Proposição: Avaliar a associação entre as condições de saúde bucal, fatores comportamentais e sociodemográficos e o padrão citopatológico da mucosa bucal de homens adultos. Correlacionando o padrão citopatológico quantitativo e qualitativo com as variáveis bucais e sociodemográficas. Materiais e Métodos: A partir de dois esfregaços, um da borda da língua e outro do assoalho bucal de 117 homens com mais de 25 anos, foram quantificadas cem células de cada. As células foram coradas pelo método Papanicolaou modificado e classificadas em: Escamas, células superficiais com núcleo, células intermediárias e células parabasais. Variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais foram coletadas a partir de um questionário estruturado. Índice CPO-D e uso de próteses foram registradas a partir de um exame clínico intra-oral.As análises foram conduzidas utilizando o pacote estatístico Stata versão 10. O indivíduo foi considerado a unidade analítica. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: No total das células na borda da língua, 75% eram intermediárias, 20% superficiais com núcleo e 5% escamas, sendo que células parabasais foram raramente observadas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para todas as variáveis em estudo em todos os tipos celulares, com exceção da ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas.Observou-se percentual significativamente maior de escamas e células superficiais com núcleo nos indivíduos que ingeriam de álcool comparados aos que não ingerem. Para as células intermediárias, o percentual foi significativamente menor nos indivíduos que bebem comparados aos que não bebem. Um padrão semelhante de distribuição celular foi observado no assoalho de boca. O consumo de álcool foi o único fator comportamental que influenciou significativamente no padrão citológico da mucosa bucal dos indivíduos analisados nos modelos multivariados. Conclusões: Foi encontrada associação entre um dos fatores comportamentais (o álcool) e o padrão citopatológico da mucosa bucal de homens adultos. As demais variáveis estudadas não apresentaram associação significativa com o padrão de descamação da mucosa bucal normal com a técnica utilizada. / Proposition: To evaluate the association between oral health status, socio- demographic and behavioral factors and standard cytology of the oral mucosa of adult men. Correlating the standard cytopathology quantitative and qualitative with oral and sociodemographic variables. Materials and Methods: From two smears, one edge of the tongue and other oral floor of 117 men over 25 years old, were quantified hundred cells each. Cells were stained with modified Papanicolaou method and classified into: Scales, superficial cells with nuclei, intermediate and parabasal cells. Sociodemographic and behavioral variables were collected from a structured questionnaire. DMFT index and use of prostheses were recorded from a clinical intra - oral.As analyzes were conducted using Stata version 10. The individual was considered the analytical unit. The level of significance was set at 5 %. Results: In total cells at the edge of the tongue 75% were intermediate, 20% core surface scales and 5%, and parabasal cells were rarely observed. No significant differences were observed for all study variables in all cell types, with the exception of beverage intake alcoólicas.Observou is significantly greater percentage of scales and superficial cells in the core subjects ingestores alcohol compared to those who do not drink. For intermediate cells, the percentage was significantly lower in individuals who drink compared to those who do not drink. A similar pattern of cell distribution was observed in the floor of mouth. Alcohol consumption was the only factor that significantly influenced the behavioral cytology of the oral mucosa of individuals analyzed in the multivariate models. Conclusions: An association between a behavioral factor (alcohol) and standard cytology of the oral mucosa of adult men. The other variables were not significantly associated with the default scaling of normal oral mucosa with the technique used.

Bakgrund: MI är en metod för rådgivning och för att hjälpa individen att hitta och bibehålla motivation till förändrat beteende. På senare år har metoden börjat användas även inom tandvården. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att genom en litteraturöversikt sammanställa effekten av MI på parodontala sjukdomar och karies hos barn, ungdomar och vuxna. Metod: Studien består av en litteraturöversikt där vetenskapliga artiklar har tagits fram genom sökningar i databaserna PUBMED, DOSS, Medline, Psychinfo och CINAHL som sedan granskats och sammanställts. Sjutton artiklar har utvalts utifrån de inklusion/exklusion kriterier som fanns. De studierna som blev inkluderade i resultatet har blivit granskade med hjälp av en mall för att kunna identifiera studiernas värde för litteraturstudien. Resultat: De utvalda artiklarna var från Frankrike, Kanada, Kina, Tyskland, Iran, Indien, Serbien, Spanien, Sverige och USA. Ungefär hälften av artiklarna påvisade ett positivt resultat för patienter som genomgått MI-samtal i kombination med vanlig behandling jämfört med kontrollgrupper. Den andra hälften såg inga dylika resultat. Slutsats: Metoden tycks ha effekt i vissa sammanhang men inte i andra. En faktor som inte visade någon påverkan på effektiviteten av MI var patienternas ålder. Ytterligare forskning krävs för att fastställa vilka faktorer som påverkar resultatet vid användning av MI inom tandvården. / Background: MI is a method for counseling and for helping individuals find and maintain motivation for change of behavior. In later years the method has also seen some use in dental care.   Aim: To study the effect of MI on parodontal diseases and caries in children, adolescents and adults.   Method: The study design was a literature review where scientific articles were gathered by searching through databases like for example PUBMED, DOSS, Medline, Psychinfo and CINAHL and then scrutinized and summarized. Seventeen articles were selected according to existing inclusion-/exclusion criteria. The included studies were reviewed with a modified review template to present studies of strong/moderate value.     Result: The selected articles were from Canada, China, France, Germany, Iran, India, Serbia, Spain, Sweden and USA. About 50% of the articles indicated a positive result for patients who undertook MI-sessions in combination with regular treatment, compared to control groups. The other half could see no such results.   Conclusion: The method seems to have effect in some instances but not in others. A factor that showed no alteration of MI effectiveness was the patients’ age. Further research is required to determine what factors might influence the outcome of using MI in dental care.

Proposição: Avaliar a associação entre as condições de saúde bucal, fatores comportamentais e sociodemográficos e o padrão citopatológico da mucosa bucal de homens adultos. Correlacionando o padrão citopatológico quantitativo e qualitativo com as variáveis bucais e sociodemográficas. Materiais e Métodos: A partir de dois esfregaços, um da borda da língua e outro do assoalho bucal de 117 homens com mais de 25 anos, foram quantificadas cem células de cada. As células foram coradas pelo método Papanicolaou modificado e classificadas em: Escamas, células superficiais com núcleo, células intermediárias e células parabasais. Variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais foram coletadas a partir de um questionário estruturado. Índice CPO-D e uso de próteses foram registradas a partir de um exame clínico intra-oral.As análises foram conduzidas utilizando o pacote estatístico Stata versão 10. O indivíduo foi considerado a unidade analítica. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: No total das células na borda da língua, 75% eram intermediárias, 20% superficiais com núcleo e 5% escamas, sendo que células parabasais foram raramente observadas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para todas as variáveis em estudo em todos os tipos celulares, com exceção da ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas.Observou-se percentual significativamente maior de escamas e células superficiais com núcleo nos indivíduos que ingeriam de álcool comparados aos que não ingerem. Para as células intermediárias, o percentual foi significativamente menor nos indivíduos que bebem comparados aos que não bebem. Um padrão semelhante de distribuição celular foi observado no assoalho de boca. O consumo de álcool foi o único fator comportamental que influenciou significativamente no padrão citológico da mucosa bucal dos indivíduos analisados nos modelos multivariados. Conclusões: Foi encontrada associação entre um dos fatores comportamentais (o álcool) e o padrão citopatológico da mucosa bucal de homens adultos. As demais variáveis estudadas não apresentaram associação significativa com o padrão de descamação da mucosa bucal normal com a técnica utilizada. / Proposition: To evaluate the association between oral health status, socio- demographic and behavioral factors and standard cytology of the oral mucosa of adult men. Correlating the standard cytopathology quantitative and qualitative with oral and sociodemographic variables. Materials and Methods: From two smears, one edge of the tongue and other oral floor of 117 men over 25 years old, were quantified hundred cells each. Cells were stained with modified Papanicolaou method and classified into: Scales, superficial cells with nuclei, intermediate and parabasal cells. Sociodemographic and behavioral variables were collected from a structured questionnaire. DMFT index and use of prostheses were recorded from a clinical intra - oral.As analyzes were conducted using Stata version 10. The individual was considered the analytical unit. The level of significance was set at 5 %. Results: In total cells at the edge of the tongue 75% were intermediate, 20% core surface scales and 5%, and parabasal cells were rarely observed. No significant differences were observed for all study variables in all cell types, with the exception of beverage intake alcoólicas.Observou is significantly greater percentage of scales and superficial cells in the core subjects ingestores alcohol compared to those who do not drink. For intermediate cells, the percentage was significantly lower in individuals who drink compared to those who do not drink. A similar pattern of cell distribution was observed in the floor of mouth. Alcohol consumption was the only factor that significantly influenced the behavioral cytology of the oral mucosa of individuals analyzed in the multivariate models. Conclusions: An association between a behavioral factor (alcohol) and standard cytology of the oral mucosa of adult men. The other variables were not significantly associated with the default scaling of normal oral mucosa with the technique used.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Oral diseases are a major public health problem in the Seychelles, amidst a contracting budget coupled by a lack of national oral health policy and strategic plan to promote oral health. The oral disease burden is attributed to numerous determinants operating at different levels –macro, population and community, and at the person level. The study set out to examine the determinants that contribute to poor oral health in the Seychelles through an exploration of the social, cultural, economic and environmental factors influencing the oral health of adults. The purpose of the study was to develop an evidence-based theoretical framework that would inform future policy and practice for oral health. Set in the mixed research paradigm, a qualitative and quantitative research approach was used to obtain a deeper understanding of the pathways and mechanisms operationalizing determinants. Using a purposive sampling approach, individual and group interviews were conducted with patients, dental staff and a representative of the upper management.

Modern businesses place a premium on employees' oral communication skills.  Business schools are meant to develop future employees and leaders with the requisite skills for success.  Industry representatives, however, consistently express dissatisfaction with business graduates' oral communication skills.  There appears to remain a gap between business students' oral skills and marketplace demands. Research demonstrates that among many possible factors, oral communication apprehension (OCA) appears a significant contributor to ineffective oral communication. OCA may also significantly impede oral skills development by impacting the core aspects of spiral curriculum, an educational theory aimed at the processes of higher education.  The PRCA-24, the most utilized OCA measurement tool, assesses individuals' trait-like OCA levels across common oral communication settings (e.g., public speaking, interpersonal, group, and meeting) as well as their context (e.g., state) OCA levels within each setting.  This study examines whether OCA is significantly sensitive to situational variables and therefore operates as a state.  If so, acquiring business students' situational OCA may benefit educators as complimentary data to PRCA-24 assessments. This study also examines business and non-business undergraduates' self-reported OCA levels across general public speaking, interpersonal, and group/meeting oral communication settings as well as those in respective high (and low) stakes situations meant to reflect the stress-inducing scenarios they will likely experience on the job after graduation.  Results indicate OCA is significantly sensitive to situational variables (e.g., stakes).  Results are discussed in the framework of providing more relevant measurements of business students' OCA levels to help educators fill the oral skills gap. / Master of Arts

Bakgrund: Den orala hälsan har påverkan på individers välbefinnande, livskvalitet och allmän hälsa. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal bör ha kunskaper om orala hälsans risk och friskfaktorer samt hantering av symtom. Munvårdsutbildning är avgörande för att utföra åtgärder som krävs vid ohälsa, för att förebygga munhälsa och för att skapa förståelse om vikten av samarbete mellan tandvård och hälso- och sjukvården. Syftet: Syftet med studien var att studera om kunskap inom oral hälsa och munvård ökar genom att genomföra munvårdsutbildningen som görs i samverkan mellan sjuksköterske- och tandhygienistutbildningen.  Material och metod: En interventionsstudie genomfördes med pappersenkäter. Urvalet var sjuksköterskestudenter i termin två på Jönköping University. Metodanalys genomfördes med fisher exact test samt en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Respondenternas kunskap inom oral hälsa och munvård ökade efter utförd munvårdsutbildning och det visades en statistisk signifikant skillnad på de flesta frågor före respektive efter. Utifrån respondenternas reflektioner framkom tre kategorier, erhöll ny kunskap, Fick förståelse för munvård och sambandet mellan oral-allmän hälsa och Behöver praktisk träning. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskestudenters kunskap om munhälsa och munvård ökade efter utförd munvårdsutbildning. Utbildningen bidrog till framtida kliniska färdigheter och gav en inblick i samverkan mellan professioner. / Title: Evaluation of oral health care education for nursing students. A survey study. Background: Oral health care has an impact on individuals' well-being, quality of life and general health. Healthcare professionals should have knowledge of oral health risks and health factors as well as treatment of symptoms. Oral health education is crucial to carry out measures required in case of bad oral health and to create an understanding of the importance of cooperation between dental care and health care. Aim: The purpose of this study was to study whether knowledge in oral health and oral care increases by implementing oral health education in collaboration between the nursing program and the dental hygienist program. Method: An intervention study was conducted with paper questionnaires. The selection was nursing students in semester two at Jönköping University. Method analysis was conducted with fisher exact test and a qualitative content analysis. Results: The respondents' knowledge of oral health and oral care increased after oral health education and there was a statistically significant difference in most questions before and after. Based on the respondents' reflections, three categories emerged, Gained new knowledge, Gained an understanding of oral care and the link between oral-general health, Need practical training. Conclusion: Nursing students' knowledge of oral health and oral care increased after oral health education. The education contributed to future clinical skills and provided insight into interprofessional collaboration.

The objective was to determine if a correlation exists between Streptococcus mutans and DMFT in the oral cavity. This study examined the feasibility of microbial screenings as an additional caries predictor tool. The sample included 108 participants (ages 18-25) in low, moderate, and high socioeconomic groups. Subjects were selected from one dental clinic and one college in Virginia. Subjects were assessed for DMFT, salivary and plaque bacterial load, and CRA. Salivary load positively correlated with the DMFT. Plaque bacterial load and CRA negatively correlated with DMFT. Comparison of salivary bacterial load among economic levels showed higher bacterial loads with lower economic level only. Twice the observed values were found in the low socioeconomic level with CRA. DMFT and economic level showed differences between economic levels. Microbial screenings may be a useful, additional tool in determining caries risk in oral hygiene programs for all income populations.

Munnen är ett viktigt organ vad gäller äldres fysiska, psykiska och socialavälbefinnande. Syftet med studien är att sammanställa sjuksköterskans syn påvilka faktorer och förhållande som spelar in på hur den orala vården utförs påäldre. Metoden för studien är en litteraturstudie. Resultatet visade attkunskapsbrist, rutinbrist, tidsbrist, utvärderingsredskap, oral hälsa i syfte attförebygga sjukdomar, etiska dilemma och samarbete med tandvården hade en storbetydelse för hur den orala vården utfördes. Kunskapsbristen ansågs vara kärnantill varför de äldres orala vård försummades av vårdpersonalen. Det framkomockså att munvården var ett bortprioriterat område i sjukvården och att det fannsett bristfälligt samarbete mellan olika yrkeskategorier och olika instanser. / The mouth is an essential organ to older people concerning their physical, mentaland social well-being. The aim of this study was to compile nurse’s view onwhich factors and conditions that matters the performance of oral care. Themethod was a literature study. The result showed that there was a lack ofknowledge, failing of routines, lack of time, lack of assessment tools, oral healthto prevent diseases, ethical dilemmas and collaboration with dental care have aimportant meaning to oral care performance. The lack of knowledge considered tobe the core why the oral care of aged were neglected. It also emerged that the oralcare was neglected by nursing staff and that an insufficient cooperation betweendifferent professions and instances.

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