Le but essentiel de la thèse est de développer une ontologie juridique bien fondée pour l'utiliser dans le raisonnement à base des règles. Pour cela, une approche middle-out, collaborative et modulaire est proposée ou des ontologies fondationnelles et core ont été réutilisées pour simplifier le développement de l'ontologie. L’ontologie résultante est adoptée dans une approche homogène a base des ontologies pour formaliser la liste des règles juridiques du code pénal en utilisant le langage logique SWRL. / This thesis analyses the problem of building well-founded domain ontologies for reasoning and decision support purposes. Specifically, it discusses the building of legal ontologies for rule-based reasoning. In fact, building well-founded legal domain ontologies is considered as a difficult and complex process due to the complexity of the legal domain and the lack of methodologies. For this purpose, a novel middle-out approach called MIROCL is proposed. MIROCL tends to enhance the building process of well-founded domain ontologies by incorporating several support processes such as reuse, modularization, integration and learning. MIROCL is a novel modular middle-out approach for building well-founded domain ontologies. By applying the modularization process, a multi-layered modular architecture of the ontology is outlined. Thus, the intended ontology will be composed of four modules located at different abstraction levels. These modules are, from the most abstract to the most specific, UOM(Upper Ontology Module), COM(Core Ontology Module), DOM(Domain Ontology Module) and DSOM(Domain-Specific Ontology Module). The middle-out strategy is composed of two complementary strategies: top-down and bottom-up. The top-down tends to apply ODCM (Ontology-Driven Conceptual Modeling) and ontology reuse starting from the most abstract categories for building UOM and COM. Meanwhile, the bottom-up starts from textual resources, by applying ontology learning process, in order to extract the most specific categories for building DOM and DSOM. After building the different modules, an integration process is performed for composing the whole ontology. The MIROCL approach is applied in the criminal domain for modeling legal norms. A well-founded legal domain ontology called CriMOnto (Criminal Modular Ontology) is obtained. Therefore, CriMOnto has been used for modeling the procedural aspect of the legal norms by the integration with a logic rule language (SWRL). Finally, an hybrid approach is applied for building a rule-based system called CORBS. This system is grounded on CriMOnto and the set of formalized rules.

Ce mémoire porte sur l'utilisation des ontologies dans les systèmes de recherche d'information SRI dédiés à des domaines particuliers. Il se base sur une approche à deux niveaux, à savoir la formulation et la recommandation des requêtes. La formulation consiste à assister l'utilisateur dans l'expression de sa requête en se basant sur des concepts et des propriétés de l'ontologie de domaine utilisée. La recommandation consiste à proposer des résultats de recherche en utilisant la méthode du raisonnement à partir de cas. Dans cette méthode, une nouvelle requête est considérée comme un nouveau cas.La résolution de ce nouveau cas consiste à réutiliser les anciens cas similaires qui ne sont que des requêtes traitées auparavant. Afin de valider l'approche proposée, un système OntoCBRIR a été développé et un ensemble d'expérimentations a été élaboré. Enfin, les perspectives de recherche concluent le présent rapport. / This thesis study the using of ontologies in information retrieval systemdedicated to a specific domain. For that we propose a two-level approach to deal with i) the query formulation that assists the user in selecting concepts and properties of the used ontology ; ii) the query recommendation that uses the case-based reasoning method, where a new query is considered as a new case. Solving a new case consists of reusing similar cases from the history of the previous similar cases already processed. For the validation of the proposed approaches, a system was developed and a set of computational experimentations was made. Finally, research perspectives conclude that this present report.

Peut-on rendre compte des batailles identitaires et territoriales que révèle la globalisation des ressources et des marchés, en décrivant comment une plante cultivée depuis plusieurs siècles en Amazonie brésilienne se transforme en plante « sauvage » ou, à l’opposé, en plante « technologique » ? La thèse explore, dans un contexte de transition écologique et de critique du paradigme agricole moderniste, les expressions et les enjeux locaux de ce basculement socio-environnemental, en s’intéressant aux relations qui se tissent entre des hommes et une plante emblématique de la région, le guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). En croisant les regards sur quatre projets distincts de valorisation de cette plante énergisante, elle interroge aussi la manière dont des populations amazoniennes se saisissent de ce contexte mouvant et innovent pour négocier leur rapport à la modernité, à la croisée de filières mondialisées et d’un territoire, le Bas-Amazonas, où la plante est historiquement inscrite. Dans le sillage de l’école interdisciplinaire des humanités environnementales, notre travail aborde le guaraná comme un acteur des projets étudiés. Il combine des enquêtes ethnobotaniques à une approche socio-anthropologique inspirée des science studies, pour rendre compte des expériences locales de la plante et des multiples formes que prend l’innovation dans une région longtemps restée à l’écart des dynamiques de développement. En abordant la plante au prisme du concept d’ontologie, nous montrons que coexistent aujourd’hui dans le Bas-Amazonas plusieurs guaranás, définis et façonnés par de multiples ingrédients : des ressources biologiques, des pratiques, des techniques, des savoirs, des représentations, des projets de valorisation et des règles de droits. Loin de représenter différents points de vue sur une même plante, ces « guaranás » sont des plantes distinctes. Ils incarnent les frictions entre différents mondes dont les réseaux plus ou moins étendus s’entrecroisent et cherchent à s’ancrer dans le territoire, pour s’imposer aux autres, pour leur résister, ou inventer de nouvelles représentations du développement territorial. / Can we account for the identity and territorial struggles the globalization of markets and resources reveals, by describing how a plant cultivated for several centuries in the Brazilian Amazon, turns into a « wild » plant or, conversely, into a « technology »? In a context of ecological transition and criticism of the modernist agricultural paradigm, the thesis explores the local expressions and stakes of this socio-environmental shift, focusing on the relationships that form between men and an emblematic plant of the region, guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). Considering four distinct projects which promote this energetic plant, it also questions the way Amazonian populations seize this changing context, and innovate in order to negotiate their relationship to modernity, at the crossroads of globalized value chains and of a territory, the Lower Amazonas, where the plant is historically rooted. In the wake of the environmental humanities interdisciplinary stream, our work contemplates guaraná as an actor of the projects studied. We combine ethnobotanical surveys with a socio-anthropological approach inspired by science studies, to portray local experiences of the plant and the multiple forms innovation can take in a region long shelved from the dynamics of development. By approaching the plant through the concept of ontology, we show that that several guaranas coexist today in the Lower Amazonas, defined by several ingredients: biological resources, practices, techniques, knowledge, representations, valuation projects and rules. Far from representing different points of view on the same plant, these "guaranás" are distinct plants. They embody the frictions between different worlds whose more or less extensive networks intersect and seek to anchor themselves in the territory, in order to impose themselves on others, to resist them, or to invent new representations of territorial development.

Submitted by Lukas Riehl Figueiredo null (lukas_rf@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-05T16:44:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-Lukas-Riehl-Figueiredo.pdf: 2667513 bytes, checksum: ea70d94af0366189c71508909d5f3ba7 (MD5) / Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: Problema 01) Na folha de aprovação deve constar a data(dia, mês e ano) da defesa, no seu arquivo está somente o ano. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no repositório deve ser igual ao impresso, o rigor com o padrão da Universidade se deve ao fato de que o seu trabalho passará a ser visível mundialmente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-06-06T15:51:03Z (GMT) / Submitted by Lukas Riehl Figueiredo null (lukas_rf@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-06T21:57:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-Lukas-VF.pdf: 2667598 bytes, checksum: 032e5b83677ed9c2b780bd1c8401aa2e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-06-08T13:33:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 figueiredo_lr_me_sjrp.pdf: 2667598 bytes, checksum: 032e5b83677ed9c2b780bd1c8401aa2e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-08T13:33:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 figueiredo_lr_me_sjrp.pdf: 2667598 bytes, checksum: 032e5b83677ed9c2b780bd1c8401aa2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-01 / Modelos de processos de negócio têm sido utilizados em ambientes organizacionais para o entendimento da cadeia de processos, visando melhorias técnicas, gerenciais e estratégicas. Esses modelos abrangem variadas informações sobre os recursos utilizados e interações entre diferentes setores e pessoas, evidenciando interdependências entre os processos. Contudo, esses modelos podem apresentar problemas de legibilidade e dificuldades de navegação à medida em que se tornam extensos. A representação do conhecimento implícito é complexa e não está padronizada; as interdependências nem sempre são fáceis de serem compreendidas. O uso de ontologias tem aberto uma perspectiva complementar para mitigar esses problemas e prover processos com semânticas acessíveis por máquina. As ontologias contribuem para a conceituação e organização da informação embutida e desestruturada que se encontra presente nos processos de negócio e que deve ser explorada. As ontologias são utilizadas para estruturar o conhecimento implícito que está presente nos processos de negócio, possibilitando a compreensão desse conhecimento por máquina. As ontologias também contribuem para o alinhamento das visões das equipes de negócio e de Tecnologia da Informação da organização. Nesse contexto, este trabalho apresenta um processo sistemático para gerar uma ontologia a partir de um modelo de processos de negócio em BPMN v2.0, permitindo consultar informações sobre o modelo. Uma ferramenta denominada PM2ONTO foi então desenvolvida, visando gerar a ontologia em OWL automaticamente e disponibilizar uma interface para consultas predefinidas, elaboradas na linguagem SPARQL. Os modelos de processos de negócio devem ser exportados para arquivos em XPDL v2.2, os quais serão as entradas do sistema PM2ONTO. As ontologias resultantes ficam disponíveis em um banco de dados para consultas e também podem ser manipuladas por outras diferentes ferramentas. A avaliação do processo sistemático apresentado neste trabalho foi feita com base em estudos de caso, usando modelos de processos de negócio de diferentes áreas e diferentes níveis de complexidade. / Aiming technical, managerial and strategic improvements, business process models have been used in organizational environments to understand the process chain. Although these models may present readability problems and navigation difficulties as they become extensive, they can cover many information about resources and interactions between different sectors and people, showing interdependencies among the processes. Interdependencies are not always easy to understand because of its complex and not standardized knowledge. The use of ontologies has opened a complementary perspective to mitigate these problems and to provide processes with machine-accessible semantics. Also, they contribute in the conceptualization and organization of the embedded and unstructured information that is present in the business processes and that must be explored. In order to ease machine knowledge, ontologies are used to structure the implicit knowledge in business processes. They also contribute to the alignment of the organization's business and IT teams. In this context, this work presents a systematic process to generate an ontology from a business process model in BPMN v2.0, allowing to query information about the model. In this way, PM2ONTO tool was developed aiming to generate the ontology in OWL automatically and to provide an interface for predefined queries elaborated in the SPARQL language. Business process models should be exported to files in XPDL v2.2, which will be the inputs of the PM2ONTO system. The resulting ontologies stay available in a database for queries and can also be manipulated by other different tools. The systematic process evaluation presented in this work was made based on case studies, using business process models of different areas and different levels of complexity.

This dissertation describes a research study conducted to determine the benefits and use of ontology technologies to support a simulation environment that evaluates countermeasures employed to protect military aircraft. Within the military, aircraft represent a significant investment and these valuable assets need to be protected against various threats, such as man-portable air-defence systems. To counter attacks from these threats, countermeasures are deployed, developed and evaluated by utilising modelling and simulation techniques. The system described in this research simulates real world scenarios of aircraft, missiles and countermeasures in order to assist in the evaluation of infra-red countermeasures against missiles in specified scenarios. Traditional ontology has its origin in philosophy, describing what exists and how objects relate to each other. The use of formal ontologies in Computer Science have brought new possibilities for modelling and representation of information and knowledge in several domains. These advantages also apply to military information systems where ontologies support the complex nature of military information. After considering ontologies and their advantages against the requirements for enhancements of the simulation system, an ontology was constructed by following a formal development methodology. Design research, combined with the adaptive methodology of development, was conducted in a unique way, therefore contributing to establish design research as a formal research methodology. The ontology was constructed to capture the knowledge of the simulation system environment and the use of it supports the functions of the simulation system in the domain. The research study contributes to better communication among people involved in the simulation studies, accomplished by a shared vocabulary and a knowledge base for the domain. These contributions affirmed that ontologies can be successfully use to support military simulation systems / Computing / M. Tech. (Information Technology)

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Avec l'apparition des paradigmes des systèmes ubiquitaires ou omniprésents et de l'intelligence ambiante, on assiste à l'émergence d'un nouveau domaine de recherche visant à créer des environnements ou écosystèmes intelligents pouvant offrir une multitude de services permettant d'améliorer la qualité de vie, l'état physique et mental, et le bien-être social des usagers. Dans cette thèse, nous nous focalisons sur la problématique de la représentation sémantique des connaissances et du raisonnement dans le cadre des systèmes à intelligence ambiante et des robots ubiquitaires. Nous proposons deux modèles sémantiques permettant d'améliorer les fonctions cognitives de ces systèmes en termes de gestion du contexte. Au premier modèle, de type ontologique, sont associés un langage de règles et un raisonnement réactif pour la sensibilité au contexte. Pour prendre en compte le caractère dynamique du contexte et assurer une prise de décision cohérente, le mode de raisonnement retenu garantit deux propriétés essentielles : la décidabilité et la non-monotonie. Le deuxième modèle, également de type ontologique, complète le modèle précédent en termes d'expressivité pour la représentation de contextes non-triviaux et/ou liés au temps. Il s'appuie sur des relations n-aires et une représentation narrative des événements pour inférer des causalités entre événements et reconnaitre des contextes complexes non-observables à partir d'événements passés et courants. Les modèles proposés ont été mis en oeuvre et validés sur la plateforme ubiquitaire d'expérimentation du LISSI à partir de trois scenarii d'assistance cognitive et de reconnaissance de contexte / With the appearance of the paradigms of ubiquitous systems and ambient intelligence, a new domain of research is emerging with the aim of creating intelligent environments and ecosystems, that can provide multiple services that can improve quality of life, the physical and mental status and the social wellness of the users. In this thesis, we address the problem of semantic knowledge representation and reasoning, in the context of ambient intelligent systems and ubiquitous robots. We propose two semantic models that improve the cognitive functions of these systems, in terms of context recognition, and context adaptation. The first one is an ontology-based model, which is associated with a rule language to model reactive reasoning process on contextual knowledge. To take into account the dynamicity of context and insure coherent decision-making, this process guarantees two essential properties: decidability and non-monotonic reasoning. The second model is also an ontology-based model that completes the previous model in terms of expressiveness for semantic representation of non-trivial contexts with temporal dimension It is based on n-ary relations and a narrative representation of events for inferring causalities between events, and therefore to build the chronological context of a situation as from past and current events. The proposed models have been implemented on the ubiquitous experimental platform of LISSI, and validated through three scenarios for cognitive assistance and context recognition

La modélisation de la dynamique des objets spatio-temporels fait partie des sujets de recherche pour le suivi et l'interprétation des changements affectant le globe terrestre. Pour cela, l'exploitation des images satellitaires se présente comme un moyen efficace qui aide à l'étude de la dynamique des phénomènes spatio-temporels qui peuvent se produire sur la surface de la Terre notamment l'urbanisation, la déforestation, la désertification, etc. Divers modèles et approches ont été proposés pour modéliser les évolutions des objets spatio-temporels. Toutes fois, chaque modèle présente une capacité limitée pour capturer l'évolution des différentes caractéristiques de l'environnement, en plus la structure de représentation utilisée par chaque modèle ne permet pas de saisir complètement la sémantique de l'évolution d'un objet spatio-temporel. Les travaux de notre thèse s'intéressent à la modélisation de la dynamique des objets spatio-temporels pour l'interprétation des changements en imagerie satellitaire. En conséquence, nous avons proposé dans un premier temps une architecture ontologiques multi-niveaux pour la représentation et la modélisation des objets et des processus spatio-temporels dynamiques. Également, nous avons présenté une nouvelle stratégie d'interprétation sémantique de scènes d'images satellites pour l'interprétation de changements. Le cadre applicatif concerne l'interprétation sémantique d'une scène d'images satellites pour l'interprétation des phénomènes de changements, tels que l'urbanisation et la déforestation. Le résultat obtenu est une carte de changements qui pourra guider une meilleure gestion de l'utilisation/couverture des sols. / Modeling the dynamics of spatio-temporal objects is part of the research subjects for monitoring and interpretation of the changes affecting the Earth. Satellite images are an effective way for studying the dynamics of spatio-temporal phenomena, including urbanization, deforestation, flooding, desertification, and so on, that can occur on the surface of the Earth. Various models and approaches have been proposed to model the evolution of the spatio-temporal objects. However, each of these models has a limited ability to capture the evolution of the different characteristics of the environment, and the representation structure used by each model does not fully capture the semantics of the evolution of a spatio-temporal object. The works of our thesis interested in modeling the dynamics of spatio-temporal objects for changes interpretation in satellite imagery. Therefore, we proposed initially a multi-level ontological architecture for representation and modeling the dynamic of spatio-temporal objects and process. Also, we have presented a new semantic scene interpretation strategy for change interpretation in remote sensing imagery. The application Framework concerns the semantic interpretation of a satellite images scenes for change interpretation of phenomena, such as urbanization and deforestation. The result is a change map that can guide better management of the land use/cover.

Le développement d’applications ubiquitaires est particulièrement complexe. Au-delà de l’aspect dynamique de telles applications, l’évolution de l’informatique vers la multiplication des terminaux mobiles ne facilite pas les choses. Une solution pour simplifier le développement et l’exploitation de telles applications est d’utiliser des plateformes logicielles dédiées au déploiement et à l’adaptation des applications et gérant l’hétérogénéité des périphériques. Elles permettent aux concepteurs de se focaliser sur les aspects métiers et facilitent la réutilisation. La gestion du contexte est un élément clé lorsque l’on souhaite réaliser des applications pervasives sensibles au contexte. Les informations contextuelles issues d’un grand nombre de sources distribuées différentes sont, généralement, des informations brutes qui, sans interprétation, peuvent être dénuées de sens. En se basant sur des ontologies, il est possible de construire des modèles sémantiques qui seront alimentés par ces informations brutes et ainsi non seulement d’augmenter leur niveau de représentation sémantique mais surtout de pouvoir les utiliser pour prendre des décisions automatiques d’adaptation d’applications basées sur le contexte au runtime. La démocratisation des périphériques conduit à ce qu’un usager dispose actuellement de plusieurs périphériques incluant postes fixes, téléphones, tablettes, box, etc. pour son usage personnel. Il est souhaitable que cet ensemble de ressources lui soit accessible en tout point et à tout moment. De même des ressources publiques (stockage, services, etc.) peuvent lui être offertes. En revanche, la protection de la vie privée et les risques d’intrusion ne peuvent être négligés. Notre proposition est de définir, pour chaque utilisateur, un domaine d’adaptation qui contient l’ensemble des ressources auxquelles il peut accéder sans limite. Ces ressources sont celles qu’il a accepté de rendre disponibles sur ses machines pour lui-même et celles que les autres utilisateurs ont accepté de partager. Ainsi la notion de contexte est liée à celle d’utilisateur et inclut la totalité des ressources auxquelles il a accès. C’est la totalité de ces ressources qui sera exploitée pour faire en sorte de lui offrir les services adaptés à ses choix, ses dispositifs, sa localisation, etc. Nous proposons un middleware de gestion de contexte Kali2Much afin de fournir des services dédiés à la gestion du contexte distribué sur le domaine. Ce middleware est accompagné du module Kali-Reason permettant la construction de chaînes de raisonnement en BPMN afin d’offrir des fonctionnalités de raisonnent sur les informations de contexte dans le but d’identifier des situations nécessitant éventuellement une reconfiguration soit de l’application soit de la plateforme elle-même. C’est ainsi qu’est introduit l’aspect autonomique lié à la prise de décision. Les situations ainsi détectées permettent d’identifier le moment où déclencher les adaptations ainsi que les services d’adaptation qu’il sera nécessaire de déclencher. La conséquence étant d’assurer la continuité de service et d’ainsi s’adapter en permanence au contexte du moment. Le travail de reconfiguration d’applications est confié au service Kali-Adapt dont le rôle est de mettre en oeuvre les adaptations par déploiement/redéploiement de services de l’application et/ou de la plateforme. Un prototype fonctionnel basé sur la plateforme Kalimucho vient valider ces propositions / The ubiquitous applications development is not a trivial task. Beyond the dynamic aspect of suchapplications, the evolution of computer science toward the proliferation of mobile devices does not make things easier. A solution to simplify the development and operation of such applications is to use software platforms dedicated to deployment and adaptation of applications and managing heterogeneous devices. Such platforms allow designers to focus on business issues and facilitate reuse. Context management is a key element for making context-aware pervasive applications. Contextual information comes from many different distributed sources. It is generally raw information with no interpretation. It may be meaningless. Based on ontologies, it is possible to construct semantic models that would be powered by the raw information. This does not only increase the level of semantic representation but it can also be used to make automatic decisions for adapting context-based applications at runtime. Devices’ democratization allows a user to have multiple devices including personal computer, mobile phones, tablets, box, etc. for his personal use. It is desirable that the set of resources will be available to him from everywhere and at any time. Similarly, public resources (storage, services, etc.) would also be accessible to him. However, protection of privacy and intrusion risks cannot be ignored. Our proposal is to define, for each user, an adaptation domain that contains all his resources. Users can access their resources without limits. Users can agree on sharing resources with other users. Thus the notion of context is related to the user and includes all the resources he can access. All these resources will be exploited to offer him services adapted to his preferences, his features, his location, etc.We propose a context management middleware Kali2Much to provide services dedicated to the management of distributed context on the domain. This middleware is accompanied by Kali-Reason module for building reasoning chains in BPMN. The reasoning chains provide context information reasoning functionality. They reason about context information in order to identify situations that might require a reconfiguration of the application or of the platform itself. Thus the autonomic aspect related to decision making is introduced. Situations detected allow to identify when there is a need to trigger adaptation. The consequence is to ensure continuity of service and thus constantly adapt to the current context. The reconfiguration applications work is dedicated to Kali-Adapt service whose role is to implement the adaptations deployment/redeployment of application services and/or platform. A working prototype based on Kalimucho-A platform validates the proposals.