The vertebrate nervous system is extremely complex and contains a wide diversity of cell types. The formation of a functional nervous system requires the differential specification of progenitor cells at the right time and place. The generation of many different types of neurons along the rostro-caudal axis of the CNS begins with the initial specification of a few progenitor domains. This initial coarse pattern is refined by so-called secondary organizers arising at boundaries between these domains. The Isthmic Organizer (IsO) is a secondary organizer located at the boundary between the midbrain and the hindbrain. Although the function and maintenance of the IsO are well understood, the processes underlying its initial specification have remained elusive. In the present work we provide evidence that convergent Wnt and FGF signals initiate the specification of the IsO during late gastrulation as part of the neural caudalization process. The initial step in the generation of the nervous system is the division of the embryonic ectoderm into three cell populations: neural cells giving rise to the CNS, neural plate border cells giving rise to the peripheral nervous system, and epidermal cells giving rise to the outer layer of the skin. While the choice between neural and epidermal fate has been well studied, the mechanism by which neural plate border cells are generated is less well understood. At rostral levels of the neuraxis, the neural plate border gives rise to the olfactory and lens placodes, thickenings of the surface ectoderm from which sensory organs are derived. More caudally, the neural plate border generates neural crest cells, a transient population that migrates extensively and contributes to neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system. How the early patterning of the central and peripheral nervous systems are coordinated has remained poorly understood. Here we show that the generation of neural plate border cells is initiated at the late blastula stage and involves two phases. During the first phase, neural plate border cells are exposed to Wnt signals in the absence of BMP signals. Simultaneous exposure to Wnt and BMP signals at this early stage leads to epidermal induction. Wnt signals induce expression of Bmp4, thereby regulating the sequential exposure of cells to Wnt and BMP signals. During the second phase, at the late gastrula stage, BMP signals play an instructive role to specify neural plate border cells of either placodal or neural crest character depending on the status of Wnt signaling. At this stage, Wnt signals promote caudal character simultaneously in the neural plate border and in the neural ectoderm. Thus, the choice between epidermal and neural plate border specification is mediated by an interplay of Wnt and BMP signals that represents a novel mechanism involving temporal control of BMP activity by Wnt signals. Moreover, the early development of the central and peripheral nervous systems are coordinated by simultaneous caudalization by Wnt signals.

Background: The fast growing tourism industry increases the need for new destinations to meet the markets demand. Because of this, destination development becomes a part of tourism development and it can therefore be interesting and relevant to study this phenomenon. It requires consciousness about the destination’s conditions and to what extent tourism can be developed. The study of these conditions can be useful as they are fundamental for future tourism development at a destination. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze which conditions and characteristics a place should have to become an attractive destination. Methodology: This study has been executed from a positivistic point of view and a quantitative approach. The collection of data has been carried out through five semi-structured interviews. Conclusions: This study has reached the conclusion that developing tourism at a destination requires a number of specific characteristics, but that these may vary depending on the type of destination. There are several characteristics but the most emphasized are attractions and activities, accessibility and infrastructure, amenities, political stability and safety. / Bakgrund: Den snabbt växande turismnäringen ökar behovet av fler destinationer för att möta den ökade efterfrågan på marknaden. Destinationsutveckling blir därför en grundläggande del i arbetet med turismutveckling och det kan därför vara intressant och relevant att studera detta. Det krävs en medvetenhet om vilka förutsättningar som finns och i vilken utsträckning turism kan utvecklas utifrån dessa. Vilka dessa förutsättningar är kan vara intressant att undersöka då de ligger till grund för framtida turismutveckling på en destination. Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen är att beskriva och analysera vilka förutsättningar och attribut en plats bör ha för att bli en attraktiv destination. Metod: Denna studie har utgångspunkt i ett positivistiskt synsätt och en kvantitativ ansats. Vid datainsamlingen har fem semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomförts. Slutsatser: Slutsatsen av studien är att det krävs vissa specifika förutsättningar för att utveckla turism på en destination, men att dessa kan variera beroende på typ av destination. Det finns ett antal sådana förutsättningar, men de som tydligast framkommer är attraktioner och aktiviteter, tillgänglighet och infrastruktur, ett grundläggande serviceutbud samt någon form av politisk stabilitet och trygghet.

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Darbo objektas: Inovacijų diegimas Lietuvos kelionių organizatorių įmonėse. Tikslas: įvertinti inovacijų diegimą Lietuvos kelionių organizatorių įmonėse. Uždaviniai: 1. Apibrėžti inovacijos sampratą ir paaiškinti inovacijų valdymo procesą; 2. Išnagrinėti inovacijų specifiką turizmo sektoriuje; 3. Apklausti Lietuvos kelionių organizatorių įmonių darbuotojus, siekiant ištirti inovacijų diegimą. Tiriamasis klausimas: 1. Ar kelionių organizatorių įmonės siekia kurti inovacinius produktus bei paslaugas? Svarbiausi rezultatai, išvados ir pasiūlymai. Atlikus tyrimą, galima daryti išvadą, kad Lietuvos kelionių organizatorių įmonių veikla orientuota į naujų paslaugų, produktų kūrimą bei jų diegimą. Didelis dėmesys skirtas ir esamiems produktams, paslaugoms tobulinti. Dažniausiai įmonėse yra diegiamos produkto ir paslaugos inovacijos. Retai diegiamos organizacinės veiklos inovacijos bei technologinio proceso inovacijos. Mano pasiūlymas kelionių organizatorių vadovams, savininkams – daugiau dėmesio skirti technologinio proceso inovacijoms, nes technologijos sparčiai juda į priekį, todėl visada yra terpė plėstis, tobulėti. Taip pat daugiau dėmesio skirti organizacinės veiklos inovacijoms, nes tik darniai dirbančios bei turinčios atitinkamą organizacinę kultūrą organizacijos, galės daug efektyviau kurti bei diegti naujus produktus. Taip pat rekomenduočiau vykdyti mokymus, seminarus apie naujų produktų kūrimą, esamų produktų tobulinimą, sėkmingą jų įvedimą į rinką. Siūlyčiau daugiau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Key words: innovation, process of innovation, new products, travel organizer. Object of research: innovations in the enterprises of travel organizers. Aim of research: to evaluate the innovatory of Lithuanian travel organizers. Goals: 1. To explain the conception of the innovations and the process of the administration; 2. To discuss the particularity of the innovations in the tourism sector; 3. To investigate the Lithuanian travel organizers and evaluate their innovatory. Investigation: 1. Are the travel organizers enterprises ready to make the new products and services? Leading results, conclusion and suggestions. After the investigation we can come to the conclusion that Lithuanian travel organizers are innovatory enough and their work is directed towards creation of new services, products and their implementation in the market. 87 percent of enterprises apply the innovations in their activities. Great attention is paid to the already existing products and services and their implementation. Mostly the innovations of products and services are applied in the activity. Organizational and technological innovations are rarely used. The investigation showed that travel organizers enterprises do not encourage to suggest the new ideas, because it is considered as a matter-of-course, usual thing. My suggestion for the travel leaders and owners – is not only to pay more attention to the technological innovations, because technologies are expeditiously in progress, therefore... [to full text]

Tyrimo objektas - organizacinio klimato įtaka darbuotojų motyvacijai. Tikslas – atskleisti kelionių organizatoriaus „Excursus“ organizacinio klimato įtaką darbuotojų motyvacijai ir pateikti motyvacijos gerinimo galimybes. Uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti organizacinio klimato ir darbuotojų motyvacijos teorinius aspektus. 2. Įvertinti kelionių organizatoriaus „Excursus“ organizacinio klimato ir darbuotojų motyvacijos aspektus. 3. Ištirti kelionių organizatoriaus „Excursus“ organizacinio klimato įtaką darbuotojų motyvacijai ir pateikti motyvacijos gerinimo galimybes. Tyrimo rezultatai: išanalizavus mokslinę literatūrą, galima teigti, kad pagrindiniai klimato aspektai, darantys įtaką darbuotojų suvokimui, yra atlygis/apdovanojimai ir įvertinimas, savarankiškumas arba komandinis darbas bei bendradarbiavimas, vadovybės kompetencija, organizacinis aiškumas (tikslų žinomumas). Įtaka darbuotojų motyvacijai atsiranda organizacinių charakteristikų ir pagrindinių darbuotojų poreikių – autonomijos, kompetencijos, priklausymo grupei – sąveikos metu. Motyvacinės teorijos patvirtina sąsajas tarp organizacinio klimato ir motyvacijos, išskirdamos žmonių poreikius, kuriuos patenkina klimatas ar atskiri jo aspektai. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad pagrindiniai klimato aspektai, kaip savarankiškumas arba komandinis darbas, bendradarbiavimas, vadovybės kompetencija, organizacinis aiškumas (tikslų žinomumas) įvertinimas siejasi su darbuotojų suvokimu. „Excursus“ kelionių organizacijoje darbuotojų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject of this research – to analyze the influence of organizational climate on employees’ motivation in travel organization „Excursus“. The goals of search work: 1. To analyze the organizational climate and employee motivation theoretical aspects. 2. To evaluate travel organizer "Excursus" organizational climate and employee motivation issues. 3. Investigate travel organizer "Excursus" organizational climate on employee motivation and provide motivation for improvement opportunities. The main conclusions. Analysis of the scientific literature, it can be said that the main aspects of the climate affecting employee perceptions of the reward / awards and evaluation, autonomy or teamwork and collaboration, management expertise, organizational clarity (visibility purposes). Impact on staff motivation arises organizational characteristics and key staff needs - autonomy, competence, belonging to a group - interaction. Motivational theory confirms the links between organizational climate and motivation, releasing people's needs, to meet the climate or its individual elements. The results show that the main aspects of climate, such as autonomy or teamwork, cooperation, leadership competencies, organizational clarity (visibility purposes) rating refers to the perception of employees. "Excursus" travel organization employees main motivation needs: autonomy, competence, and belonging to a group is very well satisfied, which means that employees have sufficient motivation... [to full text]

TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN ADMINISTRACIÓN / Adriana Ariza Pertuz [Parte I], Dorimar Gómez Ruiz [Parte II] / Hoy día no es fácil poder cumplir con todas las tareas diarias y sentirnos al mismo tiempo en paz y armonía, la vida ajetreada los compromisos del hogar, trabajo, estudio, amigos, sociedad; hace que cada vez veamos más reducido el tiempo para poder suplir todas las actividades de manera satisfactoria. Según estadísticas en la ciudad de Panamá, la población dedica el 5.3% del tiempo en actividades del Hogar, que sumado a los quehaceres adicionales ya mencionados les resta tiempo a las actividades de ocio y esparcimiento. Por lo anterior, se evidencio como oportunidad de negocio en Panamá, el servicio de Organización Profesional de Espacios, que consiste en brindarle al cliente técnicas que le permitirán transformar sus espacios y mantenerlos en orden, lo cual le ayudara a optimizar el tiempo, transformar su estilo de vida liberándola del estrés y promoviendo la paz interna. Al realizar una encuesta a los potenciales clientes y público en general, se evidencio que el 53% de la población con ingresos iguales o >$3.000 USD son los que tienen disposición a pagar por este tipo de servicio. ESPACIOS & ORDEN, tiene una propuesta de valor diferenciada principalmente en brinda asesoría personaliza a sus clientes, no es quedara como un proceso de transformación de espacios sino de estilo de vida, el mercado potencial es de $3.5 millones de dólares el año. La estrategia de marketing y operaciones está encaminada en brinda el mejor servicio personalizado, que el cliente cree una experiencia del orden y transforme su vida. El equipo gestor está compuesto por 2 profesionales capacitadas como CPO’s que juntas encaminaran la empresa y con sus habilidades lograran el éxito del negocio. La inversión inicial de ESPACIOS & ORDEN es del orden de los $35.677 USD para el primer periodo, con lo cual se cubrirán las inversiones iniciales de certificaciones y gastos de puesta en marcha del negocio. Los ingresos para el primer año ascienden a $115.440USD y para el quinto año a $251.679, el proyecto genera un VAN positivo = 173.851, Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) 85%, superior a la tasa de descuento estimada del mercado incluyendo a la prima por riesgo de emprendimiento de un 2.9% que es igual al 14.53%

Title: Principles of safety measures of sports events organizers without the involvement of police Objectives: The aim of this thesis is a description of security measures at sporting events organizers. Methods: The thesis theoretical style is focused on searching for available sources of study and research, and writing their summary comparing safety measures of the organizers. Results: This work describes the activities of the organizers of sports events and precautions that must be provided prior to each sports organizer game. The work includes development of both selected sports, a description of spectator violence and groups on spectator violence most often involved. Keywords: safety, organizer, sports events, violence, viewer

Considerando que a hipertensão arterial sistêmica tem alta prevalência, baixas taxas de controle e que o risco de desenvolver a doença aumenta com a idade, este estudo teve como propósito avaliar a adesão à terapêutica medicamentosa de um grupo de pacientes idosos, hipertensos e atendidos em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do interior do estado de São Paulo, antes e após o desenvolvimento e a utilização de um Sistema Eletrônico de Uso Personalizado e Controlado de Medicamentos (SUPERMED). Com metodologia do tipo de estudo quase experimental, prospectivo e comparativo, foram acompanhados 32 idosos hipertensos, que utilizavam pelo menos quatro medicamentos diferentes continuamente, em períodos diferentes: \"antes da implantação do SUPERMED\", no \"dia da implantação\" e \"após a implantação do SUPERMED\". Para o acompanhamento dos idosos, foram utilizados os seguintes recursos do SUPERMED: as caixas organizadoras de medicamentos, identificadas com o horário correto de utilização, os sachês de doses unitárias e um relógio com alarme. A adesão foi avaliada através do Teste de Morisky e Green, aplicado antes e após o uso do SUPERMED. Durante todo o acompanhamento dos idosos, realizou-se o controle da pressão arterial, da glicemia pós-prandial, do índice de massa corporal e da circunferência abdominal. O projeto foi provado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo e foi solicitado aos participantes da pesquisa o seu consentimento, mediante a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Todas as análises foram conduzidas com software estatístico e com o programa Microsoft Excel ®. A média da idade dos participantes do estudo foi de 71,4 anos (DP 5,6); o predomínio foi do sexo feminino (65,6%); 18,8% eram analfabetos; a média do diagnóstico de hipertensão foi de 19,4 (DP 10,1) anos e a média de medicamentos utilizados foi de 8,0 por idoso. Além da hipertensão, 75% dos idosos apresentavam diabetes melito, 75% dislipidemia e 59,4% obesidade. Após o uso do SUPERMED, a média dos valores da pressão arterial sistólica diminuiu em 21,6 mmHg (p<0,0001) e da pressão arterial diastólica em 4,7 mmHg (p<0,0001). Os resultados do Teste de Morisky e Green mostraram uma baixa adesão dos idosos antes da implantação do SUPERMED, onde 81,2% foram considerados como \"menos aderentes\". Após a implantação do SUPERMED, 96,9% foram considerados como \"mais aderentes\" (p<0,01). O uso do SUPERMED melhorou a adesão medicamentosa e diminuiu os valores da pressão arterial, proporcionando ao idoso uma segurança e uma satisfação no que diz respeito à organização e à utilização correta de seus medicamentos / Considering that the arterial systemic hypertension has a high prevalence, low control taxes and that the risk to develop the disease increases with the aging, the objective of this study was to evaluate the adherence to the drug therapy in a group of elderly patients who have hypertension and are taken care of in a Basic Health Care Unit, in the country of São Paulo state, before and after the development and the utilization of an Electronic System of Personal and Controlled Use of Medication (SUPERMED). The study was almost experimental, prospective and comparative. 32 hypertensive elders were monitored, who used continually at least four different medications, in different periods: \"before the use of SUPERMED\", at \"the day that they started using it\" and \"after the use of SUPERMED\". To monitor the elderlies, the following SUPERMED resources were used: organizing medications boxes, identified with the suitable use time, the single dose pill packs and an alarm clock. The adherence was evaluated by the Morisky and Green Test, applied before and after the use of SUPERMED. During all the monitoring, the arterial pressure and the postprandial glycemia were controlled from the body mass index and the waist circumference. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research from the College of Nursing from the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto and approval from the research participants was asked, followed by the signing of the Statement of Consent. All the analysis was conducted with a statistics software application and the Microsoft Excel program. The elders´ average age in the study was 71.4 years old (DP 5.6); the female gender had the prevalence (65.6%); 18.8% were illiterate; the diagnosis average of hypertension was 19.4% (DP 10.1) years and the average of drugs used per elder was 8. Besides the hypertension, 75% of the elders showed diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia rate was 75% and 59.4% were obese. After the use of SUPERMED, the systolic arterial pressure values\' average decreased in 21.6 mmHg (p<0.0001) and the diastolic arterial pressure in 4.7 mmHg (p<0.0001). The Morisky and Green Test results showed a low adherence before SUPERMED was implanted, where 81.2% of the elders were considered \"less adherent\". After it was implanted, 96.9% were considered \"more adherent\" (p<0.01). The use of SUPERMED improved the medication adherence and decreased the arterial pressure values, providing the elders with safety and satisfaction about the organization and the proper use of their medications

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / There is a deficit in the housing sector in Brazil that affects both urban and rural area in the country. To reverse this unfavorable scenario, the federal government created in 2009 the Rural Housing Program (PNHR) that is part of a social policy that promotes access to housing to applicants for housing in rural areas and socioeconomic vulnerability condition. The rural housing deficit in the run-up to implementation of PNHR in 2008 was 916,478 housing units, after five years of operation of the Program, in 2014, 122,013 housing units were built in Brazil. This paper presents a study of the implementation of the Rural Housing Program in Cachoeira do Sul / RS, describing the historical aspects of housing in Brazil, the role of social actors in the construction of this policy, as well as major advances, barriers and results obtained from the advent of PNHR in the city. / Há um déficit no setor habitacional no Brasil que atinge tanto a zona urbana como a zona rural no país. Para reverter este cenário desfavorável, o governo federal criou em 2009 o Programa de Habitação Rural (PNHR) que faz parte de uma política social que propicia o acesso à moradia aos demandantes por habitação da zona rural e em condição de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. O déficit habitacional rural no que antecedeu a implementação do PNHR, em 2008, era de 916.478 unidades habitacionais, passados cincos anos da operacionalização do Programa, em 2014, 122.013 unidades habitacionais foram construídas no Brasil. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da operacionalização do Programa de Habitação Rural em Cachoeira do Sul/RS, descrevendo os aspectos históricos da habitação no Brasil, a atuação dos atores sociais na construção desta política, bem como, os principais avanços, entraves e resultados obtidos com o advento do PNHR no município.

Orientador: Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T12:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Busin_CarmenSilvia_D.pdf: 6669737 bytes, checksum: 7a1f9be2cc98550bffd4b6b919b57406 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A posição taxonômica, as relações filogenéticas, a sinonimização de espécies consideradas distintas, a existência de subespécies e as propostas de agrupamentos intragenéricos dos gêneros Pseudis e Lysapsus sempre foram bastante discutidas entre os herpetólogos. Os gêneros Pseudis e Lysapsus já foram considerados membros da família Pseudidae e também da subfamília de Hylidae. Recentemente, foram alocados na subfamília Hylinae como gêneros distintos. Pseudis paradoxa, P. minuta e Lysapsus limellus, já analisados citogeneticamente por outros autores, apresentam 2n=24 cromossomos e Pseudis sp. (aff. minuta), hoje confirmada citogeneticamente como a recentemente descrita P. cardosoi, apresenta 2n=28 cromossomos, com quatro pares adicionais de cromossomos telocêntricos. No presente trabalho foram analisadas, através de coloração convencional dos cromossomos, padrão de distribuição de heterocromatina, número e localização das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (NOR), espécies do gênero Pseudis e do gênero Lysapsus, exceto L. laevis, com o objetivo de contribuir com caracteres citogenéticos para a sistemática e para os estudos de filogenia dos dois gêneros, além de buscar evidências para a compreensão dos processos envolvidos na evolução cromossômica nesses grupos. As análises citogenéticas revelaram que o complemento 2n=24 cromossomos é a condição plesiomórfica tanto no gênero Pseudis quanto no gênero Lysapsus e corroboraram a hipótese de que o cariótipo 2n=28 cromossomos tenha uma origem comum ao cariótipo 2n=24 de P. minuta, pois as bandas heterocromáticas marcadoras dos dois cariótipos não foram detectadas em nenhuma das espécies analisadas no presente trabalho. As análises da morfologia cromossômica e do padrão de distribuição de heterocromatina permitiram a separação inter- e intragenérica nos dois gêneros, exceção feita entre as subespécies Pseudis paradoxa paradoxa e P. p. platensis que apresentaram os dados citogenéticos comuns. As diferenças detectadas no padrão de distribuição de heterocromatina além de permitir a separação das espécies de Lysapsus e de Pseudis permitiu, também, sugerir uma reavaliação do status taxonômico das subespécies L. limellus limellus e L. ,. bolivianus, especialmente da população de L. I. bolivianus de Guajará-Mirim, que apresentaram diferenças na morfologia e padrão de bandamento dos cromossomos 7 e 8, também em relação às outras populações da mesma subespécie. A presença da região organizadora de nucléolo (NOR) nos braços longos dos cromossomos do par 7 é o caráter plesiomórfico tanto no gênero Pseudis como no gênero Lysapsus e a posição que a mesma ocupa ao longo do braço é um dado citogenético importante na separação das espécies de Pseudis. A morfometria cromossômica, padrão de bandamento e posição da NOR nos cromossomos 7 permitiram também verificar a presença de cromossomos sexuais heteromórficos no sistema ZZIZW em P. tocantins, com evidências de que mecanismos de inversão e de ganho de heterocromatina tenham ocasionado a diferenciação dos cromossomos Z e W / Abstract: The taxonomic position, phylogenetic relationships, synonymization of species considered to be distinct, existence of subspecies, and the proposals of intrageneric groups of the genera Pseudis and Lysapsus have always been a matter of discussion among herpetologists. The genera Pseudis and Lysapsus have already been included in the family Pseudidae and also in the subfamily Hylidae. Recently, these two genera have been allocated to the subfamily Hylinae as distinct genera. Pseudis paradoxa, P. minuta and Lysapsus limellus, cytogenetically analyzed by other investigators, show a chromosome number of 2n=24, and Pseudis sp. (aff. minuta), now cytogenetically confirmed as the recently described P. cardosoi, has 2n=28 chromosomes, including four additional pairs of telocentric chromosomes. In the present study, we analyzed the pattem of heterochromatin distribution and the number and location of the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) by conventional chromosome staining in species of the genera Pseudis and Lysapsus, except for L. laevis, in order to add cytogenetic traits to the systematics and to the study of the phylogeny of the two genera, in addition to providing evidence for the understanding of the processes involved in the chromosome evolution of these groups. Cytogenetic analysis revealed that the complement of 2n=24 chromosomes is a plesiomorphic condition both in the genus Pseudis and in the genus Lysapsus, and confirmed the hypothesis that the origin of the 2n=28 karyotype is the same as that of the 2n=24 karyotype of P. minuta since the heterochromatic marker bands in the two karyotypes were not detected in any of the species analyzed in the present study. Analysis of the chromosome morphology and the pattem of heterochromatin distribution permitted the inter- and intrageneric separation of the two genera, except for the subspecies Pseudis paradoxa paradoxa and P. p. platensis which presented common cytogenetic data. In addition to permitting the separation of Lysapsus and Pseudis species, the differences detected in the pattem of heterochromatin distribution also suggested the reassessment of the taxonomic status of the subspecies L. limellus limellus and L. I. bolivianus, especially of the L. I. bolivianus population from Guajará-Mirim, which differed in the morphology and banding pattem of chromosomes 7 and 8 in relation to the other populations of the same subspecies. The presence of the NOR on the long arms of the chromosomes of pair 7 was a plesiomorphic trait both in the genus Pseudis and in the genus Lysapsus, and the position the NOR occupies on the long arm is an important cytogenetic characteristic for the separation of Pseudis species. Chromosome morphometry, banding pattern and NOR position on chromosomes 7 also permitted the detection of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in the ZZlZW system of P. tocantins, with evidence that mechanisms of inversion and heterochromatinization caused the differentiation of the Z and W chromosomes / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural