This study investigates E-banking Operational Risk Assessment (ORA) to enable the development of a new ORA framework and methodology. The general view is that E-banking systems have modified some of the traditional banking risks, particularly Operational Risk (OR) as suggested by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in 2003. In addition, recent E-banking financial losses together with risk management principles and standards raise the need for an effective ORA methodology and framework in the context of E-banking. Moreover, evaluation tools and / or methods for ORA are highly subjective, are still in their infant stages, and have not yet reached a consensus. Therefore, it is essential to develop valid and reliable methods for effective ORA and evaluations. The main contribution of this thesis is to apply Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and Tree Augmented Naïve Bayes (TAN) classifier as standard tools for identifying OR, and measuring OR exposure level. In addition, a new ORA methodology is proposed which consists of four major steps: a risk model, assessment approach, analysis approach and a risk assessment process. Further, a new ORA framework and measurement metrics are proposed with six factors: frequency of triggering event, effectiveness of avoidance barriers, frequency of undesirable operational state, effectiveness of recovery barriers before the risk outcome, approximate cost for Undesirable Operational State (UOS) occurrence, and severity of the risk outcome. The study results were reported based on surveys conducted with Nigerian senior banking officers and banking customers. The study revealed that the framework and assessment tools gave good predictions for risk learning and inference in such systems. Thus, results obtained can be considered promising and useful for both E-banking system adopters and future researchers in this area.

This diploma thesis "Methods of risk aggregation on financial markets" introduces all kinds of risk that are present on the financial markets. In the first part there are explained the ways and methods of measurement of these risks. Next there are shown the methods of aggregation of credit, market and operational risks. One of these methods are copula functions which are constructed in practical part of this thesis.

In the present thesis we will firstly familiarize ourselves with the term of operational risk, it's definition presented in the directives Basel II and Solvency II, and afterwards with the methods of calculation Capital Requirements for Operational Risk, set by these directives. In the second part of the thesis we will concentrate on the methods of modelling operational loss data. We will introduce the Extreme Value Theory which describes possible approaches to modelling data with significant values that occur infrequently; the typical characteristic of operational risk data. We will mainly focus on the model for threshold exceedances which utilizes Generalized Pareto Distribution to model the distribution of those excesses. The teoretical knowledge of this theory and the appropriate modelling will be applied on simulated loss data. Finally we will test the ability of presented methods to model loss data distributions.

This dissertation is focused on relations between corporate life cycle and the structure of entrepreneurial risk, that is measured by cost of equity. Besides the corporate life cycle there is considered also the market life cycle. The research results prove, that there are only little differences in the structure of entrepreneurial risks depending on the corporate life cycle and the market position.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilberto Cabeleira Alves.pdf: 909648 bytes, checksum: ae5ef27c0ea7db4792c6c17142f495e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-20 / This dissertation, a case study, has the purpose of examining the control functions in a large financial institution in Brazil and answer the central question: how and why to integrate the control functions in financial institutions? The study comprised the analysis of concepts, mission and approaches in use by Internal Control, Operational Risk Management and SOX Compliance functions. The internal control concept was identified as being the foundation of the three control functions under analysis. The framework of best practices in internal controls, COSO Internal Control Integrated Framework, is used to compare the way in which those functions operate. Interviews and questionnaires are used to collect primary data and documental analysis and observation for secondary data. Answers from the participating areas indicate that the departments reviewed by the control functions consider integration as necessary. By analyzing the purpose of those functions it is identified that Operational Risk Management and SOX Compliance functions have different purposes and focuses, the first aims at reducing the historic of losses and the later focuses on the quality of financial reporting, both functions report to different directors, have different performance measures and require different skill from their professionals. Comparison of the practices in use indicates that those functions adopt similar approaches; however, not integrated. It is identified a number of examples of opportunities for integration, such as: implementing a shared process for identifying and ranking risks, monitoring controls and reporting. The full integration within a single department revealed to be not adequate, but it is accepted that those functions need to be reviewed to take advantage of the integration opportunities / Esta dissertação, um estudo de caso, tem por objetivo examinar funções de controle em instituição financeira de grande porte no Brasil e responder a questão central: como e por que integrar as funções de controle em instituições financeiras? O estudo compreende análise dos conceitos, objetivos e abordagens adotadas pelas funções: Controles Internos, Gestão de Riscos Operacionais e SOX Compliance. Identifica-se o conceito de controles internos como sendo o fundamento das três funções de controle em análise. A estrutura de melhores práticas do COSO Internal Control Integrated Framework é utilizada para comparar a atuação das três funções. Entrevistas e questionários são utilizados para coleta de dados primários, e análise documental e observação, para dados secundários. Respostas das áreas participantes indicam que departamentos sujeitos a revisões pelas funções de controle consideram a integração destas funções necessária. Análise dos objetivos destas funções identifica que Gestão de Riscos Operacionais e SOX Compliance possuem objetivos e enfoques diferentes, a primeira objetiva reduzir histórico de perdas, a segunda, qualidade dos reportes financeiros, ambas reportam para diretorias diferentes, possuem métricas de performance distintas e requerem diferentes habilidades de seus profissionais. Comparação das práticas em uso demonstra que estas funções adotam abordagens semelhantes, entretanto, não integradas. São identificados inúmeros exemplos de oportunidades de integração, tais como: implante de processos compartilhados para identificação e categorização de riscos, monitoramento de controles e reporte. A completa integração em área única mostrou-se não adequada, mas é aceito que a forma de atuação destas funções precisa ser revista para que aproveitem oportunidades de integração

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-07-27T15:11:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AngeloMigueldeBarrosTese2018.pdf: 4790873 bytes, checksum: af9e45ba55effd3e90733c35bc01c1aa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-07-27T15:12:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AngeloMigueldeBarrosTese2018.pdf: 4790873 bytes, checksum: af9e45ba55effd3e90733c35bc01c1aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T15:12:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AngeloMigueldeBarrosTese2018.pdf: 4790873 bytes, checksum: af9e45ba55effd3e90733c35bc01c1aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-28 / Amid the discussions about the new standardized approach (SMA) for capital requirements of operational risk and the possible extinction of the internal models (AMA), this study analyzes the effects of information asymmetry (a strong characteristic of operational risk) in the interactions between the regulator and the bank regarding the adoption of internal models in the current format. For this, we used the model from ELIZALDE and REPULLO (2007) adapted to operational risk in order to study the behavior of the shareholders of the banks in an internal model and the theory of sequential games of asymmetric information to evaluate the interaction between the regulator and the banks. The results indicate that adhesion to the AMA is not a Bayesian Perfect Equilibrium and that the return to a standardized model, either by the SMA or the current models, forms the only Bayesian Perfect Equilibrium strategy, which explains the low adhesion to the AMA even more than one decade after the proposition of this model and suggests the need to create mechanisms to reduce this asymmetry. As the inadequate capital requirement interferes in financial intermediation, this paper also analyzes a relationship between a credit grant and economic growth, making use of finance growth nexus theory and an empirical model applied to Brazilian municipalities. The results indicate that credit grant reduces economic growth volatility and, specifically in Sudeste and Nordeste regions, there was a strong evidence that credit stimulates economic growth of municipalities. / Em meio às discussões sobre o novo modelo padronizado (SMA) para requerimento de capital para risco operacional e a possível extinção dos modelos internos (AMA), este estudo analisa os efeitos da assimetria de informação (forte característica do risco operacional) nas interações entre o regulador e o banco quanto à adoção de modelos internos no formato atual. Para isso, foi utilizado o modelo de ELIZALDE e REPULLO (2007) adaptado para risco operacional para estudar o comportamento dos acionistas dos bancos em um modelo interno e a teoria de jogos sequenciais de informação assimétrica para avaliar a interação entre o regulador e os bancos. Os resultados indicam que a adesão ao AMA não representa um Equilíbrio Perfeito Bayesiano e que o retorno a um modelo padronizado, seja pelo SMA ou pelos modelos atuais, forma a única estratégia de Equilíbrio Perfeito Bayesiano, o que explica a baixa adesão ao AMA mesmo após mais de uma década de surgimento e sugere a necessidade de se criar mecanismos para reduzir essa assimetria. Como o requerimento inadequado de capital interfere na intermediação financeira (seja aumentando o custo de captação ou reduzindo possibilidade de concessão de crédito), este trabalho também analisa a relação entre a concessão de crédito e o crescimento econômico, utilizando a teoria sobre finance growth nexus e um modelo empírico aplicado aos municípios brasileiros. Os resultados indicam que a concessão de crédito reduz a volatilidade do crescimento econômico dos municípios brasileiros e, especificamente nas regiões Sudeste e Nordeste, houve forte evidência de que o crédito estimula crescimento econômico dos municípios.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alaim Mosciaro Assad.pdf: 587996 bytes, checksum: f945748c91830f8f10e45cf18c509cca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-19 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The Operational Risk did not receive much attention from firms, regulators and the market until the event of the fraud on Bahrings Bank, in 1995. The regulatory agencies have issued more complex and rigorous regulations in reply to this and to many other events of operational losses. Their goal is to improve the quality of the controls of the financial institutions, as well as to mitigate the occurrence of new events of this kind. As a new discipline, the regulatory agencies have been incentivizing the financial firms to develop advance approaches based on internal models. In response, they shall have a decrease on the regulatory capital applicable. In other hand, the financial firms themselves shall benefit from na internal model that fits their characteristics, and so, as taylor made. The goal of this research is to study the development of an internal model for operational risk, based on LDA, which has been largely used by financial firms worldwide. The focus on an Insurance company is due to the expressive growth of this market in the later years, which has giving it an increasing importance to the national economy as well as institutional investors role. / Até 1995, com a fraude do Banco Bahrings, não era dada maior relevância ao Risco Operacional pelas firmas, órgãos reguladores e pelo mercado em geral. Após esse e uma série de outros eventos de perdas, algumas delas com consequências desastrosas para o mercado financeiro, os órgãos reguladores passaram a publicar regulamentações cada vez mais rigorosas, para melhorar o controle das instituições financeiras, e evitar a ocorrência de novas perdas. Esses requerimentos regulatórios, dado o seu caráter ainda incipiente, estimulam o desenvolvimento de técnicas de abordagens avançadas, calcadas em modelos internos, com a promessa que, como um modelo de gestão adequado às características de cada instituição será mais eficiente, em consequência, reduzirá a necessidade de capital regulatório. Esta pesquisa encaixa-se no rol desse desenvolvimento do conhecimento das técnicas de gestão avançadas do Risco Operacional, ao abordar o desenvolvimento de um modelo de gestão de Riscos Operacionais baseado numa dessas técnicas avançadas: a distribuição de perdas operacionais (LDA). A LDA vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada pelas instituições financeiras internacionais, e seu uso já é previsto nos normativos regulamentares nacionais em fase de audiência pública. A ênfase da aplicação desta pesquisa numa companhia seguradora se deve ao expressivo crescimento do setor nos últimos anos, que vem lhe conferindo importância cada vez maior na economia, especialmente quanto ao seu papel de investidor institucional.

首先針對目前國內產物保險公司有關作業險管理尚未有完整之監理規範或管理實務，但是，因作業風險所導致之損失金額卻與日俱增，實為不可忽視之風險，故藉由探討產物保險公司建構作業風險管理機制，同時分析其中理論與實務之運作，盼能有助於國內產物保險公司在未來不論是主管機關的監理制度，或是與全世界風險管理趨勢的結合上，提供具有參考性之建議及方向作為研究的目的設定。 本研究透過文獻回顧及探討，對於國內外金融機構作業風險管理執行情況，可知作業風險管理與內部控制之關係應是互補的概念，不能單以內部控制取代作業風險控管，而唯有作業風險與內部控制相互充實，才能更能提昇作業風險管理之功能及能力。另對於產物保險相關之作業風險損失事件之收集彙整，瞭解作業風險損失可能產生重大的財務損失，或是影響公司之正常業務營運，由於作業風險與產險公司日常營運活動息息相關，且作業風險管理並非一全新之風險管理觀念，面對產險市場瞬息萬變，主管機關監理強度趨於嚴格，包括頒布保險業之風險管理實務守則，內容規範即可看出作業風險以結構化之管理，已成為潮流。如何透過管理流程，及輔以各項管理工具，與現行之內控、法令遵循等機制加以整合，將過去的被動轉換為主動的管理，不論是發生頻率低、損失幅度高的事件，或是發生頻率高、損失幅度低的事件，皆應平等重視。 個案研究則以作業風險管理之理論為基礎，逐一探討研究之標竿保險公司作業風險管理執行情形，可以得到下列四個結論：(一)落實風險管理之企業文化是關鍵成功因素、（二）作業風險管理專責單位或人員的建立應是有必要性、（三）建立完整之作業風險管理架構、（四）作業風險管理與內部控制制度是互補的、（五）無缺失不代表無風險。本研究最後提出以下建議：（一）師法目前Basel II銀行之作業風險管理經驗、（二）積極專業人才培訓是作業風險管理之成功要件、 (三)保險業者應儘速建立內、外部損失資料庫、(四)應設置隸屬董事會之風險管理委員會、(五)法令遵循自行評估之調整。以作為未來台灣產險業如何建制作業風險管理機制及有效控管作業風險之參考。 / Despite of the increasing exposure and loss due to operational risk to Taiwanese Non-Life insurance companies, an intergrated coorporate self-regulation or practical guidelines for operational risk management within financial institutions have not yet been developed. Therefore, through seriously study, discuss, and analyze the mechnisms on how to implement a thorough corporate operational risk management guidelines and a balanced operational point between theory and practice, I hope that this paper could give our local non-life financial institutes, regulators, and compliances some aspects on the regulatory governence development. Numerous articles and literature reviews on foreign and domestic businsses and financial institutions regarding operational risk management operations stated that interal control and operational risk management have substitutional effect. Therefore, only if both interal control and operational risk management simutaneously develop, will operational risk management’s functionality and ability be most effective. Massive information on opertaional risk loss event have been collected and compiled to study its impact to Non-life insurance companies, including the loss it may bring to the financial institution or the effect on daily business operation. Driven by legal changes and forever-changing business market, the local goverment have becoming tougher on regulatory governance, including promulgate the code of practice for operational risk management guildance, which we would see that structured operation risk management is the newfound trend. The intergration of current compliance, internal control and other mechanisms through management process in order for operational risk management corresponds to a much wider trend of “responsive” or “active”, not “passive” management is what we ought to act on. Also, we should treat low-frequency, high-magnitude events and high-frequency, how-magnitude events equally. This paper came up with five conclusions 1. implementing the enterprise culture of operational risk management is the key to success. 2. developing operational risk management response team is an ought to do 3. implementing thorough operational risk management structure 4. substitutional effect among operational risk management and internal control system 5. no merit does not mean no risk. At last, this conceptual paper gives some recommendations for future operational risk management development 1. take operational risk management experiences by Basel II as a model 2. cultivate ORM professionals actively is the key to success 3. develop internal and external risk loss database 4. The risk management committee should be subordinate to the board of director 5. adjustment of compliance’s interal accessment.

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M. Tech. Business Administration / Entrepreneurship is very important in all countries because even in the developed world, small business enterprises create the majority of employment. Entrepreneurship is therefore critical to the development and well-being of society. Entrepreneurship presents massive opportunities for increasing employment creation and growth in gross domestic product (GDP). Entrepreneurship is thus a promoter of economic growth. As a nation, we're low on the rankings when measured by our entrepreneurial activity, and we need new ideas and entrepreneurial energy to create the growth and jobs needed to reverse the current levels of unemployment and poverty. The perception of risk is relevant to the decision to become an entrepreneur as risk taking is a part of entrepreneurial life. Starting a new business has long been considered a risky proposition. Just the potential for failure and loss discourages many would-be entrepreneurs from giving it a go. This study analyses the risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Through using two structured questionnaires, primary data were collected from a population sample of 30 female and 30 male businesses, randomly selected from among the small and medium scale entrepreneurs engaged in manufacturing, trading, retailing and services industries in Roodepoort. The listing was extracted from the Business Index.