O principal objetivo dessa pesquisa é propor recomendações sobre a estrutura organizacional adequadas às especificidades das pequenas empresas do setor metal-mecânico de São Carlos-SP. Os objetivos secundários são: 1) Verificar se estão coesos ou dispersos os elementos que compõem a estrutura organizacional - autoridade, comunicação e atividades; 2) Analisar como e em que medida esses elementos interferem na gestão das pequenas empresas; 3) Verificar a constituição e o uso do controle organizacional; 4) Identificar as especificidades da pequena empresa; 5) Verificar a influência das especificidades da pequena empresa na constituição e funcionamento da estrutura e do controle organizacional; 6) Verificar as influências da estrutura organizacional da pequena empresa para se gerar recomendações no âmbito da gestão e administração; 7) Propor recomendações relevantes advindas da análise da estrutura organizacional da pequena empresa aos dirigentes, para que possam aprimorar seus modelos de gestão, administração e produção. A metodologia utilizada é o estudo de caso e as etapas da pesquisa são: 1) Mapear o setor metal-mecânico de São Carlos-SP, a partir da aplicação de um questionário semi-estruturado; 2) Selecionar, intencionalmente, 6 empresas que possuam uma estrutura organizacional adequada para a aplicação da metodologia e 3) Realizar o estudo de caso nas empresas participantes. Essa pesquisa contempla a abordagem qualitativa, cuja importância reside nas recomendações a este importante ramo empresarial do Brasil. Espera-se também contribuir para o desenvolvimento das pesquisas do GEOPE, da EESC-USP. / The aim of this research is to propose recommendations on the organizational structure appropriate to the specificities of small businesses in the metal-mechanic sector of São Carlos-SP. The secondary aims are: 1) Verify if the elements that composes the organizational structure - authority, communications and activities are cohesive or scattered; 2) Analyze how and in what measure these elements interfere in the management of the small business; 3) Verify the constitution and the use of the organizational control; 4) Identify the specificities of the small business; 5) Verify the influence of the small business specificities in the constitution and the operation of the structure and the organizational control; 6) Study the effects of the organizational structure of the small business to generate recommendations to the management and administration; 7) Propose relevant recommendations originated from the analysis of the small business organizational structure to the managers, to the improvement of their models of management, administration and production. The methodology will be study case and the steps of the research are: 1) Map the metal-mechanic sector of São Carlos-SP, from the application of a semi-structured questionnaire; 2) Select, intentionally, 6 business with an appropriate organizational structure for the application of the methodology and 3) Realize the study case in the participants companies. Considering all, this research has a quantitative and qualitative purpose and aims to contribute with the social and economic development of the small business, due to the recommendations resulted from the research, focusing the importance of the research to the main group of business in Brazil. It is expected a contribution to the development of GEOPE\'s researches, from EESC-USP.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:13:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 24 / Nenhuma / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as principais características da tipologia do controle organizacional nas organizações, considerando o planejamento, as estratégias, a estrutura e o ambiente organizacional. Para atender a este propósito, analisaram-se as características das empresas da amostra confrontando-as com cada controle proposto por Gomes; Salas (2001). Para tanto, o capítulo de literatura apresenta o embasamento teórico responsável pelas abordagens das características dos sistemas de controle e a identificação dos contextos influenciadores de seu desenho. O método utilizado foi a realização de uma survey, mediante a aplicação de um questionário padronizado enviado as empresa publicadas na Revista Amanhã, Grandes e Líderes. As variáveis da pesquisa consubstanciaram-se no relacionamento da literatura abordada e as questões da pesquisa foram classificadas, segundo as características do controle de gestão, do planejamento das estratégias e da tipologia. Os resultados obtidos possibilitam avaliar que as / This work aims at assessing the main characteristics of the type of organizational control in companies, considering the planning, the strategies, the structure and the organizational environment. To reach this purpose, the characteristics of some companies were analyzed, comparing them with each control proposed by Gomes; Salas (2001). A survey was used through a standard questionnaire sent to the companies mentioned in the magazine Amanhã, special edition Grandes e Líderes, The variables of the research are based on the relation of the literature, and the questions of the questionnaire were classified according to the characteristics of management control, the planning, the strategies and the types. The results enable us to evaluate which companies have characteristics that distinguish the types of organizational control, considering the different types of control. Some characteristics are common in all kinds of types of controls, such as the formal procedures and standards of control, the centralization of

This thesis explores the implications of anti-harassment policies at Canadian medical-doctoral universities. The problem of generalized harassment as a phenomenon of academic bullying is identified and defined. This thesis explores how anti-harassment policies and practices of Canadian medical-doctoral universities have come to be, as well as their implications for academics. Chapter one identifies the methodology of the thesis, a comparative policy analysis of the policies and practices of Canada's medical-doctoral universities. Chapter two describes the theoretical foundations used in the thesis: theories of academic organizational control, policy formation, problem representation, and manifest and latent functions. Chapter three reviews contemporary literature on the role of universities in society and the phenomenon of generalized harassment in academia. Chapter four reports the results of a comparative analysis of the anti-harassment policies and practices of Canada's medical-doctoral universities, which reveal three approaches to anti-harassment policy. Chapter five links the theoretical to the empirical in order to better understand the phenomenon of generalized harassment in Canadian medical-doctoral universities, and the implications policies and practices have for the future of collegiality.

This thesis explores the implications of anti-harassment policies at Canadian medical-doctoral universities. The problem of generalized harassment as a phenomenon of academic bullying is identified and defined. This thesis explores how anti-harassment policies and practices of Canadian medical-doctoral universities have come to be, as well as their implications for academics. Chapter one identifies the methodology of the thesis, a comparative policy analysis of the policies and practices of Canada's medical-doctoral universities. Chapter two describes the theoretical foundations used in the thesis: theories of academic organizational control, policy formation, problem representation, and manifest and latent functions. Chapter three reviews contemporary literature on the role of universities in society and the phenomenon of generalized harassment in academia. Chapter four reports the results of a comparative analysis of the anti-harassment policies and practices of Canada's medical-doctoral universities, which reveal three approaches to anti-harassment policy. Chapter five links the theoretical to the empirical in order to better understand the phenomenon of generalized harassment in Canadian medical-doctoral universities, and the implications policies and practices have for the future of collegiality.

O principal objetivo dessa pesquisa é propor recomendações sobre a estrutura organizacional adequadas às especificidades das pequenas empresas do setor metal-mecânico de São Carlos-SP. Os objetivos secundários são: 1) Verificar se estão coesos ou dispersos os elementos que compõem a estrutura organizacional - autoridade, comunicação e atividades; 2) Analisar como e em que medida esses elementos interferem na gestão das pequenas empresas; 3) Verificar a constituição e o uso do controle organizacional; 4) Identificar as especificidades da pequena empresa; 5) Verificar a influência das especificidades da pequena empresa na constituição e funcionamento da estrutura e do controle organizacional; 6) Verificar as influências da estrutura organizacional da pequena empresa para se gerar recomendações no âmbito da gestão e administração; 7) Propor recomendações relevantes advindas da análise da estrutura organizacional da pequena empresa aos dirigentes, para que possam aprimorar seus modelos de gestão, administração e produção. A metodologia utilizada é o estudo de caso e as etapas da pesquisa são: 1) Mapear o setor metal-mecânico de São Carlos-SP, a partir da aplicação de um questionário semi-estruturado; 2) Selecionar, intencionalmente, 6 empresas que possuam uma estrutura organizacional adequada para a aplicação da metodologia e 3) Realizar o estudo de caso nas empresas participantes. Essa pesquisa contempla a abordagem qualitativa, cuja importância reside nas recomendações a este importante ramo empresarial do Brasil. Espera-se também contribuir para o desenvolvimento das pesquisas do GEOPE, da EESC-USP. / The aim of this research is to propose recommendations on the organizational structure appropriate to the specificities of small businesses in the metal-mechanic sector of São Carlos-SP. The secondary aims are: 1) Verify if the elements that composes the organizational structure - authority, communications and activities are cohesive or scattered; 2) Analyze how and in what measure these elements interfere in the management of the small business; 3) Verify the constitution and the use of the organizational control; 4) Identify the specificities of the small business; 5) Verify the influence of the small business specificities in the constitution and the operation of the structure and the organizational control; 6) Study the effects of the organizational structure of the small business to generate recommendations to the management and administration; 7) Propose relevant recommendations originated from the analysis of the small business organizational structure to the managers, to the improvement of their models of management, administration and production. The methodology will be study case and the steps of the research are: 1) Map the metal-mechanic sector of São Carlos-SP, from the application of a semi-structured questionnaire; 2) Select, intentionally, 6 business with an appropriate organizational structure for the application of the methodology and 3) Realize the study case in the participants companies. Considering all, this research has a quantitative and qualitative purpose and aims to contribute with the social and economic development of the small business, due to the recommendations resulted from the research, focusing the importance of the research to the main group of business in Brazil. It is expected a contribution to the development of GEOPE\'s researches, from EESC-USP.

Les activités de services à la personne incarnent un important potentiel de création d’emplois et de réponse à des besoins sociaux. Elles présentent comme principales caractéristiques une forte dimension relationnelle qui influence leur qualité, ainsi qu’une distance spatiale qui complique le contrôle de cette qualité. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les pratiques de contrôle de la qualité des organismes offreurs, ainsi que les représentations des différents acteurs en matière de qualité de service.L’approche qualitative retenue donne lieu à la réalisation de deux études empiriques, l’une concernant les services à destination de personnes dépendantes (SAD), l’autre ceux à destination des autres publics (SAP). Au total, 38 entretiens sont réalisés auprès de dirigeants et responsables qualité d’organismes offreurs, 169 avis de bénéficiaires et 318 avis d’intervenants sont collectés sur Internet, ce dispositif étant complété par une phase d’observation participante. Les données recueillies font l’objet d’une analyse de contenu.Ces études permettent d’identifier les critères de qualité perçue des bénéficiaires et des intervenants, trois approches de la qualité des organismes offreurs, sept étapes du processus de production associées aux trois phases du processus de contrôle, les objectifs assignés ainsi que les mécanismes de contrôle mobilisés lors de ces étapes. Les résultats montrent l’influence du régime juridique retenu (prestataire ou mandataire) sur les pratiques de contrôle de la qualité. Ils soulignent également la nécessaire cohérence entre la représentation de la qualité du manager et les mécanismes de contrôle mobilisés pour influencer la qualité. / Home-based service activities embody a significant potential for employment creation and solutions to social needs. Their main characteristics include a strong relational dimension that affects their quality and a spatial distance that complicates the control of service quality. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the quality control practices of home-based service organizations and the representations that actors have of service quality.On the empirical side, the qualitative approach is based on two studies, one regarding services to dependent people (SAD), the other concerning services to other people (SAP). 38 interviews are carried-out with managing directors and quality managers, 169 recommendations from consumers and 318 recommendations from contact-employees are collected on the Internet (electronic word-of-mouth), the methodology being completed with participant-observation. The data collected are subject to a content analysis.The empirical studies enable to identify the perceived-quality factors used by consumers and contact-employees, seven steps of the production process being associated to the three control process steps, as well as the goals set and the control mechanisms used at each step. The results show the influence of the legal framework chosen by the service organization (service provider versus authorised representative) on service quality control practices. They also emphasize the necessary coherence between the manager’s representation of service quality and the control mechanisms used to influence this quality.

En framgångsrik CRM-strategi inkluderar ofta omfattande förändringar och kräver där­för mycket engagemang och planering. CRM-system kan påverka organisationers former och mekanismer för kontroll där kontrollen exempelvis kan utgöras av verbala direktiv direkt från en överordnad till en underordnad, nedskrivna regler eller genom ett upplevt grupptryck. Intressekonflikter inom organisationer kan även komplicera organisatoriska kontrollprocesser. Tidigare studier inom forskningsområdet har identifierat ett gap i stu­dier som undersökt hur kombinationer av organisatoriska kontrollformer utformas i samband med arbete kring informationssystem. Antalet studier som har undersökt utö­vande av organisato­risk kontroll i samband med CRM-system är få och har påvisat ett behov av ytterligare förståelse för fenomenet i nya kontexter. I syfte att fylla dessa gap i forskningen under­söker denna fallstudie hur former och mekanismer av organisatorisk kontroll påverkas av CRM-system inom kundhantering- och försäljningsprocesser i en svensk organisation verksam inom fastighetsbranschen. En kvalitativ forskningsstrategi antogs som grund­läggande metod för denna fallstudie med semistrukturerade inter­vjuer som den huvud­sakliga datainsamlingsmetoden. Studiens resultat visar att CRM-system bidrar till en effektivare självkontroll. Studien visar också att organi­sationens starka värde­grund bidrar till att behovet av en aktiv tillsyn över kundhantering är låg i organi­sationen. Informella kontrollformer används mer än formella kontrollfor­mer och organi­sationens undersökta delar förlitar sig starkt på klankontroll som den främsta for­men av organisatorisk kontroll. / A successful CRM strategy often involves extensive changes and therefore requires a lot of commitment and planning. CRM systems can affect organizations' forms and mecha­nisms of control, where control can, for example, consist of verbal directives directly from a superior to a subordinate, written rules or through a perceived peer pressure. Conflicts of interest within organizations can also complicate organizational control pro­cesses. Previous studies in the research area have identified a gap in research that ex­amines how organizational control modes are combined in association with work re­lated to information systems. The number of studies that have examined the exercise of organizational control in rela­tion to CRM systems is few and has demonstrated a need for further understanding of the phenomenon in new contexts. To fill these gaps in the research, this case study ex­amines how forms and mechanisms of organizational con­trol are affected by CRM sys­tems in customer management and sales processes in a Swedish organization active in the real estate industry. A qualitative research strategy was adopted as the main method for this case study with semi-structured interviews as the main data collection method. The results of the study show that CRM systems con­tribute to more effective self-control. The study also shows that the organization's strong values ​​decreased the need for active supervision of customer management in the organization. Informal modes of control were more central than formal modes of con­trol and the surveyed parts of the organization rely heavily on clan control as the main form of organizational control.

Previous research has emphasized the importance of engineering services and adaptability in the early stages of construction projects. Public clients usually procure engineering services from private companies, which makes their procurement strategies important in creating incentives for adaptability and innovation for the service providers. Due to the high uncertainty and clients’ lack of understanding of the tasks they procure, the procurement of services is argued to be challenging – especially for public clients. Despite this, studies on the procurement of engineering services are scarce, as is research on the effects on adaptability. The purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to increase the understanding of organizational control in the public procurement of engineering services, by focusing on task characteristics, control modes and their effects on adaptability. A single case study of the Swedish Transport Administration was analyzed using the three models developed in the appended papers, i.e., the expanded control model, the procurement model for services and the classification model. The empirical data, consisting of interviews, observations and documents, were analyzed using visual mapping and flexible pattern matching. The findings illustrate that uncertainty is the task characteristic that differs between the early phase of construction (i.e., physical planning) and subsequent stages (i.e., tender document), while knowledge of the transformation process is the task characteristic that differs between a standard contract and an environmentally sustainable contract. Thus, when procuring engineering services including carbon reduction goals where new solutions are needed, new procurement strategies are necessary. In order to cope with the high uncertainty and low knowledge of the transformation process, social control is preferable. In addition, using social control will enhance the service providers’ willingness to adapt. These findings are important in the procurement of engineering services because uncertainty and the client’s understanding of the tasks are two of the main aspects that make engineering services difficult to procure. By combining task characteristics, control modes and their effects on adaptability, this thesis illustrates the importance of focusing on the entirety of organizational control. For example, even though process control and social control both incentivize the service provider to adapt to change, process control is less suitable for a public client when uncertainties are high. In addition, when choosing control modes related to the specification and reward system, it seems more efficient to provide the same incentives (i.e., process control may be combined with social control), whereas output control should not be combined with any other control mode. This shows the importance of combining the three variables and that the three main models of this thesis can be important tools. This knowledge and the models may therefore be useful to academics as well as practitioners. The results contribute to the scarce research on the procurement of engineering services for construction projects, as well as to the control literature. / Tidigare forskning har betonat vikten av tekniska konsulttjänster och anpassning i de tidiga skedena av ett byggprojekt. Vanligtvis köper offentliga beställare tekniska konsulttjänster från privata företag och således är deras val av inköpsstrategier viktiga, både för att skapa drivkrafter för anpassning och innovation hos tjänsteleverantörerna. Upphandling av tjänster anses vara svårt i allmänhet och för offentliga beställare i synnerhet. Det beror på de höga osäkerheter som kännetecknar tjänster, samt beställarnas brist på förståelse av uppdraget de köper. Trots det är studier kring inköp av tekniska konsulttjänster, likväl som effekter på anpassning få. Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att öka förståelsen för organisationsstyrning i offentlig upphandling av tekniska konsulttjänster, genom att fokusera på uppdragets karaktäristika, styrningstyper och effekter på anpassning.      En fallstudie av Trafikverket genomfördes och applicerades på de tre modeller som utvecklats/justerats i de två bifogade artiklarna med syfte till att illustrera modellernas användbarhet. De tre modellerna består av: en vidareutvecklad styrningsmodell, en inköpsmodell för tjänster och en klassificeringsmodell. Det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer, observationer och dokument. För att analysera dessa, användes tabeller för att kunna visualisera och en flexibel matchning för att upptäcka mönster i materialet.  Resultaten visar att nivån av osäkerhet är den karaktäristika av uppdraget som skiljer en tidig fas av en byggprocess (dvs. planläggning) och en senare fas (dvs. framtagande av förfrågningsunderlag). Däremot är det beställarens nivå av förståelse för uppdraget som skiljer mellan ett standardkontrakt och ett kontrakt som inkluderar lösningar för ekologisk hållbarhet. Således, när beställaren köper konsulttjänster med mål för ekologisk hållbarhet där nya lösningar behövs, olika inköpsstrategier är nödvändiga. För att kunna hantera de stora osäkerheterna och den låga förståelsen för uppdraget, är social styrning att föredra. Det kommer dessutom att öka tjänsteleverantörernas vilja att anpassa sig. Den här kunskapen är viktig för inköp av tekniska konsulttjänster, eftersom osäkerheter och beställarens förståelse för uppdraget är två av de huvudsakliga aspekterna, som gör tekniska konsulttjänster svåra att köpa in.  Genom att kombinera uppdragets karaktäristika, styrningstyper och effekter på anpassning illustrerar denna avhandlingen betydelsen av att fokusera på helheten. Även om processtyrning och social styrning föreslås för att ge tjänsteleverantören drivkrafter att vilja anpassa sig till ändringar, är processtyrning mindre lämplig för en offentlig beställare när osäkerheterna är stora. Det kan även konstateras att när beställaren väljer styrningstyp för uppdragsbeskrivningen och i ersättningsformen, verkar det mest effektivt att skapa likadana drivkrafter. Dvs. process styrning och social styrning kan kombineras, medan resultatstyrning inte bör kombineras med någon annan styrningstyp. Följaktligen visar detta på betydelsen av att kombinera de tre variablerna och de tre modellerna som presenteras i den här avhandlingen kan därför vara viktiga verktyg. Den här kunskapen och de här modellerna kan således vara användbara för forskare likväl som för praktiker. De här resultaten bidrar till den knappa forskningen inom inköp av tekniska konsulttjänster inom byggprojekt, likväl som till styrningsliteraturen. / <p>QC 20220425</p>

In light of the global shift to remote work that was prompted by the Covid-19 pandemic - the relevance and use of Electronic Performance Monitoring (EPM) significantly escalated across all sectors. However, the most recent comprehensive literature review on the topic by Ravid et al. (2020) pointed out significant gaps in how EPM is perceived by knowledge-based employees. In line with those defined gaps, we raised two research questions, regarding what the perceptions of knowledge-based workers are towards the implementation and dissemination of EPM techniques, and whether the workplace context (home/office) has an effect on knowledge-based worker’s perceptions towards it. In this paper, we take a critical approach relying on a theory-based typology of EPM characteristics and build on the organizational control theory by elaborating on the technology-mediated control concept. We follow the constructivist grounded theory approach developed by Charmaz (2008) and the data was collected via 20 semi-structured interviews. The key findings of this research showed similarities as well as differences in how knowledge-based employees perceive EPM in contrast to other types of workforce. While overall the perceptions on EPM are negative, they can to some extent be alleviated by introducing a justifiable purpose, being transparent, allowing control over monitoring, and setting clear limits. Moreover, we provided insights into the perceptions of knowledge-based workers in response to EPM within the context of working from home. In such a context, knowledge-based workers show more resistance to EPM techniques and higher expectations of privacy, transparency, and appropriate data handling. Lastly, the authors provided avenues for further research including cross-cultural perspective, access to data, and ethicality and legality of EPM.

Le but de cette recherche est de décrire et de comprendre le contrôle du transfert de Bonnes Pratiques entre différentes agences réparties sur le territoire. Cette étude émerge de l’observation d’un problème terrain : à partir d’un jeu de pratiques environnementales et de maitrises des risques dites « idéales » et sélectionnées pour avoir déjà prouvées leur efficacité dans d’autres unités organisationnelles, les membres du Comité de Pilotage transforment ces pratiques, tout au long des réunions du projet, de façon à permettre leur implémentation. Mais ces pratiques dépassent la simple application de prescriptions règlementaires et sont souvent des innovations pour l’entreprise. Ces innovations engagent le Comité de pilotage dans un véritable processus de conception. La finalité du projet est d’autonomiser les opérateurs dans l’usage de ces pratiques qui doivent pouvoir appréhender le terrain, adapter leur réponse tout en se conformant à l’idéal porté par la pratique. Notre hypothèse de travail est que l’action du Comité est mue par une logique de contrôle. Dans ce travail, nous cherchons à caractériser la façon dont le Comité de pilotage de ce projet contrôle le déploiement de ces Bonnes Pratiques et à rendre compte de sa dynamique. Pour répondre à cette question, cette étude conduite au sein de la filiale régionale d’un groupe s’inscrit dans une approche qualitative. Notre méthode d’analyse s’appuie sur le recours à la théorie ancrée en se fondant sur les éléments empiriques du terrain. Pour caractériser le processus de contrôle, nous avons voulu échapper aux catégories usuelles des mécanismes de contrôle de la théorie (Ouchi, 1979 ; Simons, 2004) en expliquant comment l’acteur collectif Comité de pilotage, par des actions sur le processus de conception des pratiques, par des actions d’information et de formation des agents et par des actions sur la rédaction de fiches de procédures, cherchait à s’assurer que chaque membre du Comité de pilotage et les agents impliqués dans ce processus de conception se comportent dans le sens des objectifs fixés par la Direction générale. Ainsi, parmi nos contributions, le niveau de granularité plus fin dans l’analyse du contrôle nous a permis d’apporter une relecture des travaux traditionnels en contrôle. Pour rendre compte de la dynamique du contrôle, nous procédons également à une opérationnalisation du modèle de la réplication de Winter et Szulanski (2001). En complément, nos résultats illustrent la dynamique du contrôle fondée sur l’analyse de la convergence des projets par Midler (1993). / The purpose of this study is to describe and understand how the transfer of the Good Practices among the different agencies spread out in the territory is controlled. This research emerges from a problem observed in practice : based on a set of environmental and risk-management practices which were said to be « ideal » and which had proved to be efficient, the members of the Piloting Committee transform these practices throughout their project meetings so that they may be implemented. Those practices however, go beyond statutory requirements, and often turn out to be innovations for companies. Those innovations engage the Piloting Committee in a true conception process. The project aims at making the users/operators autonomous. They are to be able to apprehend the situation and adapt their response, all the while complying with the fundamental ideal of the Practice. Our working hypothesis is that the action of the Piloting Committee is driven by logic of control. In this work, we are seeking to characterize the way the Piloting Committee of this project controls the way in which the Good Practices are implemented and to report their dynamics. To investigate these research questions, a qualitative study was designed and conducted. We use grounded theory methodology. This intervention-research led in a subsidiary company. To characterize the control process, we chose to avoid the usual categories of mechanical control of the theory (Ouchi, 1979; Simons, 2004). Instead, we chose to explain how the collective actor Piloting Committee, by setting up information and training campaigns for all the Piloting Committee members and at the actors involved in the conception process, sought to ensure that each and every one was indeed acting consistently and in compliance with the targets set by the General Management. We are procceeding to the operationalization of the replication of Winter and Szulanski model (2001). Our results show Midler’s work (1993).