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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
151

Optimisation de chaufferies collectives multi-energies : dimensionnement et commande de systèmes de stockage thermique par hydro-accumulation

Labidi, Mouchira 30 April 2015 (has links)
Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit portent sur l’optimisation d’une chaufferie collective multi-énergie en l’équipant d’un système de stockage thermique de type hydro-accumulation. L’efficacité de ce dernier dépend de sa capacité à conserver son énergie initiale. Ainsi, pour minimiser les pertes thermiques, le système de stockage doit être correctement isolé. Un modèle de ballon d’hydro-accumulation stratifié est développé et validé expérimentalement. Une étude paramétrique est menée afin d’étudier l’impact, sur les pertes thermiques, de paramètres géométriques et météorologiques. Ensuite, une approche de dimensionnement, fondée sur une stratégie de gestion séquentielle et une étude paramétrique est proposée. Plusieurs critères énergétiques et économiques peuvent ainsi être évalués pour différents volumes de stockage thermique. L’approche de dimensionnement proposée a été appliquée à plusieurs sites exploités par Cofely GDF-Suez, notre partenaire industriel. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le dimensionnement optimal du système de stockage et la gestion intelligente du procédé permettent d'optimiser le fonctionnement d’un site. Des économies énergétiques et financières importantes peuvent ainsi être réalisées. La stratégie de gestion séquentielle proposée n’anticipe pas les besoins du réseau de chaleur. C’est pourquoi une stratégie fondée sur la commande prédictive (MPC pour Model Predictive Control) est susceptible d’améliorer le fonctionnement et les performances d’une chaufferie collective équipée d’un système d’hydro-accumulation. Afin de mettre en œuvre un tel contrôleur, la puissance thermique demandée par le réseau de chaleur doit être correctement prédite. Par conséquent, une méthode de prédiction a été développée. Elle s’appuie sur une analyse multi-résolution par transformée en ondelettes discrète et sur l’utilisation de réseaux de neurones artificiels de type perceptron multicouche. La stratégie séquentielle (non prédictive) et la stratégie prédictive ont été appliquées à une chaufferie collective mixte située dans une commune du nord de la France. Pour ce cas d’étude, la stratégie prédictive est plus efficace. De plus, les résultats montrent que, quelle que soit la stratégie utilisée, équiper la chaufferie d’un système d’hydro-accumulation correctement dimensionné est un investissement rentable. Il permet de minimiser la consommation d’énergie fossile et, par conséquent, le coût économique et les émissions de CO2. / The present work deals with optimizing a multi-energy district boiler by adding to the plant a thermal water storage tank. The effectiveness of such a system depends on how long the stored energy can be kept without considerable degradation. The storage tank should be properly insulated to reduce the rate of heat loss. Thus, firstly, a stratified water thermal storage model is developed and experimentally validated. A parametric study is carried out to determine the influence of geometric and meteorological parameters on heat loss. Next, a reliable sizing method based on a sequential management strategy and a parametric study is proposed. Various energy and economic criteria have been evaluated for a range of thermal storage sizes. The proposed methodology has been applied to many plants managed by Cofely GDF-Suez, our industrial partner. Results highlight the ability of a thermal storage tank (optimally sized and managed) to improve the operation of a multi-energy district boiler and realize significant energy and economic savings. The main drawback of the proposed sequential management strategy lies in not taking into account the future power demand. That is why a strategy based on a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) is likely to improve operation and performance. In order to implement such a controller, the power demand has to be accurately forecasted. As a consequence, a short-term forecast method, based on wavelet-based Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) and multilayer Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is proposed. Both the sequential and the predictive strategies are applied to a northeast France multi-energy district boiler selected as a case study. The main result to retain is that the efficiency of water thermal storage tank is mainly related to its design and the way it is managed. For this case study, the predictive strategy regardless the size of the storage tank, the predictive strategy is more reliable. Furthermore, in all cases an adequately sized and managed thermal storage tank is a profitable investment. It allows the fossil energy consumption to be significantly reduced. The same remark applies to the functioning costs and CO2 emissions.
152

Statistical Designs for Network A/B Testing

Pokhilko, Victoria V 01 January 2019 (has links)
A/B testing refers to the statistical procedure of experimental design and analysis to compare two treatments, A and B, applied to different testing subjects. It is widely used by technology companies such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Netflix, to compare different algorithms, web-designs, and other online products and services. The subjects participating in these online A/B testing experiments are users who are connected in different scales of social networks. Two connected subjects are similar in terms of their social behaviors, education and financial background, and other demographic aspects. Hence, it is only natural to assume that their reactions to online products and services are related to their network adjacency. In this research, we propose to use the conditional autoregressive model (CAR) to present the network structure and include the network effects in the estimation and inference of the treatment effect. The following statistical designs are presented: D-optimal design for network A/B testing, a re-randomization experimental design approach for network A/B testing and covariate-assisted Bayesian sequential design for network A/B testing. The effectiveness of the proposed methods are shown through numerical results with synthetic networks and real social networks.
153

Conception d’environnement instrumenté pour la veille à la personne / Design of instrumented environment for human monitoring

Massein, Aurélien 22 November 2018 (has links)
L'instrumentation permet à notre environnement, maison ou bâtiment, de devenir intelligent en s'adaptant à nos modes de vie et en nous assistant au quotidien. Un environnement intelligent est sensible et réactif à nos activités, afin d'améliorer notre qualité de vie. La fiabilité d'identification des activités est ainsi essentielle pour cette intelligence ambiante : elle est directement dépendante du positionnement des capteurs au sein de l'environnement. Cette question essentielle du placement des capteurs est très peu considérée par les systèmes ambiants commercialisés ou même dans la littérature. Pourtant, elle est la source principale de leurs dysfonctionnements où une mauvaise reconnaissance des activités entraîne une mauvaise assistance fournie. Le placement de capteurs consiste à choisir et à positionner des capteurs pertinents pour une identification fiable des activités. Dans cette thèse, nous développons et détaillons une méthodologie de placement de capteurs axée sur l'identifiabilité des activités d'intérêt. Nous la qualifions en nous intéressant à deux évaluations différentes : la couverture des intérêts et l'incertitude de mesures. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons un modèle de l'activité où nous décomposons l'activité en actions caractérisées afin d'être indépendant de toute technologie ambiante (axée connaissances ou données). Nous représentons actions et capteurs par un modèle ensembliste unifiant, permettant de fusionner des informations homogènes de capteurs hétérogènes. Nous en évaluons l'identifiabilité des actions d'intérêt au regard des capteurs placés, par des notions de précision (performance d'identification) et de sensibilité (couverture des actions). Notre algorithme de placement des capteurs utilise la Pareto-optimalité pour proposer une large palette de placements-solutions pertinents et variés, pour ces multiples identifiabilités à maximiser. Nous illustrons notre méthodologie et notre évaluation en utilisant des capteurs de présence, et en choisissant optimalement la caractéristique à couvrir pour chaque action. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous intéressons à la planification optimale des expériences où l'analyse de la matrice d'information permet de quantifier l'influence des sources d'incertitudes sur l'identification d'une caractéristique d'action. Nous représentons les capteurs continus et l'action caractérisée par un modèle analytique, et montrons que certaines incertitudes doivent être prises en compte et intégrées dans une nouvelle matrice d'information. Nous y appliquons les indices d'observabilité directement pour évaluer l'identifiabilité d'une action caractérisée (incertitude d'identification). Nous illustrons cette évaluation alternative en utilisant des capteurs d'angle, et nous la comparons à la matrice d'information classique. Nous discutons des deux évaluations abordées et de leur complémentarité pour la conception d’environnement instrumenté pour la veille à la personne. / Instrumentation enables our environment, house or building, to get smart through self-adjustment to our lifestyles and through assistance of our daily-life. A smart environment is sensitive and responsive to our activities, in order to improve our quality of life. Reliability of activities' identification is absolutely necessary to such ambient intelligence: it depends directly on sensors' positioning within the environment. This fundamental issue of sensor placement is hardly considered by marketed ambient systems or even into the literature. Yet, it is the main source of ambient systems' malfunctions and failures, because a bad activity recognition leads to a bad delivered assistance. Sensor placement is about choosing and positioning relevant sensors for a reliable identification of activities. In this thesis, we develop and detail a sensor placement methodology driven by identifiability of activities of interest. We quantify it by looking at two different evaluations: coverage of interests and uncertainty of measures. First, we present an activity model that decomposes each activity into characterised actions to be technology-free (either knowledge or data driven one). We depict actions and sensors by a set theoretic model, enabling to fuse homogeneous informations of heterogeneous sensors. We then evaluate each action of interest's identifiability regarding placed sensors, through notions of precision (identification's performance) and sensitivity (action's coverage). Our sensor placement algorithm use Pareto-optimality to offer a wide range of relevant solution-placements, for these multiple identifiabilities to maximise. We showcase our methodology and our evaluation through solving a problem featuring motion and binary sensors, by optimally choosing for each action the characteristic to cover. Finally, we look into optimal design of experiments by analysing the information matrix to quantify how sources of uncertainties influence the identification of an action's characteristic. We depict continuous sensors and the characterised action by an analytical model, and we show that some uncertainties should be considered and included in a new information matrix. We then apply directly observability indexes to evaluate identifiability of a characterised action (uncertainty of identification), and compare our new information matrix to the classical one. We showcase our alternate evaluation through solving a sensor placement problem featuring angular sensors. We discuss both covered evaluations and their complementarity towards the design of instrumented environment for human monitoring.
154

Simulation and Optimal Design of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiments

Nie, Zhenghua 10 1900 (has links)
<p>In this study, we concentrate on spin-1/2 systems. A series of tools using the Liouville space method have been developed for simulating of NMR of arbitrary pulse sequences.</p> <p>We have calculated one- and two-spin symbolically, and larger systems numerically of steady states. The one-spin calculations show how SSFP converges to continuous wave NMR. A general formula for two-spin systems has been derived for the creation of double-quantum signals as a function of irradiation strength, coupling constant, and chemical shift difference. The formalism is general and can be extended to more complex spin systems.</p> <p>Estimates of transverse relaxation, R<sub>2</sub>, are affected by frequency offset and field inhomogeneity. We find that in the presence of expected B<sub>0</sub> inhomogeneity, off-resonance effects can be removed from R<sub>2</sub> measurements, when ||omega||<= 0.5 gamma\,B<sub>1</sub> in Hahn echo experiments, when ||omega||<=gamma\,B<sub>1</sub> in CPMG experiments with specific phase variations, by fitting exact solutions of the Bloch equations given in the Lagrange form.</p> <p>Approximate solutions of CPMG experiments show the specific phase variations can significantly smooth the dependence of measured intensities on frequency offset in the range of +/- 1/2 gamma\,B<sub>1</sub>. The effective R<sub>2</sub> of CPMG experiments when using a phase variation scheme can be expressed as a second-order formula with respect to the ratio of offset to pi-pulse amplitude.</p> <p>Optimization problems using the exact or approximate solution of the Bloch equations are established for designing optimal broadband universal rotation (OBUR) pulses. OBUR pulses are independent of initial magnetization and can be applied to replace any pulse of the same flip angles in a pulse sequence. We demonstrate the process to exactly and efficiently calculate the first- and second-order derivatives with respect to pulses. Using these exact derivatives, a second-order optimization method is employed to design pulses. Experiments and simulations show that OBUR pulses can provide more uniform spectra in the designed offset range and come up with advantages in CPMG experiments.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
155

Modeling and Optimization of Electrode Configurations for Piezoelectric Material

Schulze, Veronika 30 October 2023 (has links)
Piezoelektrika haben ein breit gefächertes Anwendungsspektrum in Industrie, Alltag und Forschung. Dies erfordert ein genaues Wissen über das Materialverhalten der betrachteten piezoelektrischen Elemente, was mit dem Lösen von simulationsgestützten inversen Parameteridentifikationsproblemen einhergeht. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der optimalen Versuchsplanung (OED) für dieses Problem. Piezoelektrische Materialien weisen die Eigenschaft auf, sich als Reaktion auf angelegte Potentiale oder Kräfte mechanisch oder elektrisch zu verändern (direkter und indirekter piezoelektrischer Effekt). Um eine Spannung anzulegen und den indirekten piezoelektrischen Effekt auszunutzen, werden Elektroden aufgebracht, deren Konfiguration einen erheblichen Einfluss auf mögliche Systemantworten hat. Daher werden das Potential, die Anzahl und die Größe der Elektroden zunächst im zweidimensionalen Fall optimiert. Das piezoelektrische Verhalten basiert im betrachteten Kleinsignalbereich auf zeitabhängigen, linearen partiellen Differentialgleichungen. Die Herleitung sowie Existenz und Eindeutigkeit der Lösungen werden gezeigt. Zur Berechnung der elektrischen Ladung und der Impedanz, die für das Materialidentifikationsproblem und damit für die Versuchsplanung relevant sind, werden zeit- und frequenzabhängige Simulationen auf Basis der Finite Elemente Methode (FEM) mit dem FEM Simulationstool FEniCS durchgeführt. Es wird auf Nachteile bei der Berechnung der Ableitungen eingegangen und erste adjungierte Gleichungen formuliert. Die Modellierung des Problems der optimalen Versuchsplanung erfolgt hauptsächlich durch die Kontrolle des Potentials der Dirichlet Randbedingungen des Randwertproblems. Anhand mehrerer numerischer Beispiele werden die resultierenden Konfigurationen gezeigt. Weitere Ansätze zur Elektrodenmodellierung, z.B. durch Kontrolle der Materialeigenschaften, werden ebenfalls vorgestellt. Schließlich wird auf mögliche Erweiterungen des vorgestellten OED Problems hingewiesen. / Piezoelectrics have a wide range of applications in industry, everyday life and research. This requires an accurate knowledge of the material behavior, which implies the solution of simulation-based inverse identification problems. This thesis focuses on the optimal design of experiments addressing this problem. Piezoelectric materials exhibit the property of mechanical or electrical changes in response to applied potentials or forces (direct and indirect piezoelectric effect). To apply voltage and to exploit the indirect piezoelectric effect, electrodes are attached whose configura- tion have a significant influence on possible system responses. Therefore, the potential, the number and the size of the electrodes are initially optimized in the two-dimensional case. The piezoelectric behavior in the considered small signal range is based on a time dependent linear partial differential equation system. The derivation as well as the exis- tence, uniqueness and regularity of the solutions of the equations are shown. Time- and frequency-dependent simulations based on the finite element method (FEM) with the FEM simulation tool FEniCS are performed to calculate the electric charge and the impedance, which are relevant for the material identification problem and thus for the experimental design. Drawbacks in the derivative calculations are pointed out and a first set of adjoint equations is formulated. The modeling of the optimal experimental design (OED) prob- lem is done mainly by controlling the potential of the Dirichlet boundary conditions of the boundary value problem. Several numerical examples are used to show the resulting configurations and to address the difficulties encountered. Further electrode modeling ap- proaches for example by controlling the material properties are then discussed. Finally, possible extensions of the presented OED problem are pointed out.
156

Restricted Region Exact Designs

Persson, Johan January 2017 (has links)
Problem statement: The D-optimal design is often used in clinical research. In multi-factor clinical experiments it is natural to restrict the experiment's design space so as not to give a patient the combination of several high dose treatments simultaneously. Under such design space restrictions it is unknown what designs are D-optimal. The goal of the thesis has been to find D-optimal designs for these design spaces. Approach: Two new algorithms for finding D-optimal designs with one, two or three factors with linear models has been developed and implemented in MATLAB. Two restricted design spaces were explored. In cases when the program could not find the D-optimal design an analytic approach was used. Results: Special attention was given to the two factor model with interaction. All of the D-optimal designs for this model, N less or equal to 30, and their permutations have been listed as well as their continous designs. Conclusion: In one of the restricted design regions a simple design pattern appeared for N greater than or equal to 7. In the other restricted design region no obvious pattern was found but its continuous design could be calculated through analysis. It turned out that the number of trials at the lowest dose combination did not change when moving from the full space design to the restricted design regions. / Frågeställning: D-optimala designer är vanliga i kliniska studier. När flera faktorer (läkemedel) prövas samtidigt kan det vara nödvändigt att begränsa försöksrummet så att patienterna undviker att få en hög dos av flera faktorer samtidigt. I sådana begränsade försöksrum är det okänt vilka designer som är D-optimala. Uppsatsens mål har varit att hitta D-optimala designer i begränsade försöksrum. Metod: Två nya algoritmer för att hitta D-optimala designer med en, två eller tre dimensioner och linjära modeller har utvecklats och implementerats i MATLAB. Två begränsade försöksrum har utforskats. I de fall då MATLAB-programmet inte kunde hitta de D-optimala designerna användes analytiska metoder. Resultat: Analys av en tvåfaktormodell med interaktion utforskades särskilt noggrant. Alla D-optimala designer och permutationer av dessa i de båda begränsade försöksrummen har listats för alla N mindre än eller lika med 30, samt även deras kontinuerliga designer. Slutsats: För det ena försöksrummet upptäcktes ett mönster i designen då N är större än eller lika med 7. I det andra försöksrummet upptäcktes inget mönster och det krävdes således analytiska metoder för att finna dess kontinuerliga design. Det visade sig att antalet försök i den lägsta doskombinationen förblev oförändrat då man bytte från det fulla designrummet till de båda begränsade designrummen.
157

Design and analysis of sugarcane breeding experiments: a case study / Delineamento e análise de experimentos de melhoramento com cana de açúcar: um estudo de caso

Santos, Alessandra dos 26 May 2017 (has links)
One purpose of breeding programs is the selection of the better test lines. The accuracy of selection can be improved by using optimal design and using models that fit the data well. Finding this is not easy, especially in large experiments which assess more than one hundred lines without the possibility of replication due to the limited material, area and high costs. Thus, the large number of parameters in the complex variance structure that needs to be fitted relies on the limited number of replicated check varieties. The main objectives of this thesis were to model 21 trials of sugarcane provided by \"Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira\" (CTC - Brazilian company of sugarcane) and to evaluate the design employed, which uses a large number of unreplicated test lines (new varieties) and systematic replicated check (commercial) lines. The mixed linear model was used to identify the three major components of spatial variation in the plot errors and the competition effects at the genetic and residual levels. The test lines were assumed as random effects and check lines as fixed, because they came from different processes. The single and joint analyses were developed because the trials could be grouped into two types: (i) one longitudinal data set (two cuts) and (ii) five regional groups of experiment (each group was a region which had three sites). In a study of alternative designs, a fixed size trial was assumed to evaluate the efficiency of the type of unreplicated design employed in these 21 trials comparing to spatially optimized unreplicated and p-rep designs with checks and a spatially optimized p-rep design. To investigate models and design there were four simulation studies to assess mainly the i) fitted model, under conditions of competition effects at the genetic level, ii) accuracy of estimation in the separate versus joint analysis; iii) relation between the sugarcane lodging and the negative residual correlation, and iv) design efficiency. To conclude, the main information obtained from the simulation studies was: the convergence number of the algorithm model analyzed; the variance parameter estimates; the correlations between the direct genetic EBLUPs and the true direct genetic effects; the assertiveness of selection or the average similarity, where similarity was measured as the percentage of the 30 test lines with the highest direct genetic EBLUPs that are in the true 30 best test lines (generated); and the heritability estimates or the genetic gain. / Um dos propósitos dos programas de melhoramento genético é a seleção de novos clones melhores (novos materiais). A acurácia de seleção pode ser melhorada usando delineamentos ótimos e modelos bem ajustados. Porém, descobrir isso não é fácil, especialmente, em experimentos grandes que possuem mais de cem clones sem a possibilidade de repetição devido à limitação de material, área e custos elevados, dadas as poucas repetições de parcelas com variedades comerciais (testemunhas) e o número de parâmetros de complexa variância estrutural que necessitam ser assumidos. Os principais objetivos desta tese foram modelar 21 experimentos de cana de açúcar fornecidos pelo Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (CTC - empresa brasileira de cana de açúcar) e avaliar o delineamento empregado, o qual usa um número grande de clones não repetidos e testemunhas sistematicamente repetidas. O modelo linear misto foi usado, identificando três principais componentes de variação espacial nos erros de parcelas e efeitos de competição, em nível genético e residual. Os clones foram assumidos de efeitos aleatórios e as testemunhas de efeitos fixos, pois vieram de processos diferentes. As análises individuais e conjuntas foram desenvolvidas neste material pois os experimentos puderam ser agrupados em dois tipos: (i) um delineamento longitudinal (duas colheitas) e (ii) cinco grupos de experimentos (cada grupo uma região com três locais). Para os estudos de delineamentos, um tamanho fixo de experimento foi assumido para se avaliar a eficiência do delineamento não replicado (empregado nesses 21 experimentos) com os não replicados otimizado espacialmente, os parcialmente replicados com testemunhas e os parcialmente replicados otimizado espacialmente. Quatro estudos de simulação foram feitos para avaliar i) os modelos ajustados, sob condições de efeito de competição em nível genético, ii) a acurácia das estimativas vindas dos modelos de análise individual e conjunta; iii) a relação entre tombamento da cana e a correlação residual negativa, e iv) a eficiência dos delineamentos. Para concluir, as principais informações utilizadas nos estudos de simulação foram: o número de vezes que o algoritmo convergiu; a variância na estimativa dos parâmetros; a correlação entre os EBLUPs genético direto e os efeitos genéticos reais; a assertividade de seleção ou a semelhança média, sendo semelhança medida como a porcentagem dos 30 clones com os maiores EBLUPS genético e os 30 melhores verdadeiros clones; e a estimativa da herdabilidade ou do ganho genético.
158

A study on the acoustic performance of tramway low-height noise barriers : gradient-based numerical optimization and experimental approaches / Étude de la performance acoustique des écrans antibruit de faible hauteur pour le tramway : optimisation numérique par méthode de gradient et approches expérimentales

Jolibois, Alexandre 25 November 2013 (has links)
Le bruit est devenu une nuisance importante en zone urbaine au point que selon l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, 40% de la population européenne est exposée à des niveaux de bruit excessifs, principalement dû aux transports terrestres. Il devient donc nécessaire de trouver de nouveaux moyens de lutter contre le bruit en zone urbaine. Dans ce travail, on étudie une solution possible à ce problème: un écran bas antibruit. Il s'agit d'un écran de hauteur inférieure à un mètre placé près d'une source, conçu pour réduire le niveau de bruit pour les piétons et les cyclistes à proximité. Ce type de protection est étudié numériquement et expérimentalement. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux écrans adaptés au bruit du tramway puisque dans ce cas les sources sont proches du sol et peuvent être atténuées efficacement. La forme ainsi que le traitement de surface de l'écran sont optimisés par une méthode de gradient couplée à une méthode 2D d'éléments finis de frontière. Les variables à optimiser sont les coordonnées de nœuds de contrôle et les paramètres servant à décrire l'impédance de surface. Les sensibilités sont calculées efficacement par la méthode de l'état adjoint. Les formes générées par l'algorithme d'optimisation sont assez irrégulières mais induisent une nette amélioration par rapport à des formes simples, d'au moins 5 dB (A). Il est également montré que l'utilisation de traitement absorbant du côté source de l'écran peut améliorer la performance sensiblement. Ce dernier point est confirmé par des mesures effectuées sur modèle réduit. De plus, un prototype à l'échelle 1 d'écran bas antibruit a été construit et testé en conditions réelles, le long d'une voie de tramway à Grenoble. Les mesures montrent que la protection réduit le niveau de 10 dB (A) pour un récepteur proche situé à hauteur d'oreilles. Ces résultats semblent confirmer l'applicabilité de ces protections pour réduire efficacement le bruit en zone urbaine / Noise has become a main nuisance in urban areas to the point that according to the World Health Organization 40% of the European population is exposed to excessive noise levels, mainly due to ground transportation. There is therefore a need to find new ways to mitigate noise in urban areas. In this work, a possible device to achieve this goal is studied: a low-height noise barrier. It consists of a barrier typically less than one meter high placed close to a source, designed to decrease the noise level for nearby pedestrians and cyclists. This type of device is studied both numerically and experimentally. Tramway noise barriers are especially studied since the noise sources are in this case very close to the ground and can therefore be attenuated efficiently. The shape and the surface treatment of the barrier are optimized using a gradient-based method coupled to a 2D boundary element method (BEM). The optimization variables are the node coordinates of a control mesh and the parameters describing the surface impedance. Sensitivities are calculated efficiently using the adjoint state approach. Numerical results show that the shapes generated by the optimization algorithm tend to be quite irregular but provide a significant improvement of more than 5 dB (A) compared to simpler shapes. Utilizing an absorbing treatment on the source side of the barrier is shown to be efficient as well. This second point has been confirmed by scale model measurements. In addition, a full scale low height noise barrier prototype has been built and tested in situ close to a tramway track in Grenoble. Measurements show that the device provides more than 10 dB (A) of attenuation for a close receiver located at the typical height of human ears. These results therefore seem to confirm the applicability of such protections to efficiently decrease noise exposure in urban areas
159

Advances and Applications of Experimental Measures to Test Behavioral Saving Theories and a Method to Increase Efficiency in Binary and Multiple Treatment Assignment

Schneider, Sebastian Olivier 24 November 2017 (has links)
No description available.
160

Conception préliminaire d'actionneurs électromécaniques - outils d'aide à la spécification et à la génération de procédures de dimensionnement pour l'optimisation / Preliminary design of electromechanical actuators – development of tools dedicated to technical specification and optimal sizing sequence conditioning

Reysset, Aurelien 23 January 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse a pour objectif d’apporter un ensemble d’outils logiciels s’inscrivant dans une méthodologie globale de conception de systèmes mécatroniques. Elle arrive en complément de travaux déjà menés au sein du laboratoire sur le pré-dimensionnement d’actionneurs aéronautiques de nouvelle génération : les actionneurs électromécaniques (EMA). Cette technologie apporte de nouvelles problématiques qui forcent les ingénieurs à modifier leur processus de développement et ce dès la phase de spécification où des profils de mission devront être générés/transformés/analysés de manière à simplifier la conception et assurer leur validation. Une toolbox Simulink a donc été créée dans cette thèse pour répondre à ce besoin de transformation de l’information entre avionneur et systémier. Comme tout système embarqué, le concepteur fait face à des compromis entre performances, durée de vie et intégration, qui peuvent se résumer à un problème d’optimisation décrit par un ensemble d’équations et de contraintes. Un effort particulier de description a été mené sur le conditionnement de ces équations sous la forme d’un séquencement de calculs explicites adaptés aux algorithmes d’optimisation. La méthode et son implémentation logicielle, toutes deux basées sur la théorie des graphes, interagissent avec le concepteur de manière à l’informer des erreurs de singularité ou de bouclages algébriques apparaissant dans son problème et à lui fournir des pistes de résolution. Pour finir, des études de pré-dimensionnement d’actionneurs de train d’atterrissage et de surfaces de vol primaires (aileron et spoiler), réalisées dans le cadre de cette thèse, dresseront les possibilités offertes par cette approche innovante : conception intégrée avec une cinématique complexe, conception collaborative pluri-partenaires découplée, utilisation de surfaces de réponse pour accélérer l’optimisation / The aim of this thesis is to bring a package of software tools included in a whole methodology dealing with mechatronic systems design. It comes as an add-on to the work already carried out at the laboratory in the field of the new generation of aircraft actuation systems: electromechanical actuators (EMA). This technology triggers new problematics leading the engineers to modify their development process as early as the specification phase, when mission profiles have to be generated/transformed/analyzed in order to simplify the design and ensure the validation step. Thus a Simulink toolbox has been created to meet the need for an information translator working as an intermediate between airframer and system-supplier. As for all the embedded systems, the designer has to face some performance-lifetime-integration trade-off, which can be considered as an optimization problem described by a set of equations and constraints. Particular attention is paid here to the conditioning of those explicit equations in order to obtain a standardized calculation sequence adapted to many optimization algorithms. The method and implemented software, both based on the graph theory, interact with the designer to inform him on the possible singularity and algebraic loop issues, providing some leads for their resolution. Finally, some preliminary sizing studies of landing gear and primary flight control surfaces (aileron and spoiler) actuation systems are presented to highlight the possibilities brought out by this innovative approach: integrated design with complex kinematics, collaborative multi-partners design, use of response surfaces to speed up the optimization

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