Orientador: Etienne Ghislain Samain / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T12:02:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro_Anabela_M.pdf: 7869801 bytes, checksum: 349b4b05aa65b3ee253609abd2b4118f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed. / Mestrado / Mestre em Multimeios

Orientador: Ingedore G. V. Koch / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T20:06:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Petri_MariaJoseConstantino_D.pdf: 36386882 bytes, checksum: a22691d84afb597612c0bfe564d2da44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: O presente trabalho propõe-se a abordar a interação oral que se desenvolve entre o juiz e o réu, no interrogatório do réu, num processo criminal julgado pelo Tribunal do Júri. Como tal interação ocorre fundamentalmente pelo par adjacente pergunta-resposta, a fundamentação teórica utilizada é a da Análise da Conversação, incluindo o episódio social, no qual se dá a interação, como elemento constituinte. Por tratar-se de uma interação em um contexto social institucionalizado e altamente formal, regido por inúmeras normas, inicialmente, apresenta-se a organização do Poder Judiciário, no interior do qual os processos de julgamento são levados a efeito. Em seguida, são expostos os princípios da Análise da Conversação, principalmente no que se refere à organização global da interação, à organização da conversação e à tipologia dos pares adjacentes pergunta-resposta, a partir dos quais são analisadas as características da interação entre o juiz e o réu. Por fim, analisa-se o diálogo de quatrocentas e oitenta linhas, gravado, transcrito e segmentado em blocos, para explicitar o funcionamento e as características da interação. São analisados os tipos de perguntas-respostas que ocorrem nessa situação, as várias ações praticadas pelos interactantes e os processos de atribuição de significações necessários à intercompreensão entre eles. Busca-se com esse trabalho demonstrar a importância que adquire o par adjacente pergunta-resposta, um dos mais simples na conversação espontânea, quando utilizados em uma situação social institucionalizada, como é o processo de julgamento judicial, no qual as ações praticadas pelos interactantes levam a conseqüências tais que podem contribuir para caracterizar a inocência ou culpabilidade do réu / Abstract: This paper deals with the oral interaction between a judge and a defendant, during the interrogation of the latter in a criminal trial judged by a grand jury. As this interaction is basically achieved through the asking-answering adjacent pair, the theoretical basis we employed was Conversation Analysis, including the social event in a which the interaction- as a constituting element - comes about. As we have an interaction in a highly formal institutionalized social context - ruled by numberless norms -, we fust introduce the organization ofthe Judiciary Power in which trials happen. We then present the principles of Conversation Analysis, particularly its aspects concerning the global organization of interaction, the organization of conversation, and the kinds of asking-answering adjacent pairs that make up the bases for the analysis of the characteristics to be found in the interaction between judge and defendant. Finally, we discuss the four-hundred-and-eight-line dialogue that was recorded, transcribed and divided into chunks in order to clarify the functioning and characteristics of interaction. We analyze the kinds of asking-answering pairs that might come about in such situation, the various actions taken by people involved in the interaction and the attribution processes that are necessary for mutual understanding between them. This paper aims at demonstrating the importance acquired by the adjacent asking-answering pair, one of the most common kind in spontaneous conversation, when it is employed in an institutionalized social situation such as the judicial trial, in which actions taken by people involved in the interaction lead to consequences which may contribute to characterize either the defendantts innocence or his(her) culpability / Doutorado / Doutor em Linguística

Orientador: Raquel Salek Fiad / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T01:43:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tardelli_GlauciaMariaPiato_D.pdf: 12388903 bytes, checksum: 87e4fdf40403254b4296295f4e69dfe7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Nessa pesquisa, busco entender a relação que a concepção canônica de leitura estabelece com outras concepções e representações de leitura - firmadas a partir da interação com diferentes suportes escritos e maneiras de ler -, ao longo da história de vida de um grupo de professoras de Língua Portuguesa. Considerando-se que os professores de Língua Portuguesa não são leitores comuns, mas especializados, no decorrer das suas trajetórias de formação, estes acabam por assumir dois diferentes papéis em relação à leitura: o de objeto de pressão do cânone, quando ingressam na escola, e de sujeitos de pressão do cânone, quando passam a lecionar e a se instituírem enquanto legitimadores da leitura de seus alunos Nesse impasse, de acordo com as orientações metodológicas oferecidas pela história oral, a realização de uma coleta de relatos orais de vida, que visava recuperar o papel instituído pelo cânone literário durante o processo de formação do professor-leitor, permitiu que se constituísse um corpus de estudo que foi confrontado com outros relatos orais do mesmo grupo de sujeitos dessa pesquisa, obtidos por ocasião da realização do meu curso de mestrado. Comparando as descrições das práticas de leitura realizadas no decorrer das trajetórias de vida das professoras investigadas, foi possível identificar, dentre uma diversidade de textos e modos de ler (revista, jornal, antologias, romances, livros didáticos, etc), que a relação com o cânone literário se estabelece por duas vias: pelo compartilhamento das representações de leitura difundidas em nossa sociedade letrada e pela escola, principal espaço de imposição e legitimação desse tipo de visão da leitura. Ao longo do tempo, uma vez que as representações de leitura vão se alterando de acordo com as mudanças de preferências e gosto advindas das diferentes interações vividas com pessoas e textos, o contato com o cânone literário estabelece-se, na história de formação e trabalho dessas professoras, como mais um dentre os outros com os quais se convive: o cânone da família, o cânone difundido pelo pai, o cânone da escola, o cânone da proposta curricular adotada, enfim uma série de cânones de leitura / Doutorado / Ensino-Aprendizagem de Lingua Materna / Doutor em Linguística

M.Ed. (Education) / The human body is, par excellence, a means of communication. Without communication man will not be able to express his emotions and needs. Much has been said and written about communication and everyone agrees that communication is important for man as a social being, as well as the part he plays in an organisation. Should problems arise within an organisation, the blame is put on poor communication. Too much time is spent, however, on training managers' communication skills in order to enable them to convey messages more effectively. On the other hand, no time is spent on improving the managers' listening skills, in order for them to understand others better. The educator is at the head of a school where people work with people. The staff, pupils and parents are all, at some time or another, in conversation with the educator. This gives them the opportunity to share their complaints, recommendations or feedback with him. It is therefore of the utmost importance that the educator has the necessary listening skills. He must be able to listen objectively and without prejudice. By listening the educator improves interpersonal relationships that produce a more effective school with satisfied staff and pupils. In order to improve his listening skills, the educator should be aware of the fact that he has a listening deficiency and should purposefully set about improving his listening skills - how difficult and time-consuming it might be.

Research shows that oral proficiency is a big part of communicative competence, and therefore highly relevant for EFL teachers in today’s society. This study aims to investigate what types of activities four EFL teachers in secondary school in Sweden prefer to use in order to practice and assess their students’ oral proficiency. This study further seeks to give an insight in what the four teachers focus on when assessing their students’ oral proficiency. The method used for this study was qualitative, semi- structured interviews with four EFL teachers of different secondary schools in south of Sweden. Furthermore, the data was later coded and analysed with inspiration of the Grounded theory methodology. The results of this study showed that the four teachers used different oral activities very often in their teaching, especially different kinds of discussions. The oral activities were often connected to other projects and assignments that included other skills such as reading and writing. Therefore, the oral proficiency activities were only said to be clearly planned and assessed once or twice per term. Moreover, the four teachers main focus when assessing the students’ oral proficiency seemed to be phenomena like fluency, clearness, adaption to purpose and strategy- usage.

Clinical reasoning is a skill required by all health professionals in managing patients. Research in clinical reasoning has come mostly from medicine and nursing, less from dentistry. The effect of curriculum on the development of clinical reasoning is still not well understood. Moreover, no research has been conducted to understand what clinical reasoning means to students and what educational strategies are valued by them. The aim of this research is to explore the effect of different educational strategies in different dental schools on clinical reasoning and to discover how students perceive clinical reasoning. Final year students from four different dental schools participated in the current research; a school using an integrated curriculum with conventional teaching, a school using Problem Based Learning (both from the UK) and two Saudi Arabian dental schools; a school using a traditional curriculum and a school using an integrated curriculum. Both UK schools participated in both studies, whereas each one of the Saudi Arabian schools participated in a different study. The research used both quantitative and qualitative methodology. An innovative clinical reasoning test measured final year students’ skills. An interview captured their own understanding of clinical reasoning and its acquisition plus they ‘talked through’ a clinical problem, using a ‘think aloud’ technique. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the transcripts of the recorded interviews. Results obtained were related to curriculum structure. The results indicated that the effect of curriculum structure, unlike teaching and assessment strategies, appeared to be minimal in final year students. Unfamiliarity with the term clinical reasoning was common in students. Students from different schools used different strategies to reason when discussing clinical vignettes. Different behaviours seemed to be affected by cultural factors. This research contributes to a greater understanding of how students learn, understand and apply dental clinical reasoning which hopefully will improve educational practices in the future.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium - MChD / HIV/AIDS is a major problem in South Africa with more than 25 percent of the adult population infected with HIV. Oral lesions and various opportunistic infections characterize the progression of HIV making it imperative for people living with HIV to have access to good quality oral care. There is a need to examine accessibility and use of dental services in South Africans living with HIV as very little research in this regard, has been undertaken. Aim: To investigate the barriers to oral health care for people living with HIV in the KZN and the WC. Research Design and Methodology: A cross-sectional study utilising a self-administered questionnaire and semi-structured interviews has been employed. Participants were people living with HIV older than 18 years attending HIV clinics located throughout Kwa-Zulu Natal and WC. Binary logistic regression was performed to determine the variables associated with not obtaining care. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Background: Reports on the global incidence of oral neoplasms indicate reduced data from Africa. Population based studies of oral cancer in Sudan and other regions of Africa are scarce. Oral cancer in Sudan constitutes a serious health problem, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most prevalent type of oral malignancy. There are descriptive epidemiologic studies from Sudan that have reported high a frequency rate of oral cancer in Sudanese males, linking this high incidence to Toombak, a product of oral snuff mixed with sodium bicarbonate (Idris et al, 1995(b)), but to date no population-based studies of oral cancer incidence in Sudan have been performed or published. Title: Epidemiology of Oral Malignancy in Sudan (2004-2008). Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study were to analyse the pattern of distribution and to determine the minimum age standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and the cumulative (lifetime) risk (CR) of oral & lip squamous cell carcinoma / oral malignancy by site, age and gender for the 5-year period 2004-2008. Methods: The records of patients with oral & maxillofacial and salivary malignancies (OMFS) referred to Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital (KDTH) and the population census data were accessioned. Data was captured using Microsoft Excel 2007® and the ASIRs for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were calculated using the direct International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) method. These results were compared with the on-line global cancer statistics database (GLOBOCAN -WHO/IARC) for 2008 and 2012. Records of oral cancer cases during the period of the study were obtained from KDTH. The information included in the raw data collected were the file number for patient identification, year of diagnosis, age, sex, site of the lesion, histological diagnosis, the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD10) codes, the referring unit and the state from which the patient was referred. The population data for the years of the study and the five age group stratifications was obtained from the Central Statistical Office in Khartoum, Sudan. The data was analysed using Microsoft Excel, 2007®. Age standardized incidence rate of oral & lip squamous cell carcinoma/ oral malignancy was calculated using the direct IARC method. Results: Of the total Sudanese population of 36.3 million in 2006, 649 OMFS malignancies (M:F=1.44:1) were captured at KDTH during the 5-year period; 390 (M:F=1.67:1) were (intra) oral squamous cancers (OSCC) and verrucous carcinomas (VC). The ASIR for OSCC/VC in Sudan was calculated as 3.19 for males and 1.83 for females (M:F=1.74:1), however the pooled ASIR in the Khartoum and Gezira States was 30% higher for males (4.21) and 14% higher for females (2.09, M:F=2.01:1).The incidence over the 5 years of separately recorded lip SCC/VC in Sudanese males was 26 and 8 for females (M:F=3.25:1).The ASIRs of combined oral & lip SCC/VC in Sudanese males was 3.45 and 1.88 for females (M:F=1.84:1). These compare relatively well with the GLOBOCAN data which estimates a slightly lower ASIR of 3.3 for males and somewhat higher ASIR of 2.1 for females (M:F=1.57:1). The cumulative (lifetime) risk (CR 0-74) of developing oral and lip cancer was 1: 182 for males compared to 1: 831 for females. For oral cancer (excluding lip), the CR was almost similar for males (1: 181); while females showed a markedly higher CR (1: 344). Conclusion: The combined ASIRs of oral & lip SCC/VC from the Khartoum and Gezira states differed from the ASIRs calculated for the entire Sudan and from the GLOBOCAN estimates. The recording of cancer incidence data can vary according to the (incorrect) labelling of anatomical locations and diagnosis. The numbers are influenced by geo-political, environmental and socio-economic factors, and referral bias.

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No abstract available. Copyright / Dissertation (MChD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Oral Pathology and Oral Biology / unrestricted