The success of screening experiments hinges on the effect sparsity assumption, which states that only a few of the factorial effects of interest actually have an impact on the system being investigated. The development of a screening methodology to harness this assumption requires careful consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of a proposed experimental design in addition to the ability of an analysis procedure to properly detect the major influences on the response. However, for the most part, screening designs and their complementing analysis procedures have been proposed separately in the literature without clear consideration of their ability to perform as a single screening methodology. As a contribution to this growing area of research, this dissertation investigates the pairing of non-replicated and partially–replicated two-level screening designs with model selection procedures that allow for the incorporation of a model-independent error estimate. Using simulation, we focus attention on the ability to screen out active effects from a first order with two-factor interactions model and the possible benefits of using partial replication as part of an overall screening methodology. We begin with a focus on single-criterion optimum designs and propose a new criterion to create partially replicated screening designs. We then extend the newly proposed criterion into a multi-criterion framework where estimation of the assumed model in addition to protection against model misspecification are considered. This is an important extension of the work since initial knowledge of the system under investigation is considered to be poor in the cases presented. A methodology to reduce a set of competing design choices is also investigated using visual inspection of plots meant to represent uncertainty in design criterion preferences. Because screening methods typically involve sequential experimentation, we present a final investigation into the screening process by presenting simulation results which incorporate a single follow-up phase of experimentation. In this concluding work we extend the newly proposed criterion to create optimal partially replicated follow-up designs. Methodologies are compared which use different methods of incorporating knowledge gathered from the initial screening phase into the follow-up phase of experimentation.

L'un des défis actuels de la chimie alimentaire est de développer des produits avec une qualité sanitaire et sensorielle optimale. Ceci est particulièrement important dans les produits traités thermiquement, tels que les produits céréaliers. Lors de la cuisson et à partir des ingrédients, un nombre considérable de composés peuvent se former. Certains suscitent une préoccupation sanitaire émergente, lorsque d'autres jouent un rôle sensoriel indéniable. Comprendre la réactivité des constituants devient alors un levier puissant pour développer des voies d'amélioration des aliments. Ce travail porte sur les effets des ingrédients et conditions de cuisson dans la génération de furane, composé possiblement cancérigène, et furfural, composé odorant contribuant à l'arôme caractéristique de la génoise. Afin de maîtriser la réactivité et ainsi optimiser la qualité des produits, une approche globale a été adoptée, incluant l'étude des composés volatils, des propriétés physicochimiques et sensorielles et l'appréciation hédonique des consommateurs. Ce travail propose une méthodologie et ouvre des pistes intéressantes pour développer des stratégies efficaces de maîtrise de la qualité globale des produits transformés. / A current challenge for food chemists consists in developing safe yet appealing food. This is particularly difficult in thermally-treated foods, like baked products, since a great number of compounds may be produced during heating. While some of these are of health concern, others contribute to other key aspects of quality, such as aroma or color, revealing the need of considering reactivity into food quality design. This work deals with the effects of formulation and baking conditions on the generation of furan, a heatinduced contaminant, and furfural, contributing typical aroma to sponge cake. Moreover, a holistic approach was adopted, covering volatile generation, physical properties, sensory evaluation and consumer tests, both for further understanding reactivity and optimizing product quality. This work is certainly an important step towards the development of novel strategies for qualitydriven design of heat-treated food.

No description available.

D'une manière schématique, l'optimisation dynamique de procédés consiste en trois étapes de base : (i) la modélisation, dans laquelle un modèle (phénoménologique) du procédé est construit, (ii) la formulation du problème, dans laquelle le critère de performance, les contraintes et les variables de décision sont définis, (iii) et la résolution, dans laquelle les profils optimaux des variables de décision sont déterminés. Il est important de souligner que ces profils optimaux garantissent l'optimalité pour le modèle mathématique utilisé. Lorsqu'ils sont appliqués au procédé, ces profils ne sont optimaux que lorsque le modèle décrit parfaitement le comportement du procédé, ce qui est très rarement le cas dans la pratique. En effet, les incertitudes sur les paramètres du modèle, les perturbations du procédé, et les erreurs structurelles du modèle font que les profils optimaux des variables de décision basés sur le modèle ne seront probablement pas optimaux pour le procédé. L'application de ces profils au procédé conduit généralement à la violation de certaines contraintes et/ou à des performances sous-optimales. Pour faire face à ces problèmes, l'optimisation dynamique en temps-réel constitue une approche tout à fait intéressante. L'idée générale de cette approche est d'utiliser les mesures expérimentales associées au modèle du procédé pour améliorer les profils des variables de décision de sorte que les conditions d'optimalité soient vérifiées sur le procédé (maximisation des performances et satisfaction des contraintes). En effet, pour un problème d'optimisation sous contraintes, les conditions d'optimalité possèdent deux parties : la faisabilité et la sensibilité. Ces deux parties nécessitent différents types de mesures expérimentales, à savoir les valeurs du critère et des contraintes, et les gradients du critère et des contraintes par rapport aux variables de décision. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une stratégie conceptuelle d'utilisation de ces mesures expérimentales en ligne de sorte que le procédé vérifie non seulement les conditions nécessaires, mais également les conditions suffisantes d'optimalité. Ce développement conceptuel va notamment s'appuyer sur les récents progrès en optimisation déterministe (les méthodes stochastiques ne seront pas abordées dans ce travail) de procédés basés principalement sur l'estimation des variables d'état non mesurées à l'aide d'un observateur à horizon glissant. Une méthodologie d'optimisation dynamique en temps réel (D-RTO) a été développée et appliquée à un réacteur batch dans lequel une réaction de polymérisation par greffage a lieu. L'objectif est de déterminer le profil temporel de température du réacteur qui minimise le temps opératoire tout en respectant des contraintes terminales sur le taux de conversion et l'efficacité de greffage / In a schematic way, process optimization consists of three basic steps: (i) modeling, in which a (phenomenological) model of the process is developed, (ii) problem formulation, in which the criterion of Performance, constraints and decision variables are defined, (iii) the resolution of the optimal problem, in which the optimal profiles of the decision variables are determined. It is important to emphasize that these optimal profiles guarantee the optimality for the model used. When applied to the process, these profiles are optimal only when the model perfectly describes the behavior of the process, which is very rarely the case in practice. Indeed, uncertainties about model parameters, process disturbances, and structural model errors mean that the optimal profiles of the model-based decision variables will probably not be optimal for the process. The objective of this thesis is to develop a conceptual strategy for using experimental measurements online so that the process not only satisfies the necessary conditions, but also the optimal conditions. This conceptual development will in particular be based on recent advances in deterministic optimization (the stochastic methods will not be dealt with in this work) of processes based on the estimation of the state variables that are not measured by a moving horizon observer. A dynamic real-time optimization (D-RTO) methodology has been developed and applied to a batch reactor where polymer grafting reactions take place. The objective is to determine the on-line reactor temperature profile that minimizes the batch time while meeting terminal constraints on the overall conversion rate and grafting efficiency

L'instrumentation permet à notre environnement, maison ou bâtiment, de devenir intelligent en s'adaptant à nos modes de vie et en nous assistant au quotidien. Un environnement intelligent est sensible et réactif à nos activités, afin d'améliorer notre qualité de vie. La fiabilité d'identification des activités est ainsi essentielle pour cette intelligence ambiante : elle est directement dépendante du positionnement des capteurs au sein de l'environnement. Cette question essentielle du placement des capteurs est très peu considérée par les systèmes ambiants commercialisés ou même dans la littérature. Pourtant, elle est la source principale de leurs dysfonctionnements où une mauvaise reconnaissance des activités entraîne une mauvaise assistance fournie. Le placement de capteurs consiste à choisir et à positionner des capteurs pertinents pour une identification fiable des activités. Dans cette thèse, nous développons et détaillons une méthodologie de placement de capteurs axée sur l'identifiabilité des activités d'intérêt. Nous la qualifions en nous intéressant à deux évaluations différentes : la couverture des intérêts et l'incertitude de mesures. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons un modèle de l'activité où nous décomposons l'activité en actions caractérisées afin d'être indépendant de toute technologie ambiante (axée connaissances ou données). Nous représentons actions et capteurs par un modèle ensembliste unifiant, permettant de fusionner des informations homogènes de capteurs hétérogènes. Nous en évaluons l'identifiabilité des actions d'intérêt au regard des capteurs placés, par des notions de précision (performance d'identification) et de sensibilité (couverture des actions). Notre algorithme de placement des capteurs utilise la Pareto-optimalité pour proposer une large palette de placements-solutions pertinents et variés, pour ces multiples identifiabilités à maximiser. Nous illustrons notre méthodologie et notre évaluation en utilisant des capteurs de présence, et en choisissant optimalement la caractéristique à couvrir pour chaque action. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous intéressons à la planification optimale des expériences où l'analyse de la matrice d'information permet de quantifier l'influence des sources d'incertitudes sur l'identification d'une caractéristique d'action. Nous représentons les capteurs continus et l'action caractérisée par un modèle analytique, et montrons que certaines incertitudes doivent être prises en compte et intégrées dans une nouvelle matrice d'information. Nous y appliquons les indices d'observabilité directement pour évaluer l'identifiabilité d'une action caractérisée (incertitude d'identification). Nous illustrons cette évaluation alternative en utilisant des capteurs d'angle, et nous la comparons à la matrice d'information classique. Nous discutons des deux évaluations abordées et de leur complémentarité pour la conception d’environnement instrumenté pour la veille à la personne. / Instrumentation enables our environment, house or building, to get smart through self-adjustment to our lifestyles and through assistance of our daily-life. A smart environment is sensitive and responsive to our activities, in order to improve our quality of life. Reliability of activities' identification is absolutely necessary to such ambient intelligence: it depends directly on sensors' positioning within the environment. This fundamental issue of sensor placement is hardly considered by marketed ambient systems or even into the literature. Yet, it is the main source of ambient systems' malfunctions and failures, because a bad activity recognition leads to a bad delivered assistance. Sensor placement is about choosing and positioning relevant sensors for a reliable identification of activities. In this thesis, we develop and detail a sensor placement methodology driven by identifiability of activities of interest. We quantify it by looking at two different evaluations: coverage of interests and uncertainty of measures. First, we present an activity model that decomposes each activity into characterised actions to be technology-free (either knowledge or data driven one). We depict actions and sensors by a set theoretic model, enabling to fuse homogeneous informations of heterogeneous sensors. We then evaluate each action of interest's identifiability regarding placed sensors, through notions of precision (identification's performance) and sensitivity (action's coverage). Our sensor placement algorithm use Pareto-optimality to offer a wide range of relevant solution-placements, for these multiple identifiabilities to maximise. We showcase our methodology and our evaluation through solving a problem featuring motion and binary sensors, by optimally choosing for each action the characteristic to cover. Finally, we look into optimal design of experiments by analysing the information matrix to quantify how sources of uncertainties influence the identification of an action's characteristic. We depict continuous sensors and the characterised action by an analytical model, and we show that some uncertainties should be considered and included in a new information matrix. We then apply directly observability indexes to evaluate identifiability of a characterised action (uncertainty of identification), and compare our new information matrix to the classical one. We showcase our alternate evaluation through solving a sensor placement problem featuring angular sensors. We discuss both covered evaluations and their complementarity towards the design of instrumented environment for human monitoring.

Piezoelektrika haben ein breit gefächertes Anwendungsspektrum in Industrie, Alltag und Forschung. Dies erfordert ein genaues Wissen über das Materialverhalten der betrachteten piezoelektrischen Elemente, was mit dem Lösen von simulationsgestützten inversen Parameteridentifikationsproblemen einhergeht. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der optimalen Versuchsplanung (OED) für dieses Problem. Piezoelektrische Materialien weisen die Eigenschaft auf, sich als Reaktion auf angelegte Potentiale oder Kräfte mechanisch oder elektrisch zu verändern (direkter und indirekter piezoelektrischer Effekt). Um eine Spannung anzulegen und den indirekten piezoelektrischen Effekt auszunutzen, werden Elektroden aufgebracht, deren Konfiguration einen erheblichen Einfluss auf mögliche Systemantworten hat. Daher werden das Potential, die Anzahl und die Größe der Elektroden zunächst im zweidimensionalen Fall optimiert. Das piezoelektrische Verhalten basiert im betrachteten Kleinsignalbereich auf zeitabhängigen, linearen partiellen Differentialgleichungen. Die Herleitung sowie Existenz und Eindeutigkeit der Lösungen werden gezeigt. Zur Berechnung der elektrischen Ladung und der Impedanz, die für das Materialidentifikationsproblem und damit für die Versuchsplanung relevant sind, werden zeit- und frequenzabhängige Simulationen auf Basis der Finite Elemente Methode (FEM) mit dem FEM Simulationstool FEniCS durchgeführt. Es wird auf Nachteile bei der Berechnung der Ableitungen eingegangen und erste adjungierte Gleichungen formuliert. Die Modellierung des Problems der optimalen Versuchsplanung erfolgt hauptsächlich durch die Kontrolle des Potentials der Dirichlet Randbedingungen des Randwertproblems. Anhand mehrerer numerischer Beispiele werden die resultierenden Konfigurationen gezeigt. Weitere Ansätze zur Elektrodenmodellierung, z.B. durch Kontrolle der Materialeigenschaften, werden ebenfalls vorgestellt. Schließlich wird auf mögliche Erweiterungen des vorgestellten OED Problems hingewiesen. / Piezoelectrics have a wide range of applications in industry, everyday life and research. This requires an accurate knowledge of the material behavior, which implies the solution of simulation-based inverse identification problems. This thesis focuses on the optimal design of experiments addressing this problem. Piezoelectric materials exhibit the property of mechanical or electrical changes in response to applied potentials or forces (direct and indirect piezoelectric effect). To apply voltage and to exploit the indirect piezoelectric effect, electrodes are attached whose configura- tion have a significant influence on possible system responses. Therefore, the potential, the number and the size of the electrodes are initially optimized in the two-dimensional case. The piezoelectric behavior in the considered small signal range is based on a time dependent linear partial differential equation system. The derivation as well as the exis- tence, uniqueness and regularity of the solutions of the equations are shown. Time- and frequency-dependent simulations based on the finite element method (FEM) with the FEM simulation tool FEniCS are performed to calculate the electric charge and the impedance, which are relevant for the material identification problem and thus for the experimental design. Drawbacks in the derivative calculations are pointed out and a first set of adjoint equations is formulated. The modeling of the optimal experimental design (OED) prob- lem is done mainly by controlling the potential of the Dirichlet boundary conditions of the boundary value problem. Several numerical examples are used to show the resulting configurations and to address the difficulties encountered. Further electrode modeling ap- proaches for example by controlling the material properties are then discussed. Finally, possible extensions of the presented OED problem are pointed out.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A identificação de danos estruturais é uma questão de fundamental importância na engenharia, visto que uma estrutura está sujeita a processos de deterioração e a ocorrência de danos durante a sua vida útil. A presença de danos compromete o desempenho e a integridade estrutural, podendo colocar vidas humanas em risco e resultam em perdas econômicas consideráveis. Técnicas de identificação de danos estruturais e monitoramento de estruturas fundamentadas no ajuste de um Modelo de Elementos Finitos (MEF) são constantes na literatura especializada. No entanto, a obtenção de um problema geralmente mal posto e o elevado custo computacional, inerente a essas técnicas, limitam ou até mesmo inviabilizam a sua aplicabilidade em estruturas que demandam um modelo de ordem elevada. Para contornar essas dificuldades, na formulação do problema de identificação de danos, pode-se utilizar o Modelo de Superfície de Reposta (MSR) em substituição a um MEF da estrutura. No presente trabalho, a identificação de danos estruturais considera o ajuste de um MSR da estrutura, objetivando-se a minimização de uma função de erro definida a partir das frequências naturais experimentais e das correspondentes frequências previstas pelo MSR. Estuda-se o problema de identificação de danos estruturais em uma viga de Euler-Bernoulli simplesmente apoiada, considerando as frequências naturais na formulação do problema inverso. O comportamento de uma viga de Euler-Bernoulli simplesmente apoiada na presença de danos é analisado, com intuito de se verificar as regiões onde a identificação dos mesmos pode apresentar maior dificuldade. No processo de identificação de danos, do presente trabalho, são avaliados os tipos de superfícies de resposta, após uma escolha apropriada do tipo de superfície de resposta a ser utilizado, determina-se a superfície de resposta considerando os dados experimentais selecionados a partir do projeto ótimo de experimentos. A utilização do método Evolução Diferencial (ED) no problema inverso de identificação de danos é considerado inerente aos resultados numéricos obtidos, a estratégia adotada mostrou-se capaz de localizar e quantificar os danos com elevada acurácia, mostrando a potencialidade do modelo de identificação de danos proposto. / The identification of structural damage is an issue of fundamental importance in engineering, since a structure is subject to deterioration processes and to the occurrence of damage throughout its useful lifetime. The presence of damage compromises the performance and structural integrity, may put human lives at risk and may result in considerable economic losses. Damage identification and structural health monitoring techniques built on Finite Element Model (FEM) updating are constant in the specialized literature. However, the problem generally rank deficient and the high computational cost, inherent to these techniques, limit or even render their applicability in structures that require a high order model. To circumvent these difficulties, in the formulation of the damage identification problem, one may use a Response Surface Model (RSM) in place of a FEM of the structure. In the present work, the identification of structural damage considers the update of a RSM of the structure, with the aim at minimizing an error function defined from the experimental natural frequencies and the corresponding natural frequencies prescribed by a RSM. The problem of structural damage identification in a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam is studied, taking into account the natural frequencies in the inverse problem formulation. The behavior of a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam, in the presence of damage, is analyzed, in order to verify the identification of regions where the damage identification may present greater difficulties. In the damage identification process, in the present work, after a suitable choice of the type of the response surface model, the surface model is derived considering the experimental data selected from an optimal design of experiments. The use of the Differential Evolution (DE) method in the inverse problem of damage identification is considered. Considering the numerical results obtained, the strategy adopted proved to be able to locate and quantify the damage with high accuracy, showing the capability of the proposed damage identification model.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A identificação de danos estruturais é uma questão de fundamental importância na engenharia, visto que uma estrutura está sujeita a processos de deterioração e a ocorrência de danos durante a sua vida útil. A presença de danos compromete o desempenho e a integridade estrutural, podendo colocar vidas humanas em risco e resultam em perdas econômicas consideráveis. Técnicas de identificação de danos estruturais e monitoramento de estruturas fundamentadas no ajuste de um Modelo de Elementos Finitos (MEF) são constantes na literatura especializada. No entanto, a obtenção de um problema geralmente mal posto e o elevado custo computacional, inerente a essas técnicas, limitam ou até mesmo inviabilizam a sua aplicabilidade em estruturas que demandam um modelo de ordem elevada. Para contornar essas dificuldades, na formulação do problema de identificação de danos, pode-se utilizar o Modelo de Superfície de Reposta (MSR) em substituição a um MEF da estrutura. No presente trabalho, a identificação de danos estruturais considera o ajuste de um MSR da estrutura, objetivando-se a minimização de uma função de erro definida a partir das frequências naturais experimentais e das correspondentes frequências previstas pelo MSR. Estuda-se o problema de identificação de danos estruturais em uma viga de Euler-Bernoulli simplesmente apoiada, considerando as frequências naturais na formulação do problema inverso. O comportamento de uma viga de Euler-Bernoulli simplesmente apoiada na presença de danos é analisado, com intuito de se verificar as regiões onde a identificação dos mesmos pode apresentar maior dificuldade. No processo de identificação de danos, do presente trabalho, são avaliados os tipos de superfícies de resposta, após uma escolha apropriada do tipo de superfície de resposta a ser utilizado, determina-se a superfície de resposta considerando os dados experimentais selecionados a partir do projeto ótimo de experimentos. A utilização do método Evolução Diferencial (ED) no problema inverso de identificação de danos é considerado inerente aos resultados numéricos obtidos, a estratégia adotada mostrou-se capaz de localizar e quantificar os danos com elevada acurácia, mostrando a potencialidade do modelo de identificação de danos proposto. / The identification of structural damage is an issue of fundamental importance in engineering, since a structure is subject to deterioration processes and to the occurrence of damage throughout its useful lifetime. The presence of damage compromises the performance and structural integrity, may put human lives at risk and may result in considerable economic losses. Damage identification and structural health monitoring techniques built on Finite Element Model (FEM) updating are constant in the specialized literature. However, the problem generally rank deficient and the high computational cost, inherent to these techniques, limit or even render their applicability in structures that require a high order model. To circumvent these difficulties, in the formulation of the damage identification problem, one may use a Response Surface Model (RSM) in place of a FEM of the structure. In the present work, the identification of structural damage considers the update of a RSM of the structure, with the aim at minimizing an error function defined from the experimental natural frequencies and the corresponding natural frequencies prescribed by a RSM. The problem of structural damage identification in a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam is studied, taking into account the natural frequencies in the inverse problem formulation. The behavior of a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam, in the presence of damage, is analyzed, in order to verify the identification of regions where the damage identification may present greater difficulties. In the damage identification process, in the present work, after a suitable choice of the type of the response surface model, the surface model is derived considering the experimental data selected from an optimal design of experiments. The use of the Differential Evolution (DE) method in the inverse problem of damage identification is considered. Considering the numerical results obtained, the strategy adopted proved to be able to locate and quantify the damage with high accuracy, showing the capability of the proposed damage identification model.

L'un des enjeux majeurs pour les systèmes d'imagerie par diffraction acoustique et micro-onde, est l'amélioration des performances obtenues au moment de la reconstruction des objets étudiés. Cette amélioration peut s'effectuer par la recherche d'algorithmes d'imagerie plus performants d'une part et par la recherche d'une meilleure configuration de mesures d'autre part. La première approche (recherche d'algorithmes) permet d'améliorer le processus d'extraction de l'information présente dans un échantillon de mesures donné. Néanmoins, la qualité des résultats d'imagerie reste limitée par la quantité d'information initialement disponible. La seconde approche consiste à choisir la configuration de mesures de manière à augmenter la quantité d'information disponible dans les données. Pour cette approche, il est nécessaire de quantifier la quantité d'information dans les données. En théorie de l'estimation, ceci équivaut à quantifier la performance du système. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons la Borne de Cramer Rao comme mesure de performance, car elle permet d'analyser la performance des systèmes de mesures sans être influencé par le choix de la méthode d'inversion utilisée. Deux analyses sont proposées dans ce manuscrit. La première consiste en l'évaluation de l'influence des facteurs expérimentaux sur la performance d'inversion. Cette analyse a été effectuée pour différents objets le tout sous une hypothèse de configuration bidimensionnelle. La seconde analyse consiste à comparer les performances de l'estimateur obtenu avec l'approximation de Born aux valeurs de la borne de Cramer Rao (BCR); l'objectif étant d'illustrer d'autres applications possibles de la BCR. / Improving the performance of diffraction based imaging systems constitutes a major issue in both acoustic and electromagnetic scattering. To solve this problem, two main approaches can be explored. The first one consists in improving the inversion algorithms used in diffraction based imaging. However, while this approach generally leads to a significant improvement of the performance of the imaging system, it remains limited by the initial amount of information available within the measurements. The second one consists in improving the measurement system in order to maximize the amount of information within the experimental data. This approach does require a quantitative mean of measuring the amount of information available. In estimation problems, the {appraisal of the} performance of the system is often used for that purpose. In this Ph.D. thesis, we use the Cramer Rao bound to assess the performance of the imaging system. In fact, this quantity has the advantage of providing an assessment which is independent from the inversion algorithm used. Two main analysis are discussed in this thesis. The first analysis explores the influence on the system's performance, of several experimental conditions such as the antennas positions, the radiation pattern of the source, the properties of the background medium, etc. Two classes of objects are considered: 2D homogeneous circular cylindrical objects and 2D cylindrical objects with defect. The second analysis studies the performance of an estimator based on Born approximation with the Cramer Rao Bound as reference. The aim of this second analysis is to showcase other possible applications for the Cramer Rao Bound.