Como tema geral do trabalho, tem-se o esporte ao ar livre no meio urbano, sendo o objetivo principal dessa dissertação entender o porte e o funcionamento do sistema de espaços livres públicos destinados à recreação esportiva na cidade de São Paulo. Dessa forma, essa pesquisa apresenta um panorama geral da evolução das práticas esportivas nos espaços livres paulistanos, verificando-se quais foram os acontecimentos que, ao alterarem a maneira de se ver o esporte, modificaram também a paisagem do município. Assim, através de pesquisas bibliográficas, pôde-se entender como a cidade de São Paulo, de uma sociedade colonial escravista, interiorizada e alheia aos esportes, com ruas precárias e praticamente sem espaços livres públicos adequados ao lazer esportivo da população, evoluiu para a situação atual, onde o esporte é considerado um direito fundamental do indivíduo e os equipamentos esportivos se encontram em quantidade razoável, ainda que sejam insuficientes para atender as necessidades de lazer dos cerca de 11 milhões de habitantes. O levantamento de dados a respeito das instalações voltadas para o esporte na cidade, tanto públicas como particulares, somado aos aspectos socioeconômicos, sobretudo a renda materializada sob a possibilidade de se residir em um condomínio equipado com quadras esportivas e piscinas ou de se frequentar clubes e academias particulares - possibilitou a compreensão do porte e do funcionamento do sistema de espaços livres esportivos paulistano. Verificou-se que o sistema é diversificado e hierarquizado; porém, a distribuição dos equipamentos pelo município é irregular, ou seja, a diversidade do sistema é inacessível à grande parte da população. / This paper presents a study about the outdoor sports practices in an urban environment, being the main objective of this dissertation to understand the size and operation of the open spaces system for recreational sports in the city of São Paulo. Thus, this research presents an overview of the evolution of sporting activities in the city, verifying which events not only had changed the way to see the sport, but also had modified the landscape of the city. Through bibliographic searches, it could be comprehended as the city of São Paulo, of a colonial slave society, internalized and unrelated to sports, with precarious streets and almost no public open spaces suitable for the population leisure, has evolved to the current situation, where the sport is considered a fundamental right of individuals and sporting equipment, even in reasonable quantity, are insufficient to answer the needs of leisure of about 11 million inhabitants. The survey data about the city sports facilities, both public and private, added to the socioeconomic aspects, especially the income - materialized in the ability to live in a condo equipped with sports courts and swimming pools or to attend private clubs or academies enabled the understanding of the size and operation of the recreational open spaces system of São Paulo. It was found that the system is diversified and hierarchical, however, the equipments distribution by the territory is irregular, that is, the diversity of the system is inaccessible to great part of the population.

For the present, at least, the Central Business District of a City has the potential to provide opportunity, amenity and diversity for those people who care to seek it out. This would perhaps not be worthwhile or so interesting were it to lack the day to day and long-ranging problems that confront the individual, the household, the firm, the interest group, the pressure group and the planner in this unique environment. If the challenge is to be accepted then the environment should be questioned in order to find out if it will continue to exist and what structure and form it should have. Since the city centre is traditionally the pedestrian domain it is as well to study the space in which the pedestrian has to perform, before he is driven out of it, which hopefully might not be for some time to come. Little can be said in this thesis that has not been said before and the aim is here not concerned with networks, matrices or models nor can there be any detailed determinism of standards, actual physical elements or methods of affectuation. The attempt is an investigation of some aspects of the pattern of the open spaces and of the people who use them, and an attempt to gauge the extent of the regard for people in the open space network of the C.B.D. Because of the Republic's racial policy all places downtown are not for all the people all the time and in order to be significant this investigation would have to study the different social patterns for each race group, however the subject is treated as though the population were homogeneous. The street in the C.B.D., more than any other place anywhere else is for everyone.

In vielen Städten wird zurzeit der Versuch unternommen, Staudenpflanzungen zur Steigerung der Qualität des Stadtbildes einzubringen. Die Pflanzungen sollen einem gewissen Qualitätsstandard genügen und gleichzeitig soll ihre Pflege möglichst geringe Kosten verursachen. In vorliegender Untersuchung wurden ästhetische und pflegerische Aspekte von Staudenpflanzun¬gen im Hinblick auf ihre Anwendung für das öffentliche Grün untersucht. Dabei ging es in erster Linie darum, das Verhältnis zwischen der ästhetischen Wirkung von Pflanzungen unterschiedlicher Artenzahl zum Pflegeaufwand zu ermitteln. Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluss eines zusätzlichen Rück-schnittes einzelner Arten im Sommer auf die genannten Faktoren untersucht. Um zu einem differenzierten Bild zu gelangen wurde außerdem eruiert, welche Rolle der Flächendeckungsgrad, die unerwünschte Beiflora sowie Krankheiten in diesem Kontext spielen.

A naturalistic method (concealed video camera) on the Library Plaza at Virginia Tech has been used successfully to document the climate-behavior relationships in outdoor space. Analysis of the data reveals that each climatic factor had certain types of relationships with outdoor human behaviors, and that it might be possible to predict the amount of outdoor activity occurring on the plaza under a specific climate profile. Due to the lack of previous research and data similar to our observations, we experienced some difficulties in comparing the results with previous research and in doing systematic analysis. The individual climate factors such as temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, solar radiation, and the composite climate index, the Index of Thermal Stress, were analyzed to find a relationship with outdoor behavior. Graphic and statistical methods were used to analyze observation data. As the temperature on the plaza increased, there was a strong tendency for people to extend their time of stay on the plaza. But the temperature did not seem to have any strong relationship with the number or percentage of people who stayed on the plaza. Relative humidity appeared to have a negative correlation with the frequency of stationary behavior, but almost no relationship with average duration of stationary people. This finding conflicts with Givoni who reported that variations in relative humidity between 30% and 85% were almost imperceptible and at temperatures above 25°C, the influence of humidity on the response became gradually more apparent (Givoni,1981). Most of our observations were done under the temperature range of 0° ~ 25°C with a relative humidity of 30 ~ 85%. Under our observational condition (wind velocity less than 24 Km/hr), wind velocity had the strongest relationship with the frequency of stationary behavior. As the wind speed increased, the number and percentage of stationary people decreased almost linearly. Thus, wind velocity is a determining factor and the lower wind velocity is an impetus that induces people outdoors to pause or rest. The relationship between air velocity and the average duration of stationary people had a slightly negative correlation. The negative correlation was understandable, but, because it was negligibly weak, there was no meaningful relationship. Solar radiation did not appear to be an important factor for inducing people outside to stay on the plaza. But this study showed that the greater the solar radiation, the longer people stayed. The mean of the Index of Thermal Stress of Fall data was -139.268 and that of spring was 14.40. Therefore, in Fall, it was probable that people felt cold stress while in spring people were more likely to be comfortable. In Fall observations, the I.T.S. had a stronger relationship with frequency and duration of outdoor stationary behaviors than any single climatic factor. As the I.T.S. increased(in other words, as the cold stress decreased), more people stayed on the plaza and people tended to stay longer periods of time under the weather conditions in the fall of Southwestern Virginia. But, in spring observations, the relationships were much weaker than Fall observation. It was found that I.T.S. seemed to show a strong relationship between climate and outdoor behaviors if the I.T.S. values of data were completely negative or completely positive. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Child-friendly spaces are not successfully implemented in South Africa due to problems such as urbanization, development pressure, lack of qualitative open spaces and lack of policy and legislation guiding the planning and protection of such spaces. This study evaluates local and international planning approaches of childfriendly spaces in an attempt to identify best practices and explore how child-friendly spaces can be planned and utilized locally, in South Africa, (especially rural areas such as the Vaalharts district in the North West Province) to develop playful, educational, environmentally preserving and qualitative child-friendly spaces.The research methodology used in this study consist of (i) a literature investigation on concepts of child-friendly environments, qualitative open spaces, rural challenges, as well as current child-friendly policy and legislation, both from an international and local perspective; and (ii) an empirical study, conducted qualitatively by means of Pilot testing and case study evaluation. Local pilot tests were limited, due to a lack of child-friendly spaces in South Africa to, proposed Valhalla Water Park in Cape Town and Irene Village Mall in Pretoria. The case study evaluation consists out of Green Point Urban Park and the Vaalharts Water Innovation Project that is a newly planned, “still in progress”, project. International case studies included examples of successful child-friendly spaces such as La Louviere in Belgium, Chapefield play area and Darnley Park in Scotland, Play Field Farnborough in England, Caronport Spray Park in Canada and Bellevue Redmond Spray Park in Washington. Based on the findings, recommendations are made in terms of the planning and development of child-friendly spaces, incorporating examples such as the provision of spray parks in rural areas in order to create playful, educational, environmentally preserving and qualitative outdoor spaces. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Child-friendly spaces are not successfully implemented in South Africa due to problems such as urbanization, development pressure, lack of qualitative open spaces and lack of policy and legislation guiding the planning and protection of such spaces. This study evaluates local and international planning approaches of childfriendly spaces in an attempt to identify best practices and explore how child-friendly spaces can be planned and utilized locally, in South Africa, (especially rural areas such as the Vaalharts district in the North West Province) to develop playful, educational, environmentally preserving and qualitative child-friendly spaces.The research methodology used in this study consist of (i) a literature investigation on concepts of child-friendly environments, qualitative open spaces, rural challenges, as well as current child-friendly policy and legislation, both from an international and local perspective; and (ii) an empirical study, conducted qualitatively by means of Pilot testing and case study evaluation. Local pilot tests were limited, due to a lack of child-friendly spaces in South Africa to, proposed Valhalla Water Park in Cape Town and Irene Village Mall in Pretoria. The case study evaluation consists out of Green Point Urban Park and the Vaalharts Water Innovation Project that is a newly planned, “still in progress”, project. International case studies included examples of successful child-friendly spaces such as La Louviere in Belgium, Chapefield play area and Darnley Park in Scotland, Play Field Farnborough in England, Caronport Spray Park in Canada and Bellevue Redmond Spray Park in Washington. Based on the findings, recommendations are made in terms of the planning and development of child-friendly spaces, incorporating examples such as the provision of spray parks in rural areas in order to create playful, educational, environmentally preserving and qualitative outdoor spaces. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / The fact that parks and urban green spaces have value is no longer disputed. The literature is awash with evidence attesting to this fact. The City Parks Department of the City of Cape Town is responsible for the provision and maintenance of in excess of six thousand green public open spaces across the Metropolitan area but is currently challenged in terms of ensuring that the service it provides is recognized and that it is adequately resourced from City coffers. This research was undertaken to find a mechanism that the Department can utilize to establish the value of the service it provides within a language that people generally understand and appreciate, the language of money and economics. Using the economic theoretical frameworks and paradigms as context, the key considerations and challenges facing the City Parks Department was considered in terms of competition for adequate land, definitions and the various values which can be attached to public open spaces. Considering the data and information contained in the literature, case studies and established economic valuation approaches and methods, a Valuation Framework was devised for the City Parks Department. The Valuation Framework is meant to be used as a mechanism for establishing the economic value of the public open spaces for which the Department is responsible. It consists of four sections namely a Site Selection Matrix, Site Valuation Components, Valuation Approaches and Methods and a Seven-Step Methodology. The Framework is devised for application at site level but with the understanding that the accumulation of outcomes can be integrated to draw conclusions and inferences about the total economic value which is created directly or indirectly by the Parks Department through its service offering.

Orientador: Sandra Elisa Contri Pitton / Banca: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez / Banca: Roseana Correa Grilo / Resumo: A cidade é o lugar dos seres humanos. É nesse lugar que encontramos vivendo hoje a maioria das pessoas. É nas cidades que temos as maiores alterações na paisagem, e essas alterações geralmente comprometem a qualidade de vida. A supressão do verde das plantas é uma característica marcante nesse espaço. O presente trabalho procura pesquisar sobre a arborização urbana, dando um maior enfoque nas praças do bairro Centro de Teresina. Tem como objetivo identificar a diversidade vegetal arbórea, considerando a opinião de algumas pessoas sobre a importância da arborização das praças em sua vida. Esta pesquisa está dividida em três etapas distintas. A primeira etapa caracterizou-se pela pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o processo de formação das cidades, especialmente da capital do Piauí, e a importância da arborização para a qualidade de vida nos espaços urbanos. Na segunda etapa foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo para identificação e contagem das espécies vegetais encontradas nas praças do bairro Centro de Teresina. Na terceira fase da pesquisa foram aplicados questionários que serviram para obter a opinião de alguns freqüentadores das praças sobre a importância das árvores encontradas nesses logradouros públicos. Durante o trabalho foram discutidos muitos termos e conceitos utilizados para definir os espaços livres urbanos, o que mostra que ainda não existe um consenso entre os estudantes, pesquisadores e administradores públicos no que se refere à terminologia desses espaços. A pesquisa mostrou que as árvores fornecem diversos benefícios para os ambientes urbanos, estes geralmente muito alterados e degradados. Também é importante salientar sobre os diversos usos e funções das praças na malha urbana, onde o encontro foi destacado como o principal uso feito pelas pessoas que vivem nos espaços urbanos / Abstract: The city is the place of human beings. This is where we find most people living today. It is in cities that we have the largest changes in the landscape, and these changes often compromise the quality of life. The suppression of green plants is a distinguishing feature in this space. This current paper tries to research on urban trees, giving a greater focus on the squares of the district center of Teresina. Aims to identify woody plant diversity, considering the opinion of some people about the importance of afforestation of squares in your life. This research is divided into three distinct stages. The first stage was characterized by the literature on the process of formation of cities, especially in the capital of Piaui, and the importance of afforestation for the quality of life in urban spaces. In the second stage was conducted field research to identify and count plant species found in the streets of the district center of Teresina. In the view of some patrons of the squares on the importance of trees found in these public places. During the work were discussed many terms and concepts used to define urban spaces, which shows that there is still no consensus among students, researchers and public administrators regarding the terminology of these spaces. Research has shown that trees provide many benefits to urban environments, these usually much altered and degraded. It is also important to note about the various uses and functions of the squares on the urban environment, where the meeting was highlighted as the main use made by people living in urban areas / Mestre

Este projeto é um ensaio para se estabelecer um processo de análise da relação entre parcelamento do solo e volumetria construída intraquadra do município de São Paulo, utilizando a base de dados da pesquisa Os Sistemas de Espaços Livres na Constituição da Forma Urbana Contemporânea no Brasil: Produção e Apropriação QUAPÁ-Sel II, desenvolvido pelo Laboratório QUAPÁ da FAU USP, com as informações de temperatura aparente de superfície existente em três estações do ano, outono, inverno e primavera. No intuito de estabelecer uma metodologia que possa ser replicável em outras localidades, o trabalho ora apresentado, utilizando-se desta base de dados e com imagens de sensores remotos, busca identificar as possíveis similaridades entre as classes trabalhadas e a sua temperatura aparente de superfície e como isso pode influenciar a temperatura do ar e o conforto térmico das pessoas no nível do cânion urbano. / This project is an essay to establish a process of analysis of the relation between division of land and intraquadra built volumetry of Sao Paulo city, using the database of the research The Open Spaces Systems in the Brazilian Urban Form Constitution: Production and Appropriation QUAPÁ-Sel II developed by the QUAPÁ Laboratory at FAU USP, with the information of the apparent surface temperature existent in three seasons, fall, winter and spring. In order to establish a methodology that can be replicated in other places, the work presented here, using this database and remote sensing images, seeks to identify possible similarities between the worked classes and their apparent surface temperature and how this may influence the air temperature and the thermal comfort of people in the urban canyon level.

A pesquisa tem como tema o estudo de sistemas de espaços livres e a urbanização contemporânea na região de Limeira, integrante da Região Administrativa de Campinas - SP. Buscam-se respostas sejam no âmbito da classificação e da configuração do território, sejam no estabelecimento de projeto de \"parque regional contemporâneo\" ou, como se propôs chamar \"parque agroambiental\", como forma de afirmação de vínculos intermunicipais. O \"parque agroambiental\" não é uma solução simples, mas uma possibilidade de pensar e agir. Pode-se, através dele, ajustar o foco de leitura da realidade local, buscando-se mecanismos mais coerentes para nela atuar. Diferentemente de outras regiões de importantes recursos naturais, como a região metropolitana de São Paulo, o conceito do parque objetiva trabalhar uma área econômica e socialmente semelhante, onde a fauna e a flora são quase inexistentes, visto terem sido substituídas pela urbanização e pelas áreas destinadas à produção agrícola para o mercado global. O desafio aqui proposto é tornar o parque regional contemporâneo objeto de debate para políticas públicas de atendimento às necessidades sociais e ambientais. Podem ser práticas de lazer, esportes e/ou contemplativas, atividades culturais de identidade regional, de produção agrícola ou florestal, de conservação de ecossistemas, por meio das quais se definem diferentes níveis e escalas de intervenção e de acessibilidade aos lugares. Propõe-se o conceito de \"parque agroambiental\" como instrumento de planejamento regional e ambiental. / This research aims the study of open space systems and contemporary urbanization in Limeira and communities that comprise the Administrative County of Campinas, São Paulo. The analysis demands answers both in territory classification and configuration and the project of the contemporary regional park, or so denominated as \"agro environmental park\", with the purpose of strengthening inter municipal bonds. The agro environment park must not be regarded as a simple solution but a thought process and a way of acting worth pursuing. Moreover, it ought to be possible to focus upon the local reality searching for more adjustable and consistent mechanisms to accomplish this enterprise. Because, unlike other important regions provided with natural resources such as the metropolitan region of São Paulo, the agro enviromental park concept aims at interfering in an area that shares economical and social similarities, where fauna and flora are almost inexistent, since they have been replaced by urbanization and agricultural lands serving the global market. The challenge proposed here is to make the contemporary regional park an object of debate for public policies to address social and environmental needs such as: leisure, sports in general, cultural and folkloric activities, farming or forestry, conservation of the ecosystems, through which different levels or scales of intervention and accessibility to places could be defined. The proposal for the agro environmental park is to accomplish an instrument for regional and environmental planning.