funcionamento social obteve melhor escore com 54,2. Em contrapartida, os piores desempenhos das mulheres foram observados no nÃvel do Desempenho de PapÃis, Funcionamento Emocional, FÃsico e Cognitivo. Quanto aos sintomas mais frequentes ou intensos foram relatados a dor, fadiga, insÃnia e perda de apetite. No extremo oposto, estavam a dispnÃia, nÃuseas e vÃmitos, com um escore mÃdio de 81,9 e 86,1, respectivamente. O item referente à Dificuldade Financeira mostrou-se como fator que influencia negativamente na Qualidade de Vida com representaÃÃo de 44,4 na mÃdia de escore. Conclui-se que a interaÃÃo entre os quadros clÃnicos e os tratamentos da doenÃa coexistente tem efeitos cumulativos e deletÃrios sobre a Qualidade de Vida, acentuando as preocupaÃÃes especÃficas relacionadas ao cÃncer. Ressalta-se que os fatores preditivos de Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à SaÃde identificados neste estudo devem ser foco de maior atenÃÃo na prÃtica assistencial e podem representar pontos de partida para estudos futuros que abordem, em profundidade, os diferentes aspectos que envolvem a QV de pacientes com cÃncer.

In the 21st century, the delivery of cancer care is facing unprecedented challenges, including an increasing number of cancer patients, a shortage of nursing personnel, a shift in care from in-patient to outpatient facilities, and new technologies requiring additional resources and education. The purpose of this critical qualitative study was to explore how nurses learn to transition into cancer nursing practice (CNP) in the workplace. The inquiry examined the contextual and learning factors that enhanced or impeded the nurses’ transition into diverse cancer settings. A comprehensive literature review was conducted in three areas: workplace identity and transitions; social learning theories and informal learning in nursing practice; and the context of cancerland, namely, cancer system, cancer patients’ experience, and cancer nursing as a specialty. Participants completed a preinterview questionnaire that determined whether they met the criteria and were representative of the phenomenon being studied. Telephone interviews were conducted with 15 nurses with more than 3 months and less than 2 years working in 1 of 4 cancer facilities in Ontario. An interpretive, phenomenological approach was used to formulate a description of the newly hired nurses’ lived experience. Three overarching themes emerged unique to CNP: (a) Getting In - nurses perceptions of their recruitment and selection into CNP; (b) Surviving In - nurses’ struggles learning CNP and the emotional strain of “being with” critically ill and dying patients; and (c) Staying In - factors that impacted the nurses’ decision to stay or leave, such as effective nursing leadership, quality of work life, and accessibility of supports (preceptors and mentors) and professional education. The findings will assist nursing leaders, educators, and preceptors when developing strategies to enhance the recruitment, orientation, and education of nurses into CNP. The review included a description of the ways in which the nurses perceived their new role, as well as the rewards and difficulties they encountered as they coped during their first few months of practice. Also included were descriptions of the ways in which the nurses learned to transition into the different cancer nursing subspecialties of in-patient; outpatient; chemotherapy; radiation therapy; and urban, rural, and remote settings.

In the 21st century, the delivery of cancer care is facing unprecedented challenges, including an increasing number of cancer patients, a shortage of nursing personnel, a shift in care from in-patient to outpatient facilities, and new technologies requiring additional resources and education. The purpose of this critical qualitative study was to explore how nurses learn to transition into cancer nursing practice (CNP) in the workplace. The inquiry examined the contextual and learning factors that enhanced or impeded the nurses’ transition into diverse cancer settings. A comprehensive literature review was conducted in three areas: workplace identity and transitions; social learning theories and informal learning in nursing practice; and the context of cancerland, namely, cancer system, cancer patients’ experience, and cancer nursing as a specialty. Participants completed a preinterview questionnaire that determined whether they met the criteria and were representative of the phenomenon being studied. Telephone interviews were conducted with 15 nurses with more than 3 months and less than 2 years working in 1 of 4 cancer facilities in Ontario. An interpretive, phenomenological approach was used to formulate a description of the newly hired nurses’ lived experience. Three overarching themes emerged unique to CNP: (a) Getting In - nurses perceptions of their recruitment and selection into CNP; (b) Surviving In - nurses’ struggles learning CNP and the emotional strain of “being with” critically ill and dying patients; and (c) Staying In - factors that impacted the nurses’ decision to stay or leave, such as effective nursing leadership, quality of work life, and accessibility of supports (preceptors and mentors) and professional education. The findings will assist nursing leaders, educators, and preceptors when developing strategies to enhance the recruitment, orientation, and education of nurses into CNP. The review included a description of the ways in which the nurses perceived their new role, as well as the rewards and difficulties they encountered as they coped during their first few months of practice. Also included were descriptions of the ways in which the nurses learned to transition into the different cancer nursing subspecialties of in-patient; outpatient; chemotherapy; radiation therapy; and urban, rural, and remote settings.

Σκοπός - Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν η καταγραφή και διερεύνηση των απόψεων, στάσεων και εκπαιδευτικών αναγκών των φοιτητών στη Νοσηλευτική Ογκολογία στο Α.Τ.Ε.Ι. Πατρών. Επίσης, καταγράφηκαν οι απόψεις τους απέναντι στη νεοπλασματική νόσο. Μέθοδος/Υλικό - Χορηγήθηκε ερωτηματολόγιο που συμπληρώθηκε από 105 φοιτητές του 7ου εξαμήνου της Νοσηλευτικής στο Α.Τ.Ε.Ι. Πατρών. Κύρια Ευρήματα - Η ανάλυση των δεδομένων έδειξε: α) Οργανωμένη προκλινική εκπαίδευση κατά τη διάρκεια των σπουδών β) Απόκτηση εξειδικευμένων γνώσεων στην Ογκολογία γ) Διεύρυνση των επιλεγόμενων βασικών και κλινικών μαθημάτων για την ένταξη νέων γνωστικών αντικειμένων δ) Αύξηση εξειδικευμένου ογκολογικού προσωπικού και ωρών διδασκαλίας στην Ογκολογική Νοσηλευτική ε) Ανάπτυξη Νοσηλευτικής έρευνας στ) Εκπαίδευση σε δεξιότητες επικοινωνίας με ασθενείς Συμπεράσματα - α) Δραστικές αλλαγές και βελτιώσεις στο εκπαιδευτικό πρόγραμμα του Α.Τ.Ε.Ι. β) Διαμόρφωση και προώθηση στρατηγικών πρόληψης του καρκίνου γ) Βασικό πρόγραμμα σπουδών στη Νοσηλευτική πανεπιστημιακού επιπέδου δ) Βελτίωση της προπτυχιακής εκπαίδευσης στο Α.Τ.Ε.Ι. στη Νοσηλευτική Ογκολογία ε) Κοινό Μεταπτυχιακό πρόγραμμα Νοσηλευτικής Ογκολογίας στην Ευρώπη / Aim - The aim of this study was the registration and research of the opinion, attitude and educational needs of the students of Nursing Oncology at the Higher Technological Educational Institution of Patras. Their opinion concerning cancer was also registrated. Method/Material - A questionnaire was provided and completed by 105 students of the 7th semester of Nursing at the Higher Technological Educational Institution of Patras. Main findings - The analysis of the data showed: a) Organized pre-clinical education during studies b) Acquisition of specialized knowledge in Oncology c) Expansion of chosen basic and clinical lessons for the accession of new knowledge d) Increase of number of teachers specialized in Oncology and increase of teaching hours of Nursing Oncology e) Development of research in Nursing f) Education concerning skills of communication with patients Conclusion - a) Drastic changes and improvement of the educational program of the Higher Technological Educational Institution b) Construction and promotion of strategies for the prevention of cancer c) A basic program of studies in Nursing of University level d) Improvement of pre-graduate education of Nursing Oncology at the Higher Technological Educational Institution e) A common post-graduate program of Nursing Oncology in Europe

The landscape of cancer care is evolving and as a result nursing care continues to develop and respond to the changing needs of oncology patients and their families. There is a paucity of qualitative research examining the experience of being an oncology nurse on an inpatient unit. Therefore, a qualitative study using an interpretive phenomenological approach has been undertaken to discover the lived experience of being an oncology nurse. In-depth tape recorded interviews has been conducted with six oncology nurses who worked on two adult inpatient oncology units. Van Manen’s (1990) interpretive phenomenological approach has been used to analyze the data by subjecting the transcripts to an analysis both line by line and as a whole. The overarching theme of the interviews is: Investing to Make a Difference. The themes that reflect this overarching theme are: Caring for the Whole Person, Being an Advocate, Walking a Fine Line, and Feeling Like You are Part of Something Good. Oncology nurses provide care for their patients through a holistic lens that further enhances how they come to know their patients. Over time, relationships with patients and families develop and these nurses share that balancing the emotional aspects of their work is key in being able to continue to invest in their work and in these relationships. Their investment is further evident as oncology nurses continuously update their knowledge, for example, of treatment regimes, medication protocols, and as they champion their patients wishes and needs. As nurses develop their own identities as oncology nurses, they in turn enhance the team with their emerging skill and knowledge. These research findings serve to acknowledge the meaning of oncology nurses’ work and inform the profession’s understanding of what it means to be an oncology nurse.

Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, que teve como objetivos buscar e sintetizar as evidências disponíveis na literatura científica relacionado aos fatores de risco alimentares para o câncer colorretal; categorizar os aspectos relacionados aos fatores de risco alimentares levantados e; selecionar as recomendações em educação em saúde especifica para promoção e prevenção para o câncer colorretal, aliada a uma alimentação saudável. Para a seleção dos estudos, foram consultadas as bases de dados LILACS, PUBMED, CINAHL e COCHRANE Library e a amostra constituiu-se de 26 estudos. Foram identificados 21 estudos (80,8%) indexados na base de dados PUBMED e 5 estudos (19,2%) na COCHRANE Library. Houve uma prevalência de 16 estudos (61,5%) com nível de evidência 2 e 10 estudos (38,5%) com nível de evidência 1. Após a análise dos aspectos abordados nestes artigos, reuniu-se em 4 categorias temáticas com a abordagem dos seguintes aspectos: 1- o consumo de carnes e os fatores de risco para câncer colorretal, composta por 6 estudos (23,1%); 2- ácido fólico, fibras, ?-tocoferol e ?-caroteno e os fatores de risco para câncer colorretal, com 6 estudos (23,1%); 3- os fatores de risco associados a suplementação pelo cálcio e vitamina D, com 8 estudos (30,7%); 4- baixo índice glicêmico e de gordura, aumento do consumo de frutas, vegetais e simbióticos como redutores do risco de câncer colorretal, com 6 estudos (23,1%). Na categoria 1 as metanálises encontraram associações de que a ingestão de carne vermelha está relacionada com o aumento do risco para câncer colorretal em 28% a 35%, enquanto que a carne processada está associada com o risco elevado de 20% a 49%. Na categoria 2, as evidências encontradas sobre a suplementação por ácido fólico, antioxidantes e fibras não demonstram segurança em seus dados, uma vez que sugerem a necessidade de mais estudos aprofundados sobre a temática em questão. Quanto a categoria 3, conclui de forma convincente que o alto consumo de cálcio reduz o risco para o câncer colorretal em 45% e quando associado a vitamina D oferece um efeito quimioprotetor ao intervir na carcinogênese colorretal. A categoria 4, encontrou-se uma associação entre o índice e a taxa glicêmicos com o risco para o câncer colorretal, houve uma moderada redução no risco de câncer colorretal associado ao alto consumo de vegetais e frutas, a redução do consumo de gorduras e aumento consumo de frutas e vegetais não reduziu o risco para câncer colorretal invasivo durante o período de seguimento, a intervenção simbiótica não pode afirmar sobre o seu efeito protetor para o câncer colorretal. As recomendações presentes nesta revisão integrativa almejam a promoção e prevenção aos fatores de risco para o câncer colorretal, uma vez que a enfermagem destaca-se como forte agente capaz de estimular a adoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis, além de oferecer embasamento nutricional juntamente com os demais profissionais da equipe de saúde. / It is an integrative literature review, which aimed to search and synthesize the available evidence in the scientific literature related to dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer; to characterize the the aspects related to risk factors and food surveyed; select the recommendations in health education specific to promotion and prevention of colorectal cancer, combined with a healthy diet. For the studies\' selection were consulted the databases LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane Library, and the sample consisted of 26 studies. It was identified 21 studies (80.8%) indexed in the databases PUBMED and five studies (19.2%) in the Cochrane Library. There was a prevalence of 16 studies (61.5%) with level of evidence 2 and 10 studies (38.5%) with a level of evidence 1. After analyzing the issues addressed in these articles, and were grouped in four themes with the approach of the following: 1- the consumption of meat and the risk factors for colorectal cancer, consisting of six studies (23.1%); 2- folic acid, fiber, ?-tocopherol and ?-carotene and the risk factors for colorectal cancer, 6 studies (23.1%); 3- the risk factors associated with supplementation with calcium and vitamin D, with 8 studies (30.7%); 4- low glycemic index and fat, increased consumption of fruits, vegetables and symbiotic as reducing the risk of colorectal cancer, 6 studies (23.1%). In the category 1, the meta-analysis found that the associations of intake of red meat is related with increased risk for colorectal cancer by 28% to 35%, while the processed meat is associated with increased risk of 20% to 49%. In the category 2, the evidence found on the supplementation of folic acid, antioxidants and fiber do not demonstrate safety of your data, since they suggest the need for more detailed studies on the topic in question. In the category 3, the conclusion was convincingly that high calcium intake reduces the risk for colorectal cancer by 45% and when combined with vitamin D offers a chemoprotective effect by intervening in colorectal carcinogenesis. The fourth category, it was found an association between glycemic index and rate the risk for colorectal cancer, there was a moderate reduction in risk of colorectal cancer associated with high intake of fruits and vegetables, reducing fat intake and increased consumption fruits and vegetables did not reduce the risk to invasive colorectal cancer during the following period, the symbiotic action can not be guaranteed about the protective effect for colorectal cancer. The recommendations in this integrative review aimed the promotion and prevention of the risk factors\' colorectal cancer, since that nursing stands out as a strong agent able to stimulate the adoption of healthy eating habits, and in addition provides nutrition knowledge with other professionals of the health team.

O presente estudo caracterizou o perfil farmacológico utilizado por pacientes submetidos a transplante de medula óssea (TMO), identificou as combinações existentes entre antimicrobianos potencialmente interativos e outros medicamentos decorrentes da co-administração e analisou, a partir das combinações identificadas, as interações medicamentosas (IM) potenciais quanto aos seguintes aspectos: tipo de IM, nível de severidade, evidência cientifica e implicações clínicas potenciais. Analisaram-se 70 prescrições de medicamentos de pacientes submetidos a TMO, que se encontraram na fase de condicionamento (dia –1), e que estiveram internados, no período de janeiro a junho de 2005, no Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Os dados relativos ao perfil terapêutico dos medicamentos foram coletados do prontuário do paciente, e aqueles acerca das IM foram obtidos por meio de consulta ao Drug Interactions Facts e Drug Interactions Handbook. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se estatística descritiva e analiinferencial sendo aplicada a regressão logística multivariada. Os resultados apontaram que a amostra foi composta em sua maioria por pacientes do sexo masculino (52,9%), com média de idade de 37 anos, com diagnósticos de linfomas (38,6%) e submetidos a transplantes do tipo autólogo (65,7%). Quanto ao perfil terapêutico observou-se 33 medicamentos distintos pertencentes a 8 classes terapêuticas com predomínio dos quimioterápicos (34%). Observou-se que 72,7% dos medicamentos apresentaram potencial para interação medicamentosa, sendo que 79,2% eram precipitadores. Quanto à análise das características farmacológicas que predispunham as IM verificou-se que 66,6% dos medicamentos afetavam o metabolismo hepático, inibindo-o (45,8%) ou estimulando-o (20,8%). Entre os quimioterápicos antimicrobianos 66,7% apresentaram características potencialmente interativas. Metade da amostra foi exposta a combinações de antimicrobianos potencialmente interativos (fluconazol, ciprofloxacina e sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima) e outros medicamentos; sendo identificadas 13 IM distintas, todas do tipo farmacocinética. A maioria das IM (92,3%) apresentou severidade moderada, com bom nível de evidência cientifica (61,6%), que poderiam resultar em elevação dos níveis séricos do agente combinado com o antimicrobiano (77,0%), com tempo de inicio dos efeitos demorado (61,5%). Houve associação estatisticamente significante entre ocorrência de IM e sexo (p<0,001); entre IM e faixa etária (p<0,001); entre IM e número de medicamentos (p<0,001) / The present study have characterized the pharmacologic profile used by patients who undergo bone marrow transplant (BMT); identified the existing combinations between the potentially interactive anti-microbial drugs and those deriving from co-administration; and analyzed, using identified combinations, the possible drug interactions (DI) in regard to the following aspects: type of DI, severity level, scientific evidence, and potential medical implications. There were analyzed 70 prescriptions medication for patients who underwent a BMT in the phase of conditioning (day – 1), and who were in the hospital within the period of January to June 2005, in the Heart Institute of the School of Medicine Hospital of the University of São Paulo (Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo). The data related to the medication therapy profile were collected from the patient handbook and the DI data were obtained by looking up in the Drug Interactions Facts and Drug Interactions Handbook. For data analysis, the description and inferential statistics were used and the multi-diverse logistic regression was applied. The results pointed out that the sample was primarily of patients of masculine gender (52,9%), with an average age of 37 years old, with lymphoma diagnosis (38,6%) and who were undergoing auto-transplants (65,7%). In regard to therapeutic profile, there were observed 33 different drugs from 8 therapy classes mainly of chemotherapy (34%). 72,7% of the medications showed to be potentially drug interactive, whereas 79,2% of them were precipitators. As for the pharmacology characteristic analysis that predisposes DI, it was verified that 66,6% of the medications affected the hepatic metabolism by inhibiting it (45,8%) or stimulating it (20,8%). Among the anti-microbial chemotherapy drugs, 66,7% presented potentially interactive characteristics. Half of the sample were exposed to anti-microbial combinations potentially interactive (fluconazole, ciprofloxacin e sulphamethoxazole+trimethoprim) and other medicaments; where 13 different DI were identified, all of them of the pharmacokinetic type. Most of the DI (92,3%) presented moderate severity, with good level of scientific evidence (61,6%), which could result in a higher level of serum of the agent when combined with the anti-microbial drugs (77,0%), with prolonged time for starting the effects (61,5%). There was a statistically significant association between the DI occurrence and sex (p<0,001); between DI and 40-49 year-old age-group (p<0,001); between DI and more than 4 number of medicaments (p<0,001)

Introdução: No tocante à terapêutica antineoplásica, há três tipos de tratamentos que podem ser aplicados isoladamente, sequencialmente ou concomitantemente: cirurgia, radioterapia e quimioterapia. A complexidade do tratamento requer uma assistência segura e de qualidade que se torna, ainda mais desafiadora quando o maior volume dos atendimentos acontece em regime ambulatorial. Desse modo, torna-se fundamental, o adequado gerenciamento dos recursos humanos, o qual se inicia com a previsão de profissionais. Nesse sentido, o método Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) desenvolvido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, fundamentado na avaliação da carga de trabalho despendida pelos profissionais, baseia-se em padrões de tempo das intervenções/atividades de saúde, utilizando os dados estatísticos disponíveis nas instituições .Objetivo: Avaliar a aplicação do método Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) para dimensionar a equipe de enfermagem para o cuidado a pacientes oncológicos em regime ambulatorial. Método: pesquisa de campo observacional e documental, com abordagem quantitativa e amostra intencional, realizada nos Ambulatórios de Clínicas Integradas, Quimioterapia, Radioterapia e Hospital Dia de um hospital público, de grande porte, especializado em Oncologia, localizado no município de São Paulo, com diversos selos de qualidade. Para aplicação do método realizou-se o conjunto de operações nas etapas preconizadas. Os dados estatísticos das ausências previstas e não previstas, bem como os relativos à produção da equipe de enfermagem foram obtidos junto á Diretoria Geral de Assistência. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi composto por 38 intervenções/atividades. Para a identificação do tempo despendido nas intervenções/atividades foi aplicada a técnica amostragem do trabalho, com observação direta de 51 enfermeiros e 50 técnicos de enfermagem, em intervalo de cinco minutos, por 47 dias. O cálculo do tempo das intervenções/atividades de enfermagem fundamentou-se no tempo total disponível dos profissionais e na categorização das intervenções/atividades propostas pelo método em questão. Resultados: Foram realizadas 16322 observações, sendo 12,6% a amostra de reteste, com 85% de concordância no teste de confiabilidade entre as observadoras de campo e a pesquisadora. O quadro de profissionais de enfermagem necessários para atender a carga de trabalho, na maior parte dos setores estudados não apresentou discrepância em relação ao existente. Os padrões de tempo utilizados nos cálculos expressaram a realidade dos setores e todos os componentes foram considerados adequados para as categorias profissionais envolvidas. A observação direta e o estudo de tempos foram as formas utilizadas para obtenção dos padrões das intervenções com maior precisão. Conclusão: O método WISN mostrou-se adequado para dimensionar os profissionais, fornecendo evidências sobre o quadro necessário para os setores. Entretanto, sua utilização pressupõe como condição a disponibilidade de dados estatísticos completos e organizados sistematicamente sobre a carga de trabalho dos profissionais e dos setores. Os resultados forneceram uma visão geral das intervenções/atividades de enfermagem realizadas nos setores ambulatoriais, bem como elas distribuíram-se dentro do tempo de trabalho, o que pode subsidiar a revisão de alguns processos da assistência de enfermagem para melhor atender os pacientes. Os padrões de tempo encontrados, neste estudo, poderão ser referências para o dimensionamento de enfermagem e a aplicação do método Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN), propiciando discussões e reflexões sobre o atendimento com qualidade e segurança aos pacientes oncológicos em regime ambulatorial. / Introduction: regarding antineoplastic therapy, there are three types of treatments which can be applied separately, sequentially or simultaneously: surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The complexity of the treatment requires safe and high quality assistance which becomes even more challenging when most health care takes place in the outpatient setting. Thus, the appropriate management of human resources becomes fundamental, which begins with staffing requirements. Therefore, the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need method, developed by the World Health Organization, substantiated on workers workload evaluations, is based on time patterns of the health activities/interventions, using statistical data available in the institutions. Objective: To evaluate the application of the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) method to calculate the nursing workforce for oncology patient care in the outpatient setting. Method: documentary and observational field research with intentional sample and quantitative approach, conducted in the output departments of Clínicas Integradas (Integrated Clinics), Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy and Day Hospital of an accredited public oncology hospital, situated in the city of São Paulo. In order to apply the method, the group of operations / protocols were performed following the steps suggested. The absence and productivity statistical datum were obtained at the general assistance board department. The data collection instrument was combined of 38 interventions/activities. The work sampling technique was used to identify the time spent on the interventions/activities, with direct observation of 51 nurses and 50 nurse assistants, having 5-minute intervals during 47 days. The time calculation of the nursing interventions / activities was based on the workers total available time and the interventions / activities categorization proposed by the WISN method. Results: 16322 field observations were conducted, 12,6% was sample retest, with 85% agreement among field observers and the researcher. The nursing staffing required to manage the workload, and most of the departments observed have not shown discrepancies regarding the current. The time standards used in the calculations conveyed the reality of the departments and all the components were considered appropriate for the professional categories involved. The direct observation and the time study were used in order to obtain more accurate pattern interventions. Conclusion: The WISN method proved to be suitable to determine staffing requirements, providing evidence on staffing in each department. However, in order to apply the WISN method it is necessary to have complete and systematically organized statistical data of the workers workloads and the setting. The results showed a general view of the nursing interventions/activities in outpatient departments, as well as the distribution during workload, which may suggest the review of some nursing protocols in order to improve the patients assistance. The time standards found in this study may be reference to measure the nursing staffing requirements and to apply the WISN method, promoting discussions and critical thinking on providing oncology patients with safe and high quality assistance in the outpatient facility.

Introdução: As repercussões causadas pelo diagnóstico de câncer na vida de uma criança ou adolescente vão além dos danos físicos diretamente relacionados ao tratamento. O medo, a dor e a incerteza relacionada à cura passam a fazer parte de sua vida e de sua família e as desestruturações na rotina familiar pelas constantes idas ao hospital, pelo afastamento da escola, assim como pelos diversos efeitos que o tratamento traz, alteram a qualidade de vida desses indivíduos. Os profissionais de saúde, destacando-se aqui a enfermagem, devem estar atentos para essas alterações, a fim de planejar e executar uma assistência eficiente e promotora de bem estar. Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida (QV) e o impacto do tratamento em crianças e adolescentes com câncer, mediante aplicação dos inventários PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scale e PedsQL 3.0 Cancer Module. Material e métodos: Estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado com 215 crianças e adolescentes brasileiros e seus cuidadores, com idade entre dois e 18 anos e tempo de tratamento entre um e 12 meses. Para avaliação da QV geral, utilizou-se o inventário PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core; já para análise do impacto do tratamento, o inventário utilizado foi PedsQL 3.0 Cancer Module, ambos traduzidos para o Brasil. Para análise estatística, utilizou-se a média para o cálculo dos escores dos domínios, conforme orientação dos autores do instrumento e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, teste t-Student e teste de correlação de Pearson para as demais análises. Resultados: Na avaliação do escore total (escala de 0 a 100), as crianças e adolescentes atingiram escore de 72,91 e seus cuidadores, 66,86. Analisando-se os domínios para os pacientes, notou-se que o de maior impacto foi o de preocupações (56,79) e o de menor, a ansiedade frente ao tratamento (83,23). Já na visão dos cuidadores, esse domínio foi o de maior impacto (57,14) e o de menor, o de dor e ferimentos (74,57). As crianças e adolescentes, de forma geral, avaliaram, em relação aos cuidadores, maiores escores em 7 dos 9 domínios analisados. Também se observou diferenças nas avaliações de acordo com a faixa etária. Notou-se nos resultados que o nível de concordância entre as avaliações variou de acordo com a faixa etária estudada e o domínio analisado. Conclusão: A avaliação de qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde das crianças e adolescentes deve ser usada como desfecho primário, sempre que possível, mas sugere-se que se aprecie, também, o ponto de vista dos cuidadores, pois se torna meio para observações mais acuradas e para planejamento de intervenções mais eficazes e efetivas. / Introduction: The impact caused by the cancer diagnosis in the life of a child or teenager goes beyond the physical damage directly related to treatment. The fear, pain and uncertainty about the cure become part of his life and his family and deconstructed the familiar routine by constant trips to the hospital, the remoteness of the school, as well as the various effects that the treatment brings, change the quality of life of individuals. Health professionals, especially nurses, should be alert to these changes in order to plan and execute an efficient assistance and promoting wellness. Aim: To assess the quality of life (QOL) and the impact of treatment in children and adolescents with cancer through the application of inventories PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scale and PedsQL 3.0 Cancer Module. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted with 215 children and adolescents and their caregivers, aged between two and 18 years and duration of treatment between one and 12 months. To assess the overall QoL, we used the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core inventory, while for analysis of the impact of treatment, the inventory was used PedsQL 3.0 Cancer Module, both translated into Brazil. Statistical analysis was used to calculate the average of domain scores, as recommended by the authors of the instrument and the intraclass correlation coefficient, t-Student test and Pearson correlation test for the remaining analyzes. Results: In the evaluation of the total score (scale of 0 to 100), children and adolescents reached a score of 72.91 and their caregivers, 66.86. Analyzing areas for patients, it was noted that the greatest impact was of concern (56.79) and lower the anxiety during treatment (83.23). In the view of caregivers, this area was the highest impact (57.14) and the least, the pain and injuries (74.57). Children and adolescents, in general, assessed in relation to carers, higher scores in seven of the nine areas analyzed. It also observed differences in ratings according to age. It was noted in the results that the level of agreement between evaluations varied according to age group studied and analyzed field. Conclusion: The assessment of quality of life related to health of children and adolescents should be used as the primary outcome, whenever possible, but it is suggested that to appreciate also the view of caregivers, because it becomes a means of observations more accurate and to plan interventions more efficient and effective.

Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, que teve como objetivos buscar e sintetizar as evidências disponíveis na literatura científica relacionado aos fatores de risco alimentares para o câncer colorretal; categorizar os aspectos relacionados aos fatores de risco alimentares levantados e; selecionar as recomendações em educação em saúde especifica para promoção e prevenção para o câncer colorretal, aliada a uma alimentação saudável. Para a seleção dos estudos, foram consultadas as bases de dados LILACS, PUBMED, CINAHL e COCHRANE Library e a amostra constituiu-se de 26 estudos. Foram identificados 21 estudos (80,8%) indexados na base de dados PUBMED e 5 estudos (19,2%) na COCHRANE Library. Houve uma prevalência de 16 estudos (61,5%) com nível de evidência 2 e 10 estudos (38,5%) com nível de evidência 1. Após a análise dos aspectos abordados nestes artigos, reuniu-se em 4 categorias temáticas com a abordagem dos seguintes aspectos: 1- o consumo de carnes e os fatores de risco para câncer colorretal, composta por 6 estudos (23,1%); 2- ácido fólico, fibras, ?-tocoferol e ?-caroteno e os fatores de risco para câncer colorretal, com 6 estudos (23,1%); 3- os fatores de risco associados a suplementação pelo cálcio e vitamina D, com 8 estudos (30,7%); 4- baixo índice glicêmico e de gordura, aumento do consumo de frutas, vegetais e simbióticos como redutores do risco de câncer colorretal, com 6 estudos (23,1%). Na categoria 1 as metanálises encontraram associações de que a ingestão de carne vermelha está relacionada com o aumento do risco para câncer colorretal em 28% a 35%, enquanto que a carne processada está associada com o risco elevado de 20% a 49%. Na categoria 2, as evidências encontradas sobre a suplementação por ácido fólico, antioxidantes e fibras não demonstram segurança em seus dados, uma vez que sugerem a necessidade de mais estudos aprofundados sobre a temática em questão. Quanto a categoria 3, conclui de forma convincente que o alto consumo de cálcio reduz o risco para o câncer colorretal em 45% e quando associado a vitamina D oferece um efeito quimioprotetor ao intervir na carcinogênese colorretal. A categoria 4, encontrou-se uma associação entre o índice e a taxa glicêmicos com o risco para o câncer colorretal, houve uma moderada redução no risco de câncer colorretal associado ao alto consumo de vegetais e frutas, a redução do consumo de gorduras e aumento consumo de frutas e vegetais não reduziu o risco para câncer colorretal invasivo durante o período de seguimento, a intervenção simbiótica não pode afirmar sobre o seu efeito protetor para o câncer colorretal. As recomendações presentes nesta revisão integrativa almejam a promoção e prevenção aos fatores de risco para o câncer colorretal, uma vez que a enfermagem destaca-se como forte agente capaz de estimular a adoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis, além de oferecer embasamento nutricional juntamente com os demais profissionais da equipe de saúde. / It is an integrative literature review, which aimed to search and synthesize the available evidence in the scientific literature related to dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer; to characterize the the aspects related to risk factors and food surveyed; select the recommendations in health education specific to promotion and prevention of colorectal cancer, combined with a healthy diet. For the studies\' selection were consulted the databases LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane Library, and the sample consisted of 26 studies. It was identified 21 studies (80.8%) indexed in the databases PUBMED and five studies (19.2%) in the Cochrane Library. There was a prevalence of 16 studies (61.5%) with level of evidence 2 and 10 studies (38.5%) with a level of evidence 1. After analyzing the issues addressed in these articles, and were grouped in four themes with the approach of the following: 1- the consumption of meat and the risk factors for colorectal cancer, consisting of six studies (23.1%); 2- folic acid, fiber, ?-tocopherol and ?-carotene and the risk factors for colorectal cancer, 6 studies (23.1%); 3- the risk factors associated with supplementation with calcium and vitamin D, with 8 studies (30.7%); 4- low glycemic index and fat, increased consumption of fruits, vegetables and symbiotic as reducing the risk of colorectal cancer, 6 studies (23.1%). In the category 1, the meta-analysis found that the associations of intake of red meat is related with increased risk for colorectal cancer by 28% to 35%, while the processed meat is associated with increased risk of 20% to 49%. In the category 2, the evidence found on the supplementation of folic acid, antioxidants and fiber do not demonstrate safety of your data, since they suggest the need for more detailed studies on the topic in question. In the category 3, the conclusion was convincingly that high calcium intake reduces the risk for colorectal cancer by 45% and when combined with vitamin D offers a chemoprotective effect by intervening in colorectal carcinogenesis. The fourth category, it was found an association between glycemic index and rate the risk for colorectal cancer, there was a moderate reduction in risk of colorectal cancer associated with high intake of fruits and vegetables, reducing fat intake and increased consumption fruits and vegetables did not reduce the risk to invasive colorectal cancer during the following period, the symbiotic action can not be guaranteed about the protective effect for colorectal cancer. The recommendations in this integrative review aimed the promotion and prevention of the risk factors\' colorectal cancer, since that nursing stands out as a strong agent able to stimulate the adoption of healthy eating habits, and in addition provides nutrition knowledge with other professionals of the health team.