La vulnérabilité est la composante du risque d’incendie de forêt la moins connue. Elle est généralement évaluée à dires d’experts. Plus objectivement elle peut être évaluée a posteriori en mesurant les dommages causés par un sinistre, si le détail des caractères de ce sinistre est connu. Nous proposons un modèle d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité formulé par une analyse multicritères des dires d’experts. Ce modèle est validé en utilisant un modèle physique d’exposition. Ses entrées sont fournies par un modèle de propagation. La calibration se fonde sur une analyse des dommages engendrés par un sinistre réel. Les résultats valident l’approche de modélisation de la vulnérabilité par des variables spatiales. / Vulnerability is not a well-known component of forest fire risk. It is usually assessed through experts’ opinions. It can be assessed more objectively after a disaster par measuring damages, if the attributes of the disaster are known. We propose a model for vulnerability assessment formulated with a multi-criteria analysis of experts’ opinions. This one is validated by using a physical model for exposure assessment. Its inputs are provided by a fire propagation model. The system is calibrated based on the analysis of damages induced by a real wildfire. Results demonstrate the consistency of a vulnerability model based on spatial variables.

A tuberculose continua sendo um sério problema de saúde pública no Brasil. O coeficiente de mortalidade vem tendo aumento significativo, apesar de todo o avanço tecnológico no campo dos recursos diagnósticos e de tratamentos disponíveis. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar conhecimentos e opiniões de usuários num serviço de saúde do Município de São Paulo Brasil, sobre a importância do exame das amostras de escarro no diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar pelo método bacteriológico. Setenta e oito (78) usuários foram entrevistados, durante o período de junho e julho de 1998. Os resultados mostram uma população com baixas condições sócio-econômicas. Todos os entrevistados haviam sido submetidos à baciloscopia de escarro e radiografia de tórax, e (46,2 por cento ) confiavam mais no RX do que na baciloscopia de escarro. Embora 93,6 por cento alegassem terem sido orientados quanto à colheita de escarro, constatou-se que 33,3 por cento deles, não sabiam colher o exame e 15,4 por cento apresentavam dúvidas. Quando indagados sobre a importância da colheita de mais de uma amostra, 52,1 por cento não souberam responder. Quanto à importância atribuída ao exame de escarro, 10,4 por cento citaram que o exame serve para avaliar o tratamento e, 16,6 por cento que o mesmo descobre se a doença é ativa; embora, uma grande maioria (72,9 por cento ) mencionassem que fizeram o exame porque o médico solicitou. As dificuldades quanto ao entendimento das orientações recebidas apresentam-se relacionadas às condições sócio-econômicas precárias da população estudada, ao modo de trabalho da equipe de saúde, aliadas à atitude passiva dos usuários diante da assistência prestada, ao forte estigma quanto ao ato de escarrar e a crença de que o exame radiológico é o melhor método diagnóstico. A somatória destes fatos promove falhas na qualidade da assistência prestada e na efetivação das ações do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose, o que traz, consequentemente, uma perda da qualidade dos serviços e o agravo do problema da tuberculose em nosso meio. / Tuberculosis continues to be considered a serious public health problem in Brazil. Despite the technological advancements and in addition to diagnosis resources and available treatments, mortality rates have been steadily increasing. The present investigation was intended to study either the knowledge and opinions of patients attending a health service located in the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, regarding the usefulness of the bacteriological method and samples sputum used to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis using a bacteriological method. Seventy-eight (78) patients were interviewed from June to July, 1998. Results showed that the studied population presents a low social and economical level. All the interviewed individuals had been submitted to sputum smears tests and thorax radiographies, while 46,2 per cent of the patients reported a higher confidence level in the radiographic screening that in the sputum smear test. Although 93,6 per cent of the patients claimed to have been oriented on sputum collection, it was evidence that 33,3 per cent of them failed to know the way to collect the material and 15,4 per cent were doubtful in relation to the procedure. When inquired on the importance of collecting more than one sample, 52,1 per cent of the patients failed to know the answer. Regarding the importance attributed to the sputum smear test, 10,4 per cent reported that the test was useful in evaluating the treatment, and 16,6 per cent replied that the test was able to find out whether the disease was active. Most patients (72,9 per cent ) reported having carried out the test advised by medical request. The difficulties regarding the received orientations show to be related to the studied populations precarious socioeconomic conditions, health team working mode, patients passive attitude concerning the help provided, the strong stigma related to the expectoration act, and the belief that the radiographic examination is the best diagnostic method. The totality of findings show deficiencies in the quality of the provided assistance and in the accomplishment of the Tuberculosis Control Program, since they lead to a worsening quality of the service and aggravation of the tuberculosis program within our milieu.

The study aims to empirically study the Early warning system and how national parliaments in the EU vary regarding the issuing of reasoned opinions. In recent years the subject of subsidiarity within the EU has become an increasingly debated and controversial topic. The Early warning system aims to alleviate the democratic deficiency of the EU, but the scientific community is divided on how efficient it is. Using data from the European parliament this study examines reasoned opinions and factors that influences why national parliaments issue them and why there is such a variation amongst the national parliaments issuing them. The study finds that being a member of the Eurozone and the EU15 has important implications for parliaments issuing reasoned opinions.

A orientação pedagógica como campo de atuação profissional no contexto brasileiro se constitui como um processo cuja concepção, de alguma forma, confunde-se com a estruturação e consolidação do sistema educacional no Brasil. É possível encontrar, desde a educação jesuítica, a presença de um conjunto de ações administrativo-pedagógicas que indicam a necessidade de procedimentos articulados e distribuídos entre os diferentes níveis das hierarquias institucionais, sem os quais os propósitos organizacionais não seriam atingidos (FRANCA, 1952; AZEVEDO, 1976; CHAGAS, 1970; PRZYBYLSKI, 1982; 1985; SPERB, 1976). Diante desse cenário, questionam-se, no contexto atual, as funções e atribuições do orientador pedagógico. Assim, o presente estudo, utilizando-se de pesquisa descritiva-documental, investiga os elementos que caracterizam a orientação pedagógica nos pareceres e resoluções emanados pelos Conselhos de Educação. Busca-se, também, mapear os processos de definição das atribuições que compõem as funções orientadoras do ensino e revelar indicadores a partir dos quais se possa pensar a atuação e a formação dos orientadores. A análise de Pareceres e Resoluções permite perceber que as áreas explicitadas compõem a totalidade da escola para a organização efetiva do funcionamento pedagógico, no sentido de cumprir normas e manter a coerência entre os princípios e as finalidades da educação. Também revela o modo pelo qual a orientação pedagógica se insere no contexto da gestão democrática e da docência. / In the Brazilian context, Education Advising has been established as a professional field in such a way that it is hardly dissociated from the creation and consolidation of the educational system itself. Since the time of Jesuit education it has been possible to find a series of both administrative and pedagogical decisions that indicate that the organizational purposes would not be achieved without procedures which are articulated and distributed among the various levels of the hierarchical institutions (FRANCA, 1952; AZEVEDO, 1976; CHAGAS, 1970; PRZYBYLSKI, 1982; 1985; SPERB, 1976). Nowadays, education advisors functions and tasks are being questioned. Therefore, the present study, based on documentary and descriptive research, investigates the main features of advising in the official opinions and resolutions of the Education Boards. It also aims at mapping the processes by which education advising tasks have been defined and at showing some indicators to help reflection on advisors formation and work. The analysis of opinions and resolutions sheds light on the component areas of schools and their effective organization to ensure the pedagogical work with regulations and coherence between educational principles and objectives. It also reveals how education advising is in the context of democratic management and teaching.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:40:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo720_1.pdf: 2087569 bytes, checksum: 4e440439e51674690e086dbc501c7a58 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A modelagem de deterioracão tem estado na vanguarda das analises Bayesianas de confiabilidade. As abordagens mais conhecidas encontradas na literatura para este proposito avaliam o comportamento da medida de confiabilidade ao longo do tempo a luz dos dados empiricos, apenas. No contexto de engenharia de confiabilidade, essas abordagens têm aplicabilidade limitada uma vez que frequentemente lida-se com situacões caracterizadas pela escassez de dados empiricos. Inspirado em estrategias Bayesianas que agregam dados empiricos e opiniões de especialistas na modelagem de medidas de confiabilidade não-dependentes do tempo, este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para lidar com confiabilidade dependente do tempo. A metodologia proposta encapsula conhecidas abordagens Bayesianas, como metodos Bayesianos para combinar dados empiricos e opiniões de especialistas e modelos Bayesianos indexados no tempo, promovendo melhorias sobre eles a fim de encontrar um modelo mais realista para descrever o processo de deterioracão de um determinado componente ou sistema. Os casos a serem discutidos são os tipicamente encontrados na pratica de confiabilidade (por meio de simulacão): avaliacão dos dados sobre tempo de execucão para taxas de falha e a quantidade de deterioracão, dados com base na demanda para probabilidade de falha; e opiniões de especialistas para analise da taxa de falha, quantidade de deterioracão e probabilidade de falha. Estes estudos de caso mostram que o uso de informacões especializadas pode levar a uma reducão da incerteza sobre distribuicões de medidas de confiabilidade, especialmente em situacões em que poucas ou nenhuma falha e observada.

No presente trabalho busca-se demonstrar a inovação trazida pela regulamentação dos Estados-partes do Mercosul, especialmente pela brasileira, que conferiu ao particular o direito subjetivo de postular Opiniões Consultivas diretamente ao Tribunal Permanente de Revisão. Para tanto, destaca-se a condição de sujeito de direito internacional adquirida pelo particular por meio de normas advindas de integrações entre Estados soberanos. Da mesma forma, a importância que possui um tribunal legitimado e com atribuições claras, tendo por exemplos a União Europeia e da Organização dos Estados Americanos, onde o Tribunal de Justiça e Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos são reconhecidos como responsáveis diretos pelo sucesso destes blocos. Dentre suas competências, destaca-se o protagonismo que tiveram as suas faces consultivas, representadas pelo reenvio prejudicial e pelas opiniões consultivas, respectivamente, instrumentos que não foram apenas responsáveis pela harmonização das legislações internas com a norma da integração, mas também por criar uma verdadeira cooperação jurisdicional entre organismos jurisdicionais interacionais e as jurisdições nacionais. Institutos que se assemelham às opiniões consultivas do Mercosul, cuja legitimação em postulá-las diretamente ao Tribunal Permanente de Revisão é conferida ao particular de forma inovadora em processos de integração. / This paper seeks to demonstrate the innovation brought about by the regulations of the Mercosur States Parties, especially by the Brazilian, which gave the individual the subjective right to apply for Consultative Opinions directly to the Permanent Review Tribunal. In order to do so, the condition of being a subject of international law acquired by the individual is highlighted, through norms derived from integrations between sovereign states. Likewise, the importance of a legitimate and clearly defined court, for example the European Union and the Organization of American States, where the Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights are recognized as directly responsible for the success of these blocs. Among its competences, the leading role played by advisory opinions, represented by the reference for a preliminary ruling and by the advisory opinions respectively, were not only responsible for the harmonization of domestic legislation with the integration rule but also for creating a genuine Jurisdictional cooperation between national courts and national courts. Institutes that resemble the consultative opinions of Mercosur, whose legitimacy in postulating them directly to the Permanent Review Tribunal is given to the individual in an innovative way in integration processes.

The non-binding Islamic legal rulings or opinions (fatwās), which are issued by Muslim scholars or Islamic religious institutions in response to questions asked by Muslim individuals may be said to represent the most dynamic genre of (past or present) Islamic legal literature. It was traditionally the case that the practice of iftā’ resided in the individual authority and effort of Muslim scholars. However, after national and international Islamic religious institutions were established at the beginning of the twentieth century, this practice has largely become the responsibility of specific bodies tasked with issuing fatwās. Saudi Arabia’s Dār al-Iftā’ (the General Presidency of Scholarly Research and Iftā’) and Turkey’s Diyanet (the Presidency of Religious Affairs) are concrete products of the twentieth century. Both institutions provide an idiosyncratic insight into the practice of iftā’ and more specifically its development and application within two very different societies. One of the primary concerns of this thesis is therefore to identify the authority, function and role of the two institutions and their official fatwās in their respective environments. The thesis compares the fatwās issued by the two institutions with the intention of determining which Islamic legal concepts and methodologies are applied. In addition, the discussion will also assess how the institutions interpreted authoritative sources of Islamic law and the process through which they came to arrive at divergent, and even opposed, interpretations. The thesis provides insight into the dynamic interconnection and interaction between Islamic legal methodologies and societal realities by examining these two Islamic modern institutions and focusing on their legal interpretation or edicts (fatwās). The active dimension of Islamic law is visibly rendered within the cultural, legal, political and social context in which the fatwā mechanism provides new regulations and rulings. The analysis converges upon the proposition that differences of opinion do not derive from the fundamental Islamic legal sources, the Qur’an and Sunna, but can instead be traced back to the different contextual environments in which the fatwās emerged, thus illustrating the strong connection between contextual elements and Islamic legal methodologies. In analysing fatwās issued by the two institutions on similar subjects within a comparative framework, I seek to explore the interaction between Islamic legal methodologies and the contexts in which they are applied. I therefore provide a contextual and methodological analysis of contemporary fatwās issued by the two institutions. After identifying four thematic criteria (the predominant madhhab affiliation, legal systems, political structures, and social presumptions and cultural practices), the thesis then proceeds to identify the points at which the two institutions converge and diverge in each of these respects. The study also uses the fatwās to demonstrate how the two institutions employ different Islamic legal concepts and principles when addressing identical issues. Finally, the thesis seeks to introduce an advanced comparative model for the study of fatwās that encompasses institutions (as social and religious interpreters), Islamic legal theories and methodologies (as an essential source of the law) and the social context in which fatwās emerge. I envisage that a comparative analysis of the Dār al-Iftā’ and the Diyanet will encourage academic researchers to investigate the institutionalised iftā’ practice and to explore differences of opinion in the modern world. Institutionalised fatwās are important elemental materials that provide considerable insight into the points at which Islamic law encounters rapidly changing socio-cultural, socio-legal and socio-political circumstances.

At the end of the nineteenth century, individuals identified as child savers pioneered an unprecedented movement to save America’s children from physical and moral harm. The establishment of the juvenile justice system came as a result of the actions of the child savers. Researchers have focused extensively on many aspects of the juvenile justice system including studies on the effectiveness of the system to tracking the changes the system has undergone since its establishment. Numerous other studies examined opinions of the juvenile justice system. However, the research has focused solely on the general public, juvenile probation officers and juvenile correctional staff. The current study examined the actual participants within the juvenile justice system - the juvenile offenders - to gauge their perceptions of the system that was created to protect and turn them into law-abiding individuals. A survey was conducted with juvenile offenders housed within two conservative, Midwestern juvenile correctional facilities. The juveniles believed that rehabilitation should be an integral goal of the juvenile justice system and they endorsed community-based interventions as a means to change behavior. The results indicate that the juvenile offenders are in tune with the general public as seeing the juvenile justice system as a child saving institution rather than as a punitive endeavor.

The purpose of this study was to examine undergraduate student satisfaction with college services and environment at a large southeastern doctoral/research extensive university (target university), with the long-term intent of minimizing detractors to providing exceptional service quality, positively influencing customer satisfaction, and building loyalty intentions among students. The ACT Student Opinion Survey (ACT, Inc.) was used to find the level of student satisfaction with the college services and environment. A stratified random sample of 468 undergraduate students responded to the survey. Three research questions guided the investigation. The study examined the general level of satisfaction with the support services, compared satisfaction levels to those of similar institutions of higher education, and examined whether satisfaction varied based on a student's age, gender, or ethnicity. Two-tailed t-tests showed significant differences in the mean satisfaction scores of the target university and ACT national norms, and one-way ANOVAs indicated significant differences based on a student's age, gender, and ethnicity. The results indicated that students were satisfied with the library, and dissatisfied with parking and course availability at the target university. Students were significantly less satisfied with one-fifth of all support services and all the environmental categories, but significantly more satisfied with their library than those in the ACT national norm. A relatively small number of significant differences existed in student satisfaction with the college services and environment based on a student's age, gender, or ethnicity. Of the nearly 200 ANOVA analysis conducted to explore this research question, only 11 showed significant differences, and in almost every case, the differences were small. Specific student comments regarding campus parking, advising, class availability, facilities, and staff deportment are provided. The results of the study create an awareness of student needs and offer useful feedback to college administrators and institutional planners in their efforts to improve service quality in higher education.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2015 / In preparation for the launch of the Flemish Interuniversity Council-Institutional Cooperation (VLIR-IUC) in 2010, the Development Facilitation and Training Institute (DevFTI), University of Limpopo, conducted a scoping exercise with community members in villages within Dikgale in the Limpopo Province. The purpose of the exercise was to identify both the assets within the community — as well as the challenges being experienced in the area. During discussions with leaders of the Community Based Organisations (CBOs) it became apparent that mental health related issues were an emerging issue of concern — with special emphasis placed on the levels of stigma that existed towards mental illness in the area. It is against this backdrop that the researcher was motivated to conduct a study with the aim of finding out the opinions and knowledge of the lay people about mental illness in Dikgopheng community, situated within the broader Dikgale area, in Polokwane Local Municipality in the Limpopo Province. The study used a quantitative descriptive survey research design in which participants answered questions administered through questionnaires. A random sampling strategy was used to secure a representative sample size of 249 respondents out of the total population of 700. IBM’s Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows (SPSS version 20) was used to analyse the descriptive statistics. Inconclusive results were found about formal knowledge of the psychosocial risk factors associated with the onset of mental illness. In contradistinction, patterns of cultural associations linked to the onset of mental illness were significant. Furthermore, an overwhelming majority of the community (75.1%) of the community members were found to have ‘stigmatisation’ opinions about people with mental illness. Due to the lack of the psychosocial knowledge about risk factors and the onset of mental illness, it is recommended (i) that there is a need for education and training to raise awareness about risk factors associated with the onset of mental illness and (ii) that further qualitative research be undertaken to explore issues relating to mental illness and stigma in more depth in the area that specifically focuses on ameliorative measures that address stigma that could be implemented within the community.