Plantas medicinais e óleos essenciais representam um importante papel na terapêutica, tanto na cura como também na prevenção de diferentes enfermidades, sendo esta prática medicinal uma das mais antigas formas de tratamento. Devido à utilização dos óleos essenciais na terapêutica e a importância do conhecimento do pontencial de toxicidade destes, objetivou-se: (i) identificar os principais componentes químicos dos óleos essenciais de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Origanum majorana (manjerona) e Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim); (ii) avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro destes óleos essenciais frente a leveduras isoladas de animais hígidos e casos clínicos; (iii) avaliar a irritação/corrosão cutânea e ocular aguda dos três óleos essenciais e (iv) avaliar a sensibilização cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano. O material vegetal foi adquirido de distribuidor comercial e encaminhado para extração do óleo essencial por hidrodestilação em Clevenger e, para análise cromatográfica através da cromatografia gasosa. Para realização dos testes in vitro foi utilizado o método de microdiluição em caldo, documento M27A3 do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) com adaptações para fitofármacos e Malassezia pachydermatis. Os óleos essenciais de orégano, manjerona e alecrim foram testados nas concentrações de 28 a 0,87mg/mL, 60 a 1,87mg/mL e 112,8 a 3,52mg/mL, respectivamente. Os testes de toxicidade in vivo foram realizados conforme a Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Para os testes de irritação/corrosão cutânea (OECD 404, 2002) e ocular aguda (OECD 405, 2002) foram utilizados 24 coelhos albinos (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Nova Zelândia, machos, adultos e hígidos. Na sensibilização cutânea (OECD 406, 1992) utilizaram-se 33 cobaios (Cavia porcellus), fêmeas, adultas e hígidas. Os compostos majoritários do orégano foram timol, -terpineno e 4-terpineol; da manjerona timol, 4-terpineol e p-cimeno e; do alecrim α-pineno e 1,8 cineol. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM) do óleo essencial de orégano para M. pachydermatis variaram de ≤0,87 a 7mg/mL. Para manjerona a CIM e a CFM foram de ≤1,87 a 30mg/mL e de ≤3,52 a 112,8mg/mL para o alecrim nos isolados de M. pachydermatis, Candida spp e T. asahii. Nas avaliações da irritação/corrosão cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano 3% somente um animal apresentou eritema leve nas 24h com regressão aos sete dias e, edema leve nas 72h com regressão aos sete dias. Na irritação/corrosão ocular, apenas um animal apresentou reação inflamatória nas avaliações de 24 e 48h, regredindo nas 72h. Na sensibilização cutânea, os animais responderam à indução, mas nenhum respondeu ao desafio. Nos animais tratados com óleo essencial de manjerona 6% nas 24, 48 e 72h apresentaram eritema leve, regredindo em até sete dias. Dois animais apresentaram edema leve nas 24 e 48h com remissão nas 72h e um animal permaneceu sem alterações Em dois animais do grupo alecrim 24% as lesões de eritema/escara regrediram em 21 dias. Quanto ao edema, as lesões foram consideradas reversíveis aos sete dias. Conclui-se que M. pachydermatis é sensível ao óleo essencial de orégano; que os óleos essenciais de manjerona e alecrim possuem atividade antifúngica in vitro frente a isolados de animais; o óleo essencial de orégano 3% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, não causa sensibilização cutânea na concentração testada. O óleo essencial de manjerona 6% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, o óleo essencial de alecrim 24% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda moderada. / Medicinal plants and essential oils represent an important therapeutic role in the cure and diseases different prevention both, this medical practice is one the oldest treatment forms. Thus, the aim was: (i) identify the main chemical components of essential oils from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Origanum majorana (marjoram) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), (ii) evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against yeasts isolated from healthy animals and clinical cases, (iii) evaluate the irritation/skin corrosion and acute eye of the three essential oils and (iv) assess the skin sensitization of the oregano essential oil. The plant material was purchased from commercial distributor and referred for essential oil extraction and gas chromatography. We used the method of microdilution M27-A3 with adaptations for phytochemicals and Malassezia pachydermatis. The oregano essential oils, marjoram and rosemary were tested at concentrations from 28 to 0.87 mg/mL, 60 to 1.87 mg/mL and 112.8 to 3.52 mg/mL, respectively. The in vivo toxicity tests were performed according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The twenty-four males, adults and healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used for irritation/corrosion skin (OECD 404, 2002) and eye acute (OECD 405, 2002) tests. The thirty-three adults, females and healthy guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used for sensitization skin test (OECD 406, 1992). The major compounds in oregano were thymol, α-terpinene and 4-terpineol, in marjoram were thymol, 4-terpineol, and p-cymene and in rosemary were α-pinene and 1,8 cineole. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oregano essential oil against to M. pachydermatis were ≤ 0.87 to 7mg/mL, while the MIC and MFC of the marjoram were ≤ 1.87 to 30mg/mL. The MIC and CFM of the rosemary were ≤ 3.52 to 112.8 mg/mL against to M. pachydermatis, Candida spp and T. asahii. In the irritation/skin corrosion test, only one animal at 24h had slight erythema with regression at 7 days and slight edema at 72 h with regression to 7 days against to oregano essential oil at 3%. In the eye irritation/corrosion test, only one animal showed inflammatory reaction signs at 24 and 48h evaluates, but the assessments 72h had regressed. In the skin sensitization test, the animals responded, but anyone responded to the challenge. The treated with marjoram essential oils at 6%, the animals showed slight erythema at 24, 48 and 72h evaluate, with regression to 7 days. About to edema presentation, two animals showed moderate at 24 and 48h, with regression at 72h, only one animal without signs. The group rosemary at 24%, the erythema/eschar lesions in two animals were regression at 21 days. About the edema, the lesions were reversible for seven days. The conclusion was the sensibility of M. pachydermatis against to oregano essential oil, antifungal activity in vitro of marjoram and rosemary essential oils against animals isolates, the oregano essential oil at 3% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute and doesn’t induce skin sensitization. The marjoram essential oil at 6% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute, the rosemary essential oil at 24% induces skin and eye irritation moderate acute.

Plantas medicinais e óleos essenciais representam um importante papel na terapêutica, tanto na cura como também na prevenção de diferentes enfermidades, sendo esta prática medicinal uma das mais antigas formas de tratamento. Devido à utilização dos óleos essenciais na terapêutica e a importância do conhecimento do pontencial de toxicidade destes, objetivou-se: (i) identificar os principais componentes químicos dos óleos essenciais de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Origanum majorana (manjerona) e Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim); (ii) avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro destes óleos essenciais frente a leveduras isoladas de animais hígidos e casos clínicos; (iii) avaliar a irritação/corrosão cutânea e ocular aguda dos três óleos essenciais e (iv) avaliar a sensibilização cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano. O material vegetal foi adquirido de distribuidor comercial e encaminhado para extração do óleo essencial por hidrodestilação em Clevenger e, para análise cromatográfica através da cromatografia gasosa. Para realização dos testes in vitro foi utilizado o método de microdiluição em caldo, documento M27A3 do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) com adaptações para fitofármacos e Malassezia pachydermatis. Os óleos essenciais de orégano, manjerona e alecrim foram testados nas concentrações de 28 a 0,87mg/mL, 60 a 1,87mg/mL e 112,8 a 3,52mg/mL, respectivamente. Os testes de toxicidade in vivo foram realizados conforme a Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Para os testes de irritação/corrosão cutânea (OECD 404, 2002) e ocular aguda (OECD 405, 2002) foram utilizados 24 coelhos albinos (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Nova Zelândia, machos, adultos e hígidos. Na sensibilização cutânea (OECD 406, 1992) utilizaram-se 33 cobaios (Cavia porcellus), fêmeas, adultas e hígidas. Os compostos majoritários do orégano foram timol, -terpineno e 4-terpineol; da manjerona timol, 4-terpineol e p-cimeno e; do alecrim α-pineno e 1,8 cineol. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM) do óleo essencial de orégano para M. pachydermatis variaram de ≤0,87 a 7mg/mL. Para manjerona a CIM e a CFM foram de ≤1,87 a 30mg/mL e de ≤3,52 a 112,8mg/mL para o alecrim nos isolados de M. pachydermatis, Candida spp e T. asahii. Nas avaliações da irritação/corrosão cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano 3% somente um animal apresentou eritema leve nas 24h com regressão aos sete dias e, edema leve nas 72h com regressão aos sete dias. Na irritação/corrosão ocular, apenas um animal apresentou reação inflamatória nas avaliações de 24 e 48h, regredindo nas 72h. Na sensibilização cutânea, os animais responderam à indução, mas nenhum respondeu ao desafio. Nos animais tratados com óleo essencial de manjerona 6% nas 24, 48 e 72h apresentaram eritema leve, regredindo em até sete dias. Dois animais apresentaram edema leve nas 24 e 48h com remissão nas 72h e um animal permaneceu sem alterações Em dois animais do grupo alecrim 24% as lesões de eritema/escara regrediram em 21 dias. Quanto ao edema, as lesões foram consideradas reversíveis aos sete dias. Conclui-se que M. pachydermatis é sensível ao óleo essencial de orégano; que os óleos essenciais de manjerona e alecrim possuem atividade antifúngica in vitro frente a isolados de animais; o óleo essencial de orégano 3% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, não causa sensibilização cutânea na concentração testada. O óleo essencial de manjerona 6% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, o óleo essencial de alecrim 24% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda moderada. / Medicinal plants and essential oils represent an important therapeutic role in the cure and diseases different prevention both, this medical practice is one the oldest treatment forms. Thus, the aim was: (i) identify the main chemical components of essential oils from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Origanum majorana (marjoram) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), (ii) evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against yeasts isolated from healthy animals and clinical cases, (iii) evaluate the irritation/skin corrosion and acute eye of the three essential oils and (iv) assess the skin sensitization of the oregano essential oil. The plant material was purchased from commercial distributor and referred for essential oil extraction and gas chromatography. We used the method of microdilution M27-A3 with adaptations for phytochemicals and Malassezia pachydermatis. The oregano essential oils, marjoram and rosemary were tested at concentrations from 28 to 0.87 mg/mL, 60 to 1.87 mg/mL and 112.8 to 3.52 mg/mL, respectively. The in vivo toxicity tests were performed according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The twenty-four males, adults and healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used for irritation/corrosion skin (OECD 404, 2002) and eye acute (OECD 405, 2002) tests. The thirty-three adults, females and healthy guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used for sensitization skin test (OECD 406, 1992). The major compounds in oregano were thymol, α-terpinene and 4-terpineol, in marjoram were thymol, 4-terpineol, and p-cymene and in rosemary were α-pinene and 1,8 cineole. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oregano essential oil against to M. pachydermatis were ≤ 0.87 to 7mg/mL, while the MIC and MFC of the marjoram were ≤ 1.87 to 30mg/mL. The MIC and CFM of the rosemary were ≤ 3.52 to 112.8 mg/mL against to M. pachydermatis, Candida spp and T. asahii. In the irritation/skin corrosion test, only one animal at 24h had slight erythema with regression at 7 days and slight edema at 72 h with regression to 7 days against to oregano essential oil at 3%. In the eye irritation/corrosion test, only one animal showed inflammatory reaction signs at 24 and 48h evaluates, but the assessments 72h had regressed. In the skin sensitization test, the animals responded, but anyone responded to the challenge. The treated with marjoram essential oils at 6%, the animals showed slight erythema at 24, 48 and 72h evaluate, with regression to 7 days. About to edema presentation, two animals showed moderate at 24 and 48h, with regression at 72h, only one animal without signs. The group rosemary at 24%, the erythema/eschar lesions in two animals were regression at 21 days. About the edema, the lesions were reversible for seven days. The conclusion was the sensibility of M. pachydermatis against to oregano essential oil, antifungal activity in vitro of marjoram and rosemary essential oils against animals isolates, the oregano essential oil at 3% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute and doesn’t induce skin sensitization. The marjoram essential oil at 6% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute, the rosemary essential oil at 24% induces skin and eye irritation moderate acute.

Plantas medicinais e óleos essenciais representam um importante papel na terapêutica, tanto na cura como também na prevenção de diferentes enfermidades, sendo esta prática medicinal uma das mais antigas formas de tratamento. Devido à utilização dos óleos essenciais na terapêutica e a importância do conhecimento do pontencial de toxicidade destes, objetivou-se: (i) identificar os principais componentes químicos dos óleos essenciais de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Origanum majorana (manjerona) e Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim); (ii) avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro destes óleos essenciais frente a leveduras isoladas de animais hígidos e casos clínicos; (iii) avaliar a irritação/corrosão cutânea e ocular aguda dos três óleos essenciais e (iv) avaliar a sensibilização cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano. O material vegetal foi adquirido de distribuidor comercial e encaminhado para extração do óleo essencial por hidrodestilação em Clevenger e, para análise cromatográfica através da cromatografia gasosa. Para realização dos testes in vitro foi utilizado o método de microdiluição em caldo, documento M27A3 do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) com adaptações para fitofármacos e Malassezia pachydermatis. Os óleos essenciais de orégano, manjerona e alecrim foram testados nas concentrações de 28 a 0,87mg/mL, 60 a 1,87mg/mL e 112,8 a 3,52mg/mL, respectivamente. Os testes de toxicidade in vivo foram realizados conforme a Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Para os testes de irritação/corrosão cutânea (OECD 404, 2002) e ocular aguda (OECD 405, 2002) foram utilizados 24 coelhos albinos (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Nova Zelândia, machos, adultos e hígidos. Na sensibilização cutânea (OECD 406, 1992) utilizaram-se 33 cobaios (Cavia porcellus), fêmeas, adultas e hígidas. Os compostos majoritários do orégano foram timol, -terpineno e 4-terpineol; da manjerona timol, 4-terpineol e p-cimeno e; do alecrim α-pineno e 1,8 cineol. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM) do óleo essencial de orégano para M. pachydermatis variaram de ≤0,87 a 7mg/mL. Para manjerona a CIM e a CFM foram de ≤1,87 a 30mg/mL e de ≤3,52 a 112,8mg/mL para o alecrim nos isolados de M. pachydermatis, Candida spp e T. asahii. Nas avaliações da irritação/corrosão cutânea do óleo essencial de orégano 3% somente um animal apresentou eritema leve nas 24h com regressão aos sete dias e, edema leve nas 72h com regressão aos sete dias. Na irritação/corrosão ocular, apenas um animal apresentou reação inflamatória nas avaliações de 24 e 48h, regredindo nas 72h. Na sensibilização cutânea, os animais responderam à indução, mas nenhum respondeu ao desafio. Nos animais tratados com óleo essencial de manjerona 6% nas 24, 48 e 72h apresentaram eritema leve, regredindo em até sete dias. Dois animais apresentaram edema leve nas 24 e 48h com remissão nas 72h e um animal permaneceu sem alterações Em dois animais do grupo alecrim 24% as lesões de eritema/escara regrediram em 21 dias. Quanto ao edema, as lesões foram consideradas reversíveis aos sete dias. Conclui-se que M. pachydermatis é sensível ao óleo essencial de orégano; que os óleos essenciais de manjerona e alecrim possuem atividade antifúngica in vitro frente a isolados de animais; o óleo essencial de orégano 3% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, não causa sensibilização cutânea na concentração testada. O óleo essencial de manjerona 6% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda leve e, o óleo essencial de alecrim 24% causa irritação cutânea e ocular aguda moderada. / Medicinal plants and essential oils represent an important therapeutic role in the cure and diseases different prevention both, this medical practice is one the oldest treatment forms. Thus, the aim was: (i) identify the main chemical components of essential oils from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Origanum majorana (marjoram) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), (ii) evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils against yeasts isolated from healthy animals and clinical cases, (iii) evaluate the irritation/skin corrosion and acute eye of the three essential oils and (iv) assess the skin sensitization of the oregano essential oil. The plant material was purchased from commercial distributor and referred for essential oil extraction and gas chromatography. We used the method of microdilution M27-A3 with adaptations for phytochemicals and Malassezia pachydermatis. The oregano essential oils, marjoram and rosemary were tested at concentrations from 28 to 0.87 mg/mL, 60 to 1.87 mg/mL and 112.8 to 3.52 mg/mL, respectively. The in vivo toxicity tests were performed according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The twenty-four males, adults and healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used for irritation/corrosion skin (OECD 404, 2002) and eye acute (OECD 405, 2002) tests. The thirty-three adults, females and healthy guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used for sensitization skin test (OECD 406, 1992). The major compounds in oregano were thymol, α-terpinene and 4-terpineol, in marjoram were thymol, 4-terpineol, and p-cymene and in rosemary were α-pinene and 1,8 cineole. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oregano essential oil against to M. pachydermatis were ≤ 0.87 to 7mg/mL, while the MIC and MFC of the marjoram were ≤ 1.87 to 30mg/mL. The MIC and CFM of the rosemary were ≤ 3.52 to 112.8 mg/mL against to M. pachydermatis, Candida spp and T. asahii. In the irritation/skin corrosion test, only one animal at 24h had slight erythema with regression at 7 days and slight edema at 72 h with regression to 7 days against to oregano essential oil at 3%. In the eye irritation/corrosion test, only one animal showed inflammatory reaction signs at 24 and 48h evaluates, but the assessments 72h had regressed. In the skin sensitization test, the animals responded, but anyone responded to the challenge. The treated with marjoram essential oils at 6%, the animals showed slight erythema at 24, 48 and 72h evaluate, with regression to 7 days. About to edema presentation, two animals showed moderate at 24 and 48h, with regression at 72h, only one animal without signs. The group rosemary at 24%, the erythema/eschar lesions in two animals were regression at 21 days. About the edema, the lesions were reversible for seven days. The conclusion was the sensibility of M. pachydermatis against to oregano essential oil, antifungal activity in vitro of marjoram and rosemary essential oils against animals isolates, the oregano essential oil at 3% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute and doesn’t induce skin sensitization. The marjoram essential oil at 6% induces skin and eye irritation slight acute, the rosemary essential oil at 24% induces skin and eye irritation moderate acute.

La finalidad del presente estudio es construir una herramienta de modelamiento y gestión de datos (sobre la base de un SIG) que permita la integración de los componentes ambientales (sub modelos cartográficos) tales como el físico-geográfico, el climático, el edafológico y el hídrico mediante el uso de cuatro sub-modelos cartográficos. Esto con la finalidad de realizar una zonificación agroecológica que delimita áreas con aptitud agroecológica para el cultivo de orégano del distrito de Tarata, provincia de Tarata, Departamento de Tacna. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio determinaron áreas para el cultivo de orégano (Origanum vulgare L.), con diferentes grados de adaptación. Ello brinda una orientación espacial sobre las expectativas de producción de los cultivos en función a variables de clima, suelo, agua, altitud y pendiente, determinando zonas similares que cumplen condiciones y exigencias iníciales del cultivo mencionado. Esta estrategia de modelamiento permitió apreciar restricciones y potencialidades, obteniendo resultados que mantienen una concordancia con la realidad. Es importante mencionar que en todas las etapas desarrolladas se involucra a los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) en todo un proceso de análisis espacial mediante el uso de la geoestadística. Esta zonificación agroecológica se realizó mediante un procedimiento muy avanzado de modelamiento teórico-cartográfico ejecutado con el instrumento SIG, Model Builder. Éste vínculo del SIG en el análisis espacial permitió identificar los espacios agrícolas de acuerdo a las potencialidades y limitaciones de los lugares, para finalmente caracterizar zonas estratégicas para la producción óptima de uno de los principales cultivos de la Región Tacna.

Ένα από τα πιο γνωστά και κοινά αρωματικά φυτά της Ελληνικής χλωρίδας είναι η ρίγανη (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum), η οποία αποτελεί μέρος της «μεσογειακής» δίαιτας και κύριο συστατικό της Ελληνικής διατροφής, ιδιαίτερα της Κρητικής, για την οποία υπάρχουν εργασίες που αποδεικνύουν ότι προστατεύει την ανθρώπινη υγεία από καρδιακές παθήσεις και πολλές μορφές καρκίνου. Εξεταζόμενη από άποψη, περιβαλλοντική και οικονομική παρουσιάζει ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον στη χώρα μας. Η ρίγανη έχει τη μεγαλύτερη οικονομική αξία από τα υπόλοιπα αρωματικά και φαρμακευτικά φυτά που παράγονται στην Ελλάδα, γιατί οι αντιοξειδωτικές της ιδιότητες σε συνδυασμό με την αντιβακτηριακή και αντιμυκητιακή της δράση, την καθιστούν περιζήτητη στις βιομηχανίες τροφίμων και φαρμάκων. Τα φαρμακευτικά και αρωματικά χαρακτηριστικά της τα οφείλει στην περιεκτικότητα της σε αιθέριο έλαιο και στη χημική του σύσταση. Για τους λόγους αυτούς η αύξηση της παραγωγής της και η διατήρηση ή επαύξηση των ποιοτικών χαρακτηριστικών της παρουσιάζει εξαιρετικό ενδιαφέρον. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν ο περιορισμός της ποιοτικής υποβάθμισης που υφίσταται η ρίγανη λόγω του μικροβιακού φορτίου που αναπτύσσει, κυρίως κατά το στάδιο της συλλογής ή αποθήκευσής της. Για να επιτευχθεί ο σκοπός αυτός, εξετάστηκε ως τρόπος απολύμανσης της ρίγανης κατά τη διάρκεια αποθήκευσής της η χρήση αερίου όζοντος. Η επιλογή του όζοντος βασίστηκε στην άριστη απολυμαντική δράση που εμφανίζει σε μικροοργανισμούς και έντομα ακόμα και σε πολύ χαμηλές συγκεντρώσεις, καθώς επίσης και σε μία σειρά πλεονεκτημάτων του, με κυριότερα την ταχύτατη δράση του σε συνδυασμό με το υψηλό δυναμικό οξειδοαναγωγής που διαθέτει, καθιστώντας το ισχυρό οξειδωτικό παράγοντα. Η μελέτη της απολυμαντικής δράσης του όζοντος πραγματοποιήθηκε σε πραγματικά δείγματα εμπορικού προϊόντος, το οποίο βρέθηκε επιμολυσμένο με δύο μικροοργανισμούς, το εντεροβακτήριο (Enterobacter aerogenes) και τον επιδερμικό σταφυλόκοκκο. Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας αυτής αναπτύχθηκε διάταξη για οζονισμό ρίγανης, αλλά και άλλων αρωματικών και μη φυτικών υλικών, με προοπτικές εφαρμογής των αποτελεσμάτων της σε μεγαλύτερη κλίμακα (στη βιομηχανία), ενώ παράλληλα εξετάστηκε η ποιοτική και ποσοτική σύσταση του αιθέριου ελαίου της ρίγανης σε σχέση με την επίδραση του όζοντος. Με βάση τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν, μπορεί να εξαχθεί το γενικό συμπέρασμα ότι η προτεινόμενη διεργασία (χρήση όζοντος) είναι εξαιρετικά αποτελεσματική στην απολύμανση της ρίγανης, εκμηδενίζοντας το μικροβιακό φορτίο αυτής, χωρίς να επιδρά τόσο στα ποσοτικά όσο και στα ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά του τελικού εμπορικού προϊόντος. Η διεργασία αυτή μπορεί να επεκταθεί, κατά την κρίση μας, και σε άλλα αρωματικά φυτά, και όχι μόνο, συνεισφέροντας στην επίλυση ενός σημαντικού προβλήματος της αντίστοιχης βιομηχανίας διασφαλίζοντας υψηλή αξία στο τελικό εμπορικό προϊόν. / One of the most known and common medicinal plants of Greek flora is origan (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum), which makes part of the so-called “Mediterranean” diet and is a major component of the Greek nutrition, especially of that Cretan, for which there are papers demonstrating that protects human health from heart diseases and many forms of cancer. Considered in environmental and economic terms, shows a particular interest in our country. Origano has the highest economic value from the other aromatic and medicinal plants produced in Greece, because the antioxidant properties in combination with its antibacterial and antifungal action, making it much sought after in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Its medicinal and aromatic characteristics are due to its essential oil content and chemical composition. For these reasons, its increased production and maintenance or enhancement of its quality characteristics shows an exceptional interest. The purpose of this study was to limit the qualitative deterioration “suffered” because of origano microbial load that develops, mainly during the collection or storage. To achieve this, the use of ozone gas, as a method of origano disinfection during storage, has been examined. The selection was based on ozone disinfecting excellent action showing in microorganisms and insects even at very low concentrations, as well as a series of advantages, mainly the most rapid action combined with its high redox potential available, making it a powerful oxidizing agent. The study of ozone disinfectant action was conducted on commercial product actual samples, which were found contaminated with two microorganisms, the enterobacterium (Enterobacter aerogenes) and epidermal staphylococcus. As part of this work, a device was developed for origan ozonization, and other aromatic and non-plant materials, with potential application results in a larger scale (manufacturing), while also the qualitative and quantitative composition of the origan essential oil with regards to ozone effect has been examined. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the proposed process (use of ozone) is extremely effective in decontamination of origan, by completely reducing its microbial load, without affecting both the quantitative and the qualitative characteristics of the finished commercial product. This process can be extended, at our discretion, to other herbs also, and beyond, contributing to solving an important problem of the respective industry ensuring a high value to the finished commercial product.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LINEU_TESE FINAL TEXTO.pdf: 518709 bytes, checksum: f685f5e551f32567e1d546a68d60b02b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-22 / The purpose of this experiment was to analyze the effect of five level of irrigation water depth replacement on the production of fresh and dry weight for aerial parts and roots; net profit, water use efficiency, content and yield of oregano essential oil. The water depth had been based on the class A pan evaporation (ECA) as is: 0% ECA (no irrigation); 25% ECA; 50% ECA; 75% ECA and 100% ECA. The experiment was installed in President Prudente-SP in the periods: experiment 1 (02/24 to the 05/24/2006) and experiment 2 (07/13 to the 10/14/2006). The work was divided in two articles. Article 1 - Oregano production with different water depths replacement using class A pan evaporation, which had a linear and positive relation with the water depth increment, for the fresh and dry weight for aerial parts and roots. The 100% ECA replacement water depth has presented the maximum productivity (8089.70 kg ha-1), and also the maximum annual net profit (R$ 72,085.79). In the Article 2 - Content and yield of essential oil in oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) influenced by different irrigation depths, it was observed that the fresh weight production (MFPA), the content and the yield of oregano essential oil had been influenced by the irrigation depth, with the biggest values to the experiment 1 found in the treatment with 100% ECA. On the experiment 2, only the fresh weight production has been influenced by the treatments. Therefore, the oregano has the production of biomass and essential oil favored by humid environments, being indicated the use of the 100% ECA irrigation depth. / O objetivo deste experimento foi analisar o efeito de cinco lâminas de irrigação na produção de massa fresca e seca das folhas e das raízes, receita líquida, eficiência do uso da água, teor e o rendimento de óleo essencial do orégano. As lâminas foram baseadas na evaporação do Tanque Classe A (ECA) sendo: 0% ECA (sem reposição de água); 25% ECA; 50% ECA; 75% ECA e 100% ECA. O experimento foi instalado em Presidente Prudente-SP nos períodos: (24/02 a 24/05/2006) ensaio 1 e (13/07 a 14/10/2006) ensaio 2. O trabalho foi dividido em dois artigos. Artigo 1 - Produção de orégano com diferentes lâminas de reposição de água utilizando Tanque Classe A, no qual observou-se uma relação linear e positiva com o incremento das lâminas de reposição de água para as variáveis massa fresca da parte aérea e de raízes, e massa seca da parte aérea e de raízes. A lâmina de reposição de água de 100% ECA apresentou a máxima produtividade (8089,70 kg ha-1) e a máxima receita líquida anual (R$ 72085,79). No Artigo 2 - Teor e rendimento de óleo essencial do orégano (Origanum Vulgare L.) em função de diferentes lâminas de irrigação, observou-se que a massa fresca, o teor e o rendimento do óleo foram influenciados pelas lâminas de irrigação com os maiores valores observados para o ensaio 1 no tratamento com 100% ECA. Para o ensaio 2 apenas a massa fresca da parte aérea foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Portanto o orégano é uma planta que tem a produção de biomassa e de óleo essencial favorecida em ambientes úmidos, sendo indicado o uso da lâmina equivalente a 100% ECA.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LINEU_TESE FINAL TEXTO.pdf: 518709 bytes, checksum: f685f5e551f32567e1d546a68d60b02b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-22 / The purpose of this experiment was to analyze the effect of five level of irrigation water depth replacement on the production of fresh and dry weight for aerial parts and roots; net profit, water use efficiency, content and yield of oregano essential oil. The water depth had been based on the class A pan evaporation (ECA) as is: 0% ECA (no irrigation); 25% ECA; 50% ECA; 75% ECA and 100% ECA. The experiment was installed in President Prudente-SP in the periods: experiment 1 (02/24 to the 05/24/2006) and experiment 2 (07/13 to the 10/14/2006). The work was divided in two articles. Article 1 - Oregano production with different water depths replacement using class A pan evaporation, which had a linear and positive relation with the water depth increment, for the fresh and dry weight for aerial parts and roots. The 100% ECA replacement water depth has presented the maximum productivity (8089.70 kg ha-1), and also the maximum annual net profit (R$ 72,085.79). In the Article 2 - Content and yield of essential oil in oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) influenced by different irrigation depths, it was observed that the fresh weight production (MFPA), the content and the yield of oregano essential oil had been influenced by the irrigation depth, with the biggest values to the experiment 1 found in the treatment with 100% ECA. On the experiment 2, only the fresh weight production has been influenced by the treatments. Therefore, the oregano has the production of biomass and essential oil favored by humid environments, being indicated the use of the 100% ECA irrigation depth. / O objetivo deste experimento foi analisar o efeito de cinco lâminas de irrigação na produção de massa fresca e seca das folhas e das raízes, receita líquida, eficiência do uso da água, teor e o rendimento de óleo essencial do orégano. As lâminas foram baseadas na evaporação do Tanque Classe A (ECA) sendo: 0% ECA (sem reposição de água); 25% ECA; 50% ECA; 75% ECA e 100% ECA. O experimento foi instalado em Presidente Prudente-SP nos períodos: (24/02 a 24/05/2006) ensaio 1 e (13/07 a 14/10/2006) ensaio 2. O trabalho foi dividido em dois artigos. Artigo 1 - Produção de orégano com diferentes lâminas de reposição de água utilizando Tanque Classe A, no qual observou-se uma relação linear e positiva com o incremento das lâminas de reposição de água para as variáveis massa fresca da parte aérea e de raízes, e massa seca da parte aérea e de raízes. A lâmina de reposição de água de 100% ECA apresentou a máxima produtividade (8089,70 kg ha-1) e a máxima receita líquida anual (R$ 72085,79). No Artigo 2 - Teor e rendimento de óleo essencial do orégano (Origanum Vulgare L.) em função de diferentes lâminas de irrigação, observou-se que a massa fresca, o teor e o rendimento do óleo foram influenciados pelas lâminas de irrigação com os maiores valores observados para o ensaio 1 no tratamento com 100% ECA. Para o ensaio 2 apenas a massa fresca da parte aérea foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Portanto o orégano é uma planta que tem a produção de biomassa e de óleo essencial favorecida em ambientes úmidos, sendo indicado o uso da lâmina equivalente a 100% ECA.

The topic of the thesis was evaluation of the quantity of essential oils in Origanum ssp. Main goals were to supplement the assortment with prospective cultivars, to describe the morphology and observe the ontogenesis of evaluated cultivars. To harvest plants in the term before flowering and in full bloom. To prepare samples for laboratory evaluation of the contents of the essential oils. To compare the content of essential oils in individual genotypes. Ten cultivars of the genus Origanum spp. were evaluated. The highest content of the essential oils had plants in the stage of full flowering. The work has been made on the grounds of the Experimental Garden ZF MENDELU in the vegetation period of 2018.

Didžiausias fenolinių junginių kiekis bei didžiausios radikalų surišimo gebos ir redukcinio aktyvumo reikšmės nustatytos po 20 min ekstrakcijos. Didžiausi fenolinių junginių kiekiai nustatyti UAB „Švenčionių vaistažolių fabrikas“ (Herba Origani vulgaris 50g ir 2g N25) arbatose, mažiausias fenolinių junginių kiekis - “Emili” (Herba Origani vulgaris 1,5g N20) arbatoje. Didžiausia laisvųjų radikalų surišimo geba ir redukcinio aktyvumo reikšmės nustatytos UAB „Švenčionių vaistažolių fabrikas“ (Herba Origani vulgaris 50g) arbatoje. Mažiausia laisvųjų radikalų surišimo geba nustatyta Emili” (Herba Origani vulgaris 1,5g N20) arbatoje. Nustatyta stipri koreliacija tarp arbatų suminio fenolinių junginių kiekio ir antioksidantinio aktyvumo. Didžiausi koreliacijos koeficientai tarp suminio fenolinių junginių kiekio bei radikalinio ir redukcinio aktyvumo nustatyti UAB „Švenčionių vaistažolių fabrikas“ (Herba Origani vulgaris 50g) gamintojo arbatoje. / The biggest amount of phenolic compounds, free radical binding capacity and reducing activity were estimated after 20 minutes of extraction. The biggest amount of phenolic compounds was estimated in JSC “ Švenčionių vaistažolių fabrikas“ (Herba Origani vulgaris 50g and 2g N25) teas, while the smallest in “Emili” (Herba Origani vulgaris 1,5g N20) teas. The biggest free radical binding capacity and reducing activity were estimated in JSC “Švenčionių vaistažolių fabrikas“ (Herba Origani vulgaris 50g) tea. The smallest free radical binding capacity was estimated in “Emili” (Herba Origani vulgaris 1,5g N20) tea. A strong correlation between the total amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was established. The biggest coefficient between the total amount of phenolic compounds and radical, reducing activity was estimated in JSC “Švenčionių vaistažolių fabrikas“ tea.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4925052 bytes, checksum: 9613713ae92eb5982fc11682f850883a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fusarium species have emerged as one of the more clinically important groups of filamentous fungi, causing localized and invasive infections with high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Due to increasing clinical relevance of Fusarium and because the antimicrobial properties of essential oils have been known for many centuries this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of essential oils in inhibiting the growth of Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. In this study, the following methods have been used: microbiological screening; determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC); kinetics of microbial death; inhibition of coinidia germination and evaluation of morphological changes. The analysis of the oil chemical composition was performed by gas chromatography-mass scpectrometry (GC-MS). Among seven essential oils tested, Ocimum gratissimum Blume and Origanum vulgare L. essential oils exhibited potent antifungal activity, noted by the large growth inhibition zones with the average diameter of 29 and 42mm, respectively. The phytochemical analysis of O. vulgare showed that the main constituents of the essential oil are carvacrol (67,97 %), pcymene (11,67 %), -terpinene (7,92 %), thymol (7,84 %) and linalool (3,44 %). The essential oil from O. vulgare had a significant inhibitory effect on all assayed fungi. The values of MIC were 128 and 256 μg/mL, while MFC were in the range of 256 to values over 1.024 μg/mL, for the essential oil of O. vulgare. The essential oil from O. vulgare at 128, 256, 512 and 1.024 μg/mL strongly prevented mycelial growth. In these same concentrations, the oil was effective in inhibited the conidia germination of both species. Determination of the essential oil s effect over Fusarium strains morphogenesis demonstrated the essential oil was able to cause decreased conidiation, leakage of cytoplasm (empty hyphae) and distorted development hyphae. Given this, it is concluded that the essential oil from O. vulgare showed a strong inhibitory activity against Fusarium species and can be regarded as a potential product with antifungal properties, especially for the treatment of mycoses caused by Fusarium spp. / As espécies de Fusarium têm emergido como um dos grupos clinicamente mais importantes de fungos filamentosos, causando infecções localizadas e invasivas com alta morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Devido à crescente relevância clínica dos fungos do gênero Fusarium e porque as propriedades antimicrobianas de óleos essenciais são conhecidas há muitos séculos, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia dos óleos essenciais na inibição do crescimento de Fusarium solani e Fusarium oxysporum. Neste estudo, os seguintes métodos foram utilizados: triagem microbiológica; determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração fungicida mínima (CFM); cinética de morte microbiana; inibição da germinação de conídios e avaliação de alterações morfológicas. A análise da composição química do óleo foi realizada por cromatografia a gás acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas (CG-EM). Dentre os sete óleos essenciais testados, os óleos essenciais de Ocimum gratissimum e de Origanum vulgare exibiram potente atividade antifúngica, produzindo grandes zonas de inibição de crescimento, com o diâmetro médio de 29 e 42 mm, respectivamente. A análise fitoquímica do O. vulgare mostrou que os principais constituintes do óleo essencial são carvacrol (67,97%), p-cimeno (11,67%), -terpinemo (7,92%), timol (7,84%) e linalol (3,44%). O óleo essencial de O. vulgare teve um efeito inibidor significativo sobre o crescimento de todos os fungos ensaiados. Os valores de CIM foram de 128 e 256 μg/mL, enquanto os valores de CFM variaram de 256 a valores acima de 1.024 μg/mL, para o óleo essencial de O. vulgare. O óleo essencial de O. vulgare a 128, 256, 512 e 1.024 μg/mL impediu fortemente o crescimento micelial. Nestas mesmas concentrações, o óleo foi eficaz na inibição da germinação de conídios de ambas as espécies. A determinação do efeito do óleo essencial sobre a morfogênese de cepas de Fusarium demonstrou que o óleo essencial foi capaz de causar redução da conidiação, perda de citoplasma (hifas vazias) e desenvolvimento distorcidos das hifas. Diante disso, conclui-se que o óleo essencial de O. vulgare mostrou uma forte atividade inibidora contra espécies de Fusarium e pode ser considerado como um potencial produto com propriedades antifúngicas, especialmente para o tratamento de micoses causadas por Fusarium spp.