Background: Self-assessment is widely used across the health professions for a variety of purposes, including appraisal, CPD and revalidation. Despite numerous reported short-comings, the use of self-assessment is increasing, frequently on the requirements of regulatory bodies. Traditionally it has been a paper exercise, but in recent years self-assessment has appeared in electronic portfolios – a medium often used to collate assessments and other educational requirements. This thesis evaluates the effectiveness of self-assessment, in particular delivered via an e-portfolio, to determine if it: ? Improves the accuracy of perception of learning needs ? Promotes appropriate change in learner activity ? Improves clinical practice Methods: This thesis is comprised of two systematic reviews and a case study. The first of two systematic reviews examines the evidence for effectiveness of self-assessment in the three research questions. The second evaluates the effectiveness of portfolios as a medium for postgraduate healthcare education. Both reviews are notable in that they employ systematic review methodology on non-clinical questions and amalgamate quantitative and qualitative data. The final research component is an exploratory case study that tests the questions against a large data set (an entire training year of Scottish Foundation doctors) collated by the NHS ePortfolio. The case study provided the opportunity to separate groups of self-assessors identified by the literature, and compare the groups’ self-scores against those of their supervisors and peers in the first and final post rotations; additionally, the groups’ behaviour was matched against the literature for related educational activities recorded by the ePortfolio such as personal development planning. The case study also allowed the medium of e-portfolios to be itself evaluated in practice as an educational infrastructure. Through the comprehensive and iterative examination of the large dataset it became apparent that quantitative analysis was of limited value and qualitative analysis of elicited the richness on the data in context. Results: With both reviews, the original research questions were unable to be fully answered due to the paucity of evidence of sufficient quality; however, both did discover relevant related evidence. The self-assessment review found competent practitioners are the best able to self-assess whilst the least competent are the least able to self-assess. Peer assessment was found to be more accurate than self and better aligns with faculty/supervisor assessment. Feedback and benchmarking can improve self-assessment accuracy, especially for the most competent, and video can be seen to enhance this. There is no conclusive evidence that gender or culture effect self-assessment ability. Practical skills are better self-assessed than knowledge-based or “soft” skills. The portfolio review found summative assessment reliability improved with multiple raters and discussion between the raters. Evidence on whether portfolio use aided reflection was mixed, possibly because it was dependent on individual conditions. The engagement and support of supervisors is key to portfolios being used properly, and there is some evidence portfolio learners are less passive then non-users. The time required to effectively use a portfolio is rarely considered. Although many of the literature’s findings were born out by the case study, the data also revealed (often by omission) many flaws in the use of self-assessment and related activities, many of which can be ascribed to the training year examined Much of the qualitative examination of text corresponded with the wider literature with low self-raters being over-critical of their often superior skills and high self-raters being over confident. However, there was some dissonance with the literature in the final component in that supervisor scoring conflicted with expectations whilst there text comments continued to match the literature. Conclusions: Assessment in post-graduate health care is high stakes and resource-intensive. Self-assessment, and its use within an electronic portfolio, is demonstrated to have enormous potential if properly implemented.

This project explores the building of a positive and engaging online virtual community on a mobile platform to better support experiencers of chronic mental conditions such as anxiety, depression, eating disorders, and learning disabilities. The research aims to answer two questions: how to build such a community and whether different conditions require different communities and have different needs in peer-to-peer online health platforms. The design concept builds upon previous studies of engagement and connection correlating with “positive psychosocial outcomes”, and the rise of online healthcare. This paper describes the design process, explains the reasoning behind the design decisions, and showcases the resulting mobile platform prototype. Outcomes from this exploration contribute to the field of interaction design in furthering understanding in both designing workshops for more sensitive and personal demographics, and in building the beginnings of a supportive online virtual community.

The sharing economy, or collaborative consumption, refers to peer-to-peer sharing of goods and services coordinated through a commercialized or community-based online platform. Collaborative consumption platforms are used for sharing of our under-used assets, e.g. our homes, tools, and vehicles, and can bring social communities together. Through sharing we use our resources more effectively, and contribute towards a more sustainable lifestyle. Hoffice was started in 2013 in Stockholm and promotes the concept of working for free in the homes of others, and is getting a lot of attention around the world. This nonprofit network helps people arrange home offices, where hosts share their residence with people who, through Facebook, can reserve a seat for the day. The purpose of these work events is to create free workspaces, with the possibilities for social, structured and disciplined environments, while allowing individuals to benefit from the support and intelligence of others. This research aims to study the hosts in the Hoffice network, to find ways to explain the key driving values, as well as barriers, and apply it to a tailored platform in order to motivate more people to host work events. The central research question is furthermore How could well adapted social platforms increase motivation for people to engage in the collaborative consumption as exemplified by Hoffice? Six semi-structured interviews with past host from year 2014-2015 were conducted to gain qualitative answers about how an online platform can be developed in order to motivate Hoffice members to become hosts. The questions were divided into three different sections; Background, About Hoffice, and Online platform. Observations were performed with a purpose of understanding the structure of a Hoffice event, and to gain a better understanding of the users needs and behaviors. After a first version of a prototype was developed, evaluations and user tests were completed with the interviewees and the founder of Hoffice. Results show that communication, offline and online, is important when people engage in collaborative consumptions, and Facebook has a great impact on people when communicating and spreading information. Although Facebook has some weaknesses when it comes to planning and inviting people to events due to their restrictions and functionalities. Also, when using Facebook for a sharing service, the users are forced to have a Facebook account to partake. All services that involve sharing should consider and support geographical location features. Moreover, to show appreciation is important. People find motivation from feeling liked and appreciated, and want to feel that their contribution is making a positive impact on other people's lives. Finally, it is important to have clear rules and guidelines for monitoring member’s behavior, otherwise uncertainties and dissatisfaction will occur. / Delande ekonomin, eller gemensam konsumtion, hänvisar till peer-to-peer-delning av varor och tjänster som samordnas genom en kommersialiserad eller samhällsbaserad online-plattform. Plattformar för gemensam konsumtion används för delning av våra underutnyttjade tillgångar, t.ex. våra hem, verktyg och fordon, och kan skapa sociala gemenskaper. Genom att dela använder vi våra resurser mer effektivt och bidrar till en mer hållbar livsstil. Hoffice startades 2013 i Stockholm och främjar gratis arbetsplatser i hemmen, och har fått stor uppmärksamhet runt om i världen. Detta ideella nätverk hjälper människor anordna hemmakontor, där värdar delar deras bostad med människor, som genom Facebook kan reservera en plats för dagen. Syftet är att skapa gratis arbetsytor, med möjligheter för sociala, strukturella och disciplinerade miljöer, samtidigt som individer drar nytta av stöd och intelligens från andra. Denna forsknings syfte är att studera värdarna i Hoffice nätverket, för att hitta sätt att förklara de viktigaste drivkrafterna, liksom hinder, och tillämpa det på en skräddarsydd plattform för att motivera fler människor att vara värd. Den centrala frågeställningen är dessutom, Hur kan välanpassade sociala plattformar öka motivationen för människor att engagera sig i kollaborativ konsumtion som exemplifieras av Hoffice? Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med tidigare värdar från år 2014-2015 genomfördes för att få kvalitativa svar om hur en plattform online kan utvecklas för att motivera Hoffice medlemmar att bli värdar. Frågorna delades in i tre olika sektioner; Bakgrund, Om Hoffice, och Online-plattform. Observationer utfördes med ett syfte att förstå strukturen hos en Hoffice-arbetsdag, och för att få en bättre förståelse av användarnas behov och beteenden. Efter att en första version av en prototyp tagits fram utfördes utvärderingar och användartester. Resultaten visar att kommunikation, både offline och online, är viktigt när människor engagerar sig i kollaborativ konsumtion, och Facebook har en stor inverkan på människor vid kommunikation och spridning av information. Facebook har dock vissa brister när det gäller att planera och bjuda in folk till evenemang på grund av sina begränsningar och funktioner. När man använder Facebook för en delningstjänst tvingas användarna även ha ett Facebook-konto för att delta. Alla tjänster som innebär att dela bör överväga och stödja geografiska platsfunktioner. Dessutom, att visa uppskattning är viktig. Folk motiveras av känslan från uppskattning, och vill känna att deras bidrag gör en positiv inverkan på andra människors liv eller situation. Slutligen är det viktigt att ha tydliga regler och riktlinjer för övervakning av medlemmars beteenden, annars kommer osäkerhet och missnöje att inträffa.

La tendencia y la incertidumbre en la compra por internet están cambiando. En el 2019 se registró que cerca de 6 millones de peruanos realizan compras por internet, eso representa el 24% de la población que va en aumento más aún por la crisis generada por la llega del coronavirus que ha motivado a que muchas empresas empiezan a cambiar su proceso de ventas adecuando su modelo de negocio a la nueva forma de consumo de las personas. Asimismo, en Perú la micro y pequeña empresa supera el 95% del total, según estudio de “Brechas para el emprendimiento del Observatorio de la Alianza del Pacífico”. Dado este contexto, surge Disclothes un startup peruano con una visión innovadora enfocado en promover el reconocimiento de marcas peruanas mediante la venta de sus prendas a través de nuestra plataforma online. Nuestro objetivo es impulsar y dar visibilidad a marcas peruanas para que logren sobresalir en el mercado, tengan la oportunidad de incursionar en la venta online y así aumentar sus ventas. Asimismo, facilitar la búsqueda y compra de prendas de macas de peruanas en los clientes, lograr una experiencia de compra online eficiente. El segmento de clientes que sigue Disclothes son hombres y mujeres de 18 a 35 años pertenecientes al NSE A, B Y C que vivan en Lima Metropolitana, se preocupen por su apariencia e inviertan en compras de prendas por el canal online cubriendo un tamaño de mercado real de 49,298 y un tamaño de mercado potencial de 217,419 personas Asimismo, se pudo validar que los consumidores peruanos tienen un alto grado de dificultad en encontrar diseños de ropa de marcas locales en una plataforma web, volviéndose difícil la compra. Además, manifestaron su voluntad por comprar marcas locales, sin embargo, debe poder manejar políticas de seguridad, llevar eficientemente sus procesos siendo indispensable la confianza de compra que brinda la plataforma donde se lleva a cabo las operaciones de búsqueda y compra. Frente a esto el equipo ha desarrollado, presupuestos en áreas de marketing, responsabilidad social empresarial operaciones y recursos humanos con actividades que nos permitirá ofrecer una experiencia de compra online optima en los usuarios de Diclothes. Finalmente se estimó que el valor que tiene Disclothes es de S/407,713.12. / The trend and uncertainty in online shopping are changing. In 2019, it was recorded that nearly 6 million Peruvians make purchases online, that represents 24% of the population that is increasing even more due to the crisis caused by the arrival of the coronavirus that has motivated many companies to start changing its sales process adapting its business model to the new way of consuming people. Likewise, in Peru, micro and small companies exceed 95% of the total, according to a study on “Gaps for Entrepreneurship of the Observatory of the Pacific Alliance”. Given this context, Disclothes emerges a Peruvian startup with an innovative vision focused on promoting the recognition of Peruvian brands through the sale of their garments through our online platform. Our objective is to promote and give visibility to Peruvian brands so that they can excel in the market, have the opportunity to venture into online sales and thus increase their sales. Also, facilitate the search and purchase of Peruvian brands garments in customers, achieve an efficient online shopping experience. The client segment that Disclothes follows is men and women from 18 to 35 years old belonging to the NSE A, BYC who live in Metropolitan Lima, care about their appearance and invest in clothing purchases through the online channel, covering a real market size of 49,298 and a potential market size of 217,419 people Likewise, it was validated that Peruvian consumers have a high degree of difficulty in finding clothing designs from local brands on a web platform, making it difficult to purchase. In addition, they expressed their willingness to buy local brands, however, they must be able to manage security policies, efficiently carry out their processes, and the purchase trust provided by the platform where search and purchase operations are carried out is essential. Faced with this, the team has developed budgets in the areas of marketing, corporate social responsibility, operations and human resources with activities that will allow us to offer an optimal online shopping experience for Diclothes users. Finally, it was estimated that the value of Disclothes is S / 407,713.12. / Trabajo de investigación

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第24867号 / 経博第674号 / 新制||経||304(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 原 良憲, 教授 山田 仁一郎, 准教授 WANG Tao / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais têm como um dos objetivos gerais para o ensino fundamental que os estudantes sejam capazes de `saber utilizar diferentes fontes de informação e recursos tecnológicos para adquirir e construir conhecimentos (BRASIL, 1997, p. 69). Considerando essa premissa e a necessidade da utilização das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação no cotidiano social, a educação também tem sido alvo de soluções de cunho tecnológico, que podem fornecer materiais de referência para professores e alunos pela utilização das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação e pelo desenvolvimento de um trabalho reflexivo sobre a linguagem digital. Nesse sentido, este estudo justifica-se pela necessidade de trabalhar as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação nos ambientes escolares e, mais precisamente, com a linguagem digital. O objetivo da pesquisa é fazer um levantamento das características da plataforma online Currículo+ com relação aos conceitos de Hipertextualidade, Interatividade e Usabilidade e apontar alguns fatores que possam auxiliar os professores na utilização dessa plataforma no que diz respeito à Língua Portuguesa. Como fundamentação teórica, utilizam-se os estudos sobre o uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação no ambiente escolar, bem como estudos sobre as concepções de linguagem que podem auxiliar o embasamento teórico para o uso da linguagem digital. Em seguida são utilizados os estudos sobre algumas características das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação como a Hipertextualidade, Interatividade e Usabilidade. Os resultados demonstraram que a plataforma Currículo+ pode se tornar uma importante ferramenta de auxílio para o professor de Língua Portuguesa. Entretanto, também apontam para a necessidade de observar a qualidade dos recursos digitais disponíveis, para que o recurso auxilie de fato a aprendizagem. / The National Curriculum Parameters have as one of the general objectives for elementary school students to be able to `know how to use different sources of information and technological resources to acquire and build knowledge (BRAZIL, 1997, p. 69). Given this premise and the emergence of the use of information and communication technologies in everyday social life, education has also been the target of technological nature solutions, which can provide reference materials for teachers and students through the use of Information and Communication Technologies and the development of a reflective work on digital language. In this way, this study is justified by the need of working the Information and Communication Technologies in school environments and, more precisely, with the digital language. The objective of the research is to survey the online platform features Curriculum + with respect to the concepts of Hypertextuality, Usability and Interactivity and point out some factors that can assist teachers in the use of this platform with regard to Portuguese. As a theoretical basis, the studies on the use of Information and Communication Technologies in the school environment are used, as well as studies on the language concepts that can help the theoretical basis for the use of digital language. Then studies on some characteristics of the Information and Communication Technologies are used as Hypertextuality, Usability and Interactivity. The results showed that the Currículo+ platform can become an important support tool for the Portuguese teacher. However, they also point to the need of observing the quality of digital resources available so that the resource really assists the learning process.

En la actualidad el sector de la moda ha logrado posicionarse con mayor fuerza e importancia en el mundo y en el Perú. Esto se puede reforzar con lo que menciona Perú Retail en su plataforma web, la cual afirma que el mercado de moda podría llegar a mover unos US$ 1,326 millnes (Euromonitor International). Asimismo, es importante reconocer el rol importante que desempeñan los usuarios que deciden reinventarse ofreciendo prendas de segundo uso siguiendo los estándares de calidad, este fenómeno es conocido como el negocio de ropa de segunda mano. El presente proyecto se basa en la propuesta de una plataforma web intermediaria entre usuarios que poseen ropa o accesorios sin uso en buena calidad y clientes interesados en adquirir productos de moda con precios accesibles generando un proceso denominado economía circular. De esta forma, se evaluar la viabilidad operativa y económica de la venta de ropa y accesorios de segundo uso a través de la plataforma “Wara”. El internet y el avance en la tecnología permite optimizar las operaciones llevadas a cabo durante los diferentes procesos debido a que nuestras plataformas esenciales de venta son las redes sociales. El alcance mundial a través de canales on-line y la coyuntura actual son factores de oportunidad para implementar un negocio electrónico. La propagación del virus COVID 19 y la implementación de cuarentenas o estados de emergencia en diferentes países del mundo ha generado que las personas confinadas realicen prácticas de remodelación de dormitorios, guardar objetos sin uso pero sobretodo la limpieza de armarios. Ante ello, las personas a nivel mundial y nacional con la finalidad de obtener ingresos realizan este tipo de venta organica. Es importante señalar el crecimiento potencial y constante que muestra el mercado de reventa de moda, el cual se calcula un crecimiento de 20 veces más rápido que el mercado minorista peruano en los últimos tres años, según los índices de la investigación de Global Data para el Informe de la Segunda Mano 2019 (Perú Retail, 2019). Asocian este modelo de negocio con el impacto ambiental, el cual ha tomado mayor relevancia los últimos años. Es por este motivo, que se encontró potencial para el desarrollo de Wara, empresa que busca el bienestar social y medioambiental aportando significativamente con responsabilidad ante la realidad en la que se encuentra el planeta. / Currently the fashion sector has managed to position itself with greater strength and importance in the world and in Peru. This can be reinforced because Peru Retail (2019) mentions on its web platform that the fashion market could move around US $ 1,326 million (Euromonitor International). Likewise, it is important to recognize the important role played by users who decide to reinvent themselves by offering second-hand clothing following quality standards, this phenomenon is known as the second-hand clothing business. This project is based on the proposal of an intermediary web platform between users who have unused clothes or accessories in good quality and clients interested in acquiring fashion products with affordable prices, generating a process called circular economy. In this way, the operational and economic viability of the sale of second-use clothing and accessories through the “Wara” platform will be evaluated. The internet and the advancement in technology allow us to optimize the operations carried out during the different processes because our essential sales platforms are social networks. The global reach through online channels and the current situation are opportunity factors to implement an electronic business. The spread of the COVID 19 virus and the implementation of quarantines or states of emergency in different countries of the world have led to the confined people to carry out bedroom remodeling practices, store unused objects, but above all, closet cleaning. Given this, people worldwide and nationally in order to earn income carry out this type of organic sale. It is important to note the potential and constant growth shown by the fashion resale market, which is estimated to grow 20 times faster than the Peruvian retail market in the last three years, according to Global Data research indices for the Second Hand Report 2019 (Peru Retail, 2019). They associate this business model with the environmental impact, which has become more relevant in recent years. Regarding the financial structure of the project, it is essential to mention that the investment required to start operations is S / .6,029.24 and a financing of S / .50,000 to cover expenses and costs during the following operational years. The current situation does not allow the business model to be profitable due to the different limitations, which is why it does not show net profit in the projected 3 years. / Trabajo de investigación

Im E-Learning-Bereich gewinnt die technische Anforderung, mit mobilen Endgeräten auf Lerninhalte zugreifen zu können, zunehmend an Bedeutung. Ein zentraler Online-Speicherort, von dem die Inhalte – optimiert für das jeweilige Endgerät – bereitgestellt und verändert werden können, ist zur Erfüllung dieser Anforderung elementar. (...)

2Store is an online platform for Storage in Taipei, our business model is based in peer to peer network, we will be connecting people who need a space to storage their belongings (Renters) and people with empty space in their house and willing to gain an extra revenue renting their space for storage (Hosts), 2Store will aggregate independent service providers. In fact, one of the key characteristics of 2Store is that Hosts and Renters can set the characteristics of the service that they want. For example, size, location, conditions of the place, security, insurance etc. therefore users of the service can adjust the service according to their requirements. 2Store online platform will charge host and renters a commission fee as a broker, therefore 2Store doesn’t require to invest in real estate or warehouses, our operating cost are relatively low compared with the competitors in the storage business, this convert 2Store in an attractive and innovative business model. Taipei have more than six companies involved in the storage business with about 12 warehouses and 44,000 mini warehouses. We also have analyzed the more than 2,7 million of persons in Taipei as our target market and the attraction of Taiwanese for new technologies and similar business models like Airbnb and Uber makes us believe that we have an opportunity of start operations in Taipei.

本研究為創業計畫，以共享經濟為商業模式基礎，發展食酷獨立廚師共享平台網站。並藉爬梳文獻與過往研究，以此解決研究者在執行本專案時所遭遇到的困境，此外，將藉由商業企劃書(BP)帶領讀者快速進入本研究及策略面，最後將相關執行狀態、網站介面、行銷成果呈現於本研究中，並給予未來有志創業的夥伴作為參考。 本研究可以發現創業是一個變動的過程，隨著實際執行與環境改變，會發現有許多困境在路上阻礙團隊前行，尤其對多數想以全新商業模式進入市場的新創來說，為了使企業存活，初衷與最終企業走向可能會是完全不同的。 對平台創業來說，最大的問題常常是蛋生雞與雞生蛋的問題，需要時刻思考應該先培養消費者還是服務提供者。若要求供應者更多商品或時間時，若沒有足夠的消費力，則會造成生產者的損失；若平台中商品選項與種類較少的話，也無法滿足消費者需求。不論先有雞或蛋，如果只靠平台辛勤推動，而實際市場對平台商品並無興趣或必須的話，平台的成長速度將相當緩慢。 另由消費者層面來說，當理念與消費者固有習慣不同時，企業應該應該堅持自己的道路，抑或是針對市場環境作出相應的調整呢？而這樣的調整會不會損害到原本創業初衷？為剖析當中關鍵與決策過程，本研究以商業企劃書為基礎，加入後續執行情境與記錄，希望讓讀者可以了解並思考食酷團隊在面對情境時的解決方式與邏輯，並成為來研究者或餐飲創業者成長的養分。